https://eedemy.com 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 1 https://eedemy.com/star-delta-starter-introduction-most-induction-motors-are-started-directly-on-line-but-when-very-large-motors-are-started-that-way-they-cause-a-disturbance-of-voltage-on-the-supply-lines-due-to-large-starting-current-surges-to-limit-the-starting-current-surge-large-induction-motors-are-started-at-reduced-voltage-and-then-have-full-supply-voltage-reconnected-when-they-run-up-to-near-rotated-speed-two-methods-are-used-for-reduction-of-starting-voltage-are-star-delta-starting-and-auto-transformer-stating-working-principal-of-star-delta-starter-this-is-the-reduced-voltage-starting-method-voltage-reduction-during-star-delta-starting-is-achieved-by-physically-reconfiguring-the-motor-windings-as-illustrated-in-the-figure-below-during-starting-the-motor-windings-are-connected-in-star-configuration-and-this-reduces-the-voltage-across-each-winding-3-this-also-reduces-the-torque-by-a-factor-of-three-after-a-period-of-time-the-winding-are-reconfigured-as-delta-and-the-motor-runs-normally-stardelta-starters-are-probably-the-most-common-reduced-voltage-starters-they-are-used-in-an-attempt-to-reduce-the-start-current-applied-to-the-motor-during-start-as-a-means-of-reducing-the-disturbances-and-interference-on-the-electrical-supply-traditionally-in-many-supply-regions-there-has-been-a-requirement-to-fit-a-reduced-voltage-starter-on-all-motors-greater-than-5hp-4kw-the-stardelta-or-wyedelta-starter-is-one-of-the-lowest-cost-electromechanical-reduced-voltage-starters-that-can-be-applied-the-stardelta-starter-is-manufactured-from-three-contactors-a-timer-and-a-thermal-overload-the-contactors-are-smaller-than-the-single-contactor-used-in-a-direct-on-line-starter-as-they-are-controlling-winding-currents-only-the-currents-through-the-winding-are-1root-3-58-of-the-current-in-the-line-there-are-two-contactors-that-are-close-during-run-often-referred-to-as-the-main-contractor-and-the-delta-contactor-these-are-ac3-rated-at-58-of-the-current-rating-of-the-motor-the-third-contactor-is-the-star-contactor-and-that-only-carries-star-current-while-the-motor-is-connected-in-star-the-current-in-star-is-one-third-of-the-current-in-delta-so-this-contactor-can-be-ac3-rated-at-one-third-33-of-the-motor-rating-star-delta-starter-consists-following-units-1-contactors-main-star-and-delta-contactors-3-nos-for-open-state-starter-or-4-nos-close-transient-starter-2-time-relay-pull-in-delayed-1-no-3-three-pole-thermal-over-current-release-1no-4-fuse-elements-or-automatic-cut-outs-for-the-main-circuit-3-nos-5-fuse-element-or-automatic-cut-out-for-the-control-circuit-1no-power-circuit-of-star-delta-starter-the-main-circuit-breaker-serves-as-the-main-power-supply-switch-that-supplies-electricity-to-the-power-circuit-the-main-contactor-connects-the-reference-source-voltage-r-y-b-to-the-primary-terminal-of-the-motor-u1-v1-w1-in-operation-the-main-contactor-km3-and-the-star-contactor-km1-are-closed-initially-and-then-after-a-period-of-time-the-star-contactor-is-opened-and-then-the-delta-contactor-km2-is-closed-the-control-of-the-contactors-is-by-the-timer-k1t-built-into-the-starter-the-star-and-delta-are-electrically-interlocked-and-preferably-mechanically-interlocked-as-well-in-effect-there-are-four-states-y-d-the-star-contactor-serves-to-initially-short-the-secondary-terminal-of-the-motor-u2-v2-w2-for-the-start-sequence-during-the-initial-run-of-the-motor-from-standstill-this-provides-one-third-of-dol-current-to-the-motor-thus-reducing-the-high-inrush-current-inherent-with-large-capacity-motors-at-startup-controlling-the-interchanging-star-connection-and-delta-connection-of-an-ac-induction-motor-is-achieved-by-means-of-a-star-delta-or-wye-delta-control-circuit-the-control-circuit-consists-of-push-button-switches-auxiliary-contacts-and-a-timer-control-circuit-of-star-delta-starter-open-transition-the-on-push-button-starts-the-circuit-by-initially-energizing-star-contactor-coil-km1-of-star-circuit-and-timer-coil-kt-circuit-when-star-contactor-coil-km1-energized-star-main-and-auxiliary-contactor-change-its-position-from-no-to-nc-when-star-auxiliary-contactor-1-which-is-placed-on-main-contactor-coil-circuit-became-no-to-nc-its-complete-the-circuit-of-main-contactor-coil-km3-so-main-contactor-coil-energized-and-main-contactors-main-and-auxiliary-contactor-change-its-position-from-no-to-nc-this-sequence-happens-in-a-friction-of-time-after-pushing-the-on-push-button-switch-the-auxiliary-contact-of-the-main-contactor-coil-2-which-is-connected-in-parallel-across-the-on-push-butto 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/direct-on-line-starter-introduction-different-starting-methods-are-employed-for-starting-induction-motors-because-induction-motor-draws-more-starting-current-during-starting-to-prevent-damage-to-the-windings-due-to-the-high-starting-current-flow-we-employ-different-types-of-starters-the-simplest-form-of-motor-starter-for-the-induction-motor-is-the-direct-on-line-starter-the-dol-starter-consist-a-mccb-or-circuit-breaker-contactor-and-an-overload-relay-for-protection-electromagnetic-contactor-which-can-be-opened-by-the-thermal-overload-relay-under-fault-conditions-typically-the-contactor-will-be-controlled-by-separate-start-and-stop-buttons-and-an-auxiliary-contact-on-the-contactor-is-used-across-the-start-button-as-a-hold-in-contact-ie-the-contactor-is-electrically-latched-closed-while-the-motor-is-operating-principle-of-dol-to-start-the-contactor-is-closed-applying-full-line-voltage-to-the-motor-windings-the-motor-will-draw-a-very-high-inrush-current-for-a-very-short-time-the-magnetic-field-in-the-iron-and-then-the-current-will-be-limited-to-the-locked-rotor-current-of-the-motor-the-motor-will-develop-locked-rotor-torque-and-begin-to-accelerate-towards-full-speed-as-the-motor-accelerates-the-current-will-begin-to-drop-but-will-not-drop-significantly-until-the-motor-is-at-a-high-speed-typically-about-85-of-synchronous-speed-the-actual-starting-current-curve-is-a-function-of-the-motor-design-and-the-terminal-voltage-and-is-totally-independent-of-the-motor-load-the-motor-load-will-affect-the-time-taken-for-the-motor-to-accelerate-to-full-speed-and-therefore-the-duration-of-the-high-starting-current-but-not-the-magnitude-of-the-starting-current-provided-the-torque-developed-by-the-motor-exceeds-the-load-torque-at-all-speeds-during-the-start-cycle-the-motor-will-reach-full-speed-if-the-torque-delivered-by-the-motor-is-less-than-the-torque-of-the-load-at-any-speed-during-the-start-cycle-the-motor-will-stops-accelerating-if-the-starting-torque-with-a-dol-starter-is-insufficient-for-the-load-the-motor-must-be-replaced-with-a-motor-which-can-develop-a-higher-starting-torque-the-acceleration-torque-is-the-torque-developed-by-the-motor-minus-the-load-torque-and-will-change-as-the-motor-accelerates-due-to-the-motor-speed-torque-curve-and-the-load-speed-torque-curve-the-start-time-is-dependent-on-the-acceleration-torque-and-the-load-inertia-dol-starting-have-a-maximum-start-current-and-maximum-start-torque-this-may-cause-an-electrical-problem-with-the-supply-or-it-may-cause-a-mechanical-problem-with-the-driven-load-so-this-will-be-inconvenient-for-the-users-of-the-supply-line-always-experience-a-voltage-drop-when-starting-a-motor-but-if-this-motor-is-not-a-high-power-one-it-does-not-affect-much-parts-of-dol-starters-1-contactors-coil-magnetic-contactors-are-electromagnetically-operated-switches-that-provide-a-safe-and-convenient-means-for-connecting-and-interrupting-branch-circuits-magnetic-motor-controllers-use-electromagnetic-energy-for-closing-switches-the-electromagnet-consists-of-a-coil-of-wire-placed-on-an-iron-core-when-a-current-flow-through-the-coil-the-iron-of-the-magnet-becomes-magnetized-attracting-an-iron-bar-called-the-armature-an-interruption-of-the-current-flow-through-the-coil-of-wire-causes-the-armature-to-drop-out-due-to-the-presence-of-an-air-gap-in-the-magnetic-circuit-line-voltage-magnetic-motor-starters-are-electromechanical-devices-that-provide-a-safe-convenient-and-economical-means-of-starting-and-stopping-motors-and-have-the-advantage-of-being-controlled-remotely-the-great-bulk-of-motor-controllers-sold-are-of-this-type-contactors-are-mainly-used-to-control-machinery-which-uses-electric-motors-it-consists-of-a-coil-which-connects-to-a-voltage-source-very-often-for-single-phase-motors-230v-coils-are-used-and-for-three-phase-motors-415v-coils-are-used-the-contactor-has-three-main-no-contacts-and-lesser-power-rated-contacts-named-as-auxiliary-contacts-no-and-nc-used-for-the-control-circuit-a-contact-is-conducting-metal-parts-which-completes-or-interrupt-an-electrical-circuit-no-normally-open-nc-normally-closed-2-over-load-relay-overload-protection-overload-protection-for-an-electric-motor-is-necessary-to-prevent-burnout-and-to-ensure-maximum-operating-life-under-any-condition-of-overload-a-motor-draws-excessive-current-that-causes-overheating-since-motor-winding-insulation-deteriorates-due-to-overheating-there-are-established-limits-on-motor-operating-temperatures-to-protect-a-motor-from-overheating-overload-relays-are-employed-on-a-motor-control-to-limit-the-amount-of-current-drawn-the-overload-relay-does-not-provide-short-circuit-protection-this-is-the-function-of-over-current-protective-e 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/motor-name-plate-terminology-general-terminology-1-service-factor-the-service-factor-is-a-multiplier-that-indicates-the-amount-of-overload-a-motor-can-be-expected-to-handle-if-a-motor-with-a-115-service-factor-can-be-expected-to-safely-handle-intermittent-loads-amounting-to-15-beyond-its-nameplate-horsepower-for-example-many-motors-will-have-a-service-factor-of-115-meaning-that-the-motor-can-handle-a-15-overload-the-service-factor-amperage-is-the-amount-of-current-that-the-motor-will-draw-under-the-service-factor-load-condition-2-slip-slip-is-used-in-two-forms-one-is-the-slip-rpm-which-is-the-difference-between-the-synchronous-speed-and-the-full-load-speed-when-this-slip-rpm-is-expressed-as-a-percentage-of-the-synchronous-speed-then-it-is-called-percent-slip-or-just-slip-most-standard-motors-run-with-a-full-load-slip-of-2-to-5-3-synchronous-speed-this-is-the-speed-at-which-the-magnetic-field-within-the-motor-is-rotating-it-is-also-approximately-the-speed-that-the-motor-will-run-under-no-load-conditions-for-example-a-4-pole-motor-running-on-60-cycles-would-have-a-magnetic-field-speed-of-1800-rpm-the-no-load-speed-of-that-motor-shaft-would-be-very-close-to-1800-probably-1798-or-1799-rpm-the-full-load-speed-of-the-same-motor-might-be-1745-rpm-the-difference-between-the-synchronous-speed-and-the-full-load-speed-is-called-the-slip-rpm-of-the-motor-untitled-motor-torque-1-pull-up-torque-when-the-motor-starts-and-begins-to-accelerate-the-torque-in-generally-decrease-until-it-reach-a-low-point-at-a-certain-speed-it-called-the-pull-up-torque-the-pull-up-torque-is-the-minimum-torque-developed-by-the-electrical-motor-when-it-runs-from-zero-to-full-load-speed-before-it-reaches-the-break-down-torque-point-pull-up-torque-is-the-minimum-torque-developed-during-the-period-of-acceleration-from-locked-rotor-to-the-speed-at-which-breakdown-torque-occurs-some-motor-designs-do-not-have-a-value-of-pull-up-torque-because-the-lowest-point-may-occur-at-the-locked-rotor-point-in-this-case-pull-up-torque-is-the-same-as-locked-rotor-torque-for-motors-which-do-not-have-a-definite-breakdown-torque-such-as-nema-design-d-pull-up-torque-is-the-minimum-torque-developed-up-to-rated-full-load-speed-it-is-usually-expressed-as-a-percentage-of-full-load-torque-2-starting-torque-locked-rotor-torque-the-amount-of-torque-the-motor-produces-when-it-is-energized-at-full-voltage-and-with-the-shaft-locked-in-place-is-called-starting-torque-the-locked-rotor-torque-or-starting-torque-is-the-torque-the-electrical-motor-develop-when-its-starts-at-rest-or-zero-speed-it-is-the-amount-of-torque-available-when-power-is-applied-to-break-the-load-away-and-start-accelerating-it-up-to-speed-a-high-starting-torque-is-more-important-for-application-or-machines-hard-to-start-as-positive-displacement-pumps-cranes-etc-a-lower-starting-torque-can-be-accepted-in-applications-as-centrifugal-fans-or-a-pump-where-the-start-loads-is-low-or-close-to-zero-3-full-load-torque-full-load-torque-is-the-rated-continuous-torque-that-the-motor-can-support-without-overheating-within-its-time-rating-in-imperial-units-the-full-load-torque-can-be-expressed-as-t-full-load-torque-lb-ft-rated-horsepower-of-motor-x-5252-rated-rotational-speed-rpm-in-metric-units-the-rated-torque-can-be-expressed-as-full-load-torque-nm-rated-kw-of-motor-x-9550-rated-rotational-speed-rpm-example-the-torque-of-a-60-hp-motor-rotating-at-1725-rpm-can-be-expressed-as-t-full-load-torque-60-x-5252-1725-rpm-t-full-load-torque-1827-lb-ft-4-peak-torque-many-types-of-loads-such-as-reciprocating-compressors-have-cycling-torques-where-the-amount-of-torque-required-varies-depending-on-the-position-of-the-machine-the-actual-maximum-torque-requirement-at-any-point-is-called-the-peak-torque-requirement-peak-torques-is-involved-in-things-such-as-punch-presses-and-other-types-of-loads-where-an-oscillating-torque-requirement-occurs-5-pull-out-torque-breakdown-torque-breakdown-torque-is-the-maximum-torque-the-motor-will-develop-with-rated-voltage-applied-at-rated-frequency-without-an-abrupt-drop-in-speed-breakdown-torque-is-usually-expressed-as-a-percentage-of-full-load-torque-the-load-is-then-increased-until-the-maximum-point-is-reached-motor-current-1-full-load-amps-the-amount-of-current-the-motor-can-be-expected-to-draw-under-full-load-torque-conditions-is-called-full-load-amps-it-is-also-known-as-nameplate-amps-2-locked-rotor-amps-also-known-as-starting-inrush-this-is-the-amount-of-current-the-motor-can-be-expected-to-draw-under-starting-conditions-when-full-voltage-is-applied-lock-rotor-current-il-three-phase-motor-1000x-hp-x-kvah 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/over-load-relay-contactor-for-starter-over-load-relay-contactor-for-motor-starter-types-of-over-load-relay-1-class-10-would-trip-after-10-seconds-2-class-20-would-trip-after-20-seconds-3-class-30-would-trip-after-30-seconds-over-load-relay-should-be-set-115-to-130-of-motor-full-load-current-class-10-is-faster-than-class-20-and-class-30-over-load-relay-size-of-over-load-relay-size-amp-capacity-s00-01-to-04-04-to-06-16-to-6-3-to-12-s0-3-to-12-6-to-25-s2-6-to-25-13-to-50-s3-13-to-50-25-to-100-s6-50-to-200-s10-s12-55-to-250-200-to-540-300-to-63-contactor-coil-coil-voltage-40-to-50-hz-suffix-24v-t-48v-w-110v-to-127v-a-220v-to-240v-b-277v-h-380v-to-415v-l-type-of-contactor-for-starter-contactor-application-ac1-non-inductive-or-slightly-inductive-resistive-load-ac2-slip-ring-motor-ac3-squirrel-cage-motor-ac4-rapid-start-stop-ac5a-switching-of-electrical-discharge-lamp-ac5b-switching-of-electrical-incandescent-lamp-ac6a-switching-of-transformer-ac6b-switching-of-capacitor-bank-ac7a-slightly-inductive-load-in-household-or-same-type-load-ac7b-motor-load-in-household-application-ac8a-hermetic-refrigerant-compressor-motor-with-manual-ol-reset-ac8b-hermetic-refrigerant-compressor-motor-with-auto-ol-reset-ac12-control-of-restive-load-and-solid-state-load-with-optocoupler-isolation-ac13-control-of-restive-load-and-solid-state-with-tc-isolation-ac14-control-of-small-electro-magnetic-load-72va-ac15-control-of-small-electro-magnetic-load-72va-making-and-breaking-capacity-of-contactor-contactor-making-capacityamp-breaking-capacity-amp-ac1-15-x-motor-rated-current-15-x-motor-rated-current-ac2-4-x-motor-rated-current-4-x-motor-rated-current-ac3-10-x-motor-rated-current-8-x-motor-rated-current-ac4-12-x-motor-rated-current-10-x-motor-rated-current-ac5a-3-x-motor-rated-current-3-x-motor-rated-current-ac5b-15-x-motor-rated-current-15-x-motor-rated-current-ac6a-12-x-motor-rated-current-10-x-motor-rated-current-ac6b-12-x-motor-rated-current-10-x-motor-rated-current-ac7a-15-x-motor-rated-current-15-x-motor-rated-current-ac7b-8-x-motor-rated-current-8-x-motor-rated-current-ac8a-6-x-motor-rated-current-6-x-motor-rated-current-ac8b-6-x-motor-rated-current-6-x-motor-rated-current-ac12-ac13-10-x-motor-rated-current-11-x-motor-rated-current-ac14-6-x-motor-rated-current-6-x-motor-rated-current-ac15-10-x-motor-rated-current-10-x-motor-rated-current-contactor-status-contactor-status-continuity-between-pins-nc-non-continuity-between-pins-no-power-not-applied-32-and-33-21-and-22-11-and-12-a1-and-a2-b1-and-b2-power-applied-21-and-22-32-and-33-11-and-12-a1-and-a2-b1-and-b2-main-circuit-voltage-of-ol-relay-contactor-1-ac-240v415v-2-dc230v460v600v-contactors-coil-voltage-1-ac-40v220v240v415v-2-dc24vfor-plc110v230v460v-rated-current-of-contactor-thermal-and-intermediate-duty-1-ac-610162563100160200315400630800-amp-2-dc-16208016031512508000-amp-contactor-relay-setting-fuse-cable-for-dol-starter-hp-kw-flc-contactor-size-amp-relay-setting-fuse-cable-mm2-min-max-cu-allu-05-037-1-08-117-4-1-15-075-055-13-9-1-15-4-1-15-1-074-19-9-16-23-6-15-25-15-111-26-9-2-3-6-15-25-2-149-37-9-25-37-10-15-25-3-22-48-9-4-59-16-15-25-5-373-78-9-63-94-20-15-25-7-522-112-12-8-117-25-25-4-10-746-16-16-125-187-25-4-6-125-932-19-32-16-234-32-4-6-15-1119-208-32-16-234-50-6-10-20-1492-28-32-20-30-50-6-10-25-1865-34-38-32-374-63-10-16-30-2238-40-45-32-47-80-16-25-40-2984-53-63-50-59-100-25-35-50-373-65-70-57-655-125-25-50-60-4476-78-85-70-889-125-25-50-75-5595-96-110-85-982-160-50-70-100-746-131-140-115-168-200-70-95-125-9325-156-170-115-168-250-120-150-150-1119-189-205-160-234-315-150-240-180-13428-227-250-160-234-355-185-300-215-16039-271-300-200-299-400-270-20142-339-400-250-374-500-335-24991-338-475-320-468-500-relay-range-back-up-fuse-for-dol-starter-hp-kw-full-load-current-amp-relay-rangamp-back-up-fuse-min-max-10-75-136-13-to-20-25-50-125-93-17-13-to-20-25-50-15-112-20-20-to-30-35-80-20-149-28-20-to-30-60-80-25-187-35-30-to-45-60-100-30-224-40-30-to-45-80-100-35-261-47-45-to-63-80-125-relay-range-back-up-fuse-for-star-delta-starter-hp-kw-full-load-c 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/abstract-of-nec-for-size-of-cable-for-single-or-group-of-motors-abstract-of-national-electrical-code-for-size-of-cable-for-motors-nec-code-43022-size-of-cable-for-single-motor-size-of-cable-for-branch-circuit-which-has-single-motor-connection-is-125-of-motor-full-load-current-capacity-examplewhat-is-the-minimum-rating-in-amperes-for-cables-supplying-1-no-of-5-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-full-load-currents-for-5-hp-7amp-min-capacity-of-cable-7x125-875-amp-nec-code-4306a-size-of-cable-for-group-of-motors-or-electload-cables-or-feeder-which-is-supplying-more-than-one-motors-other-loads-shall-have-an-ampacity-not-less-than-125-of-the-full-load-current-rating-of-the-highest-rated-motor-plus-the-sum-of-the-full-load-current-ratings-of-all-the-other-motors-in-the-group-as-determined-by-4306a-for-calculating-minimum-ampere-capacity-of-main-feeder-and-cable-is-125-of-highest-full-load-current-sum-of-full-load-current-of-remaining-motors-examplewhat-is-the-minimum-rating-in-amperes-for-cables-supplying-1-no-of-5-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-1-no-of-10-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-1-no-of-15-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-and-1-no-of-5hp-230-volt-single-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-full-load-currents-for-5-hp-7amp-full-load-currents-for-10-hp-13amp-full-load-currents-for-15-hp-19amp-full-load-currents-for-10-hp-1-ph-21amp-here-capacity-wise-large-motor-is-15-hp-but-highest-full-load-current-is-21amp-of-5hp-single-phase-motor-so-125-of-highest-full-load-current-is-21x1252625amp-min-capacity-of-cable-262571319-6525-amp-nec-code-43024-size-of-cable-for-group-of-motors-or-electrical-load-as-specified-in-43024-conductors-supplying-two-or-more-motors-must-have-an-ampacity-not-less-than-125-of-the-full-load-current-rating-of-the-highest-rated-motor-the-sum-of-the-full-load-current-ratings-of-all-the-other-motors-in-the-group-or-on-the-same-phase-it-may-not-be-necessary-to-include-all-the-motors-into-the-calculation-it-is-permissible-to-balance-the-motors-as-evenly-as-possible-between-phases-before-performing-motor-load-calculations-examplewhat-is-the-minimum-rating-in-amperes-for-conductors-supplying-1no-of-10-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-pf-and-3-no-of-3-hp-230-volt-single-phase-motors-at-08-pf-the-full-load-current-for-a-10-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-is-13-amperes-the-full-load-current-for-single-phase-3-hp-motors-is-12-amperes-here-for-load-balancing-one-single-phase-motor-is-connected-on-r-phase-second-in-b-phase-and-third-is-in-y-phase-because-the-motors-are-balanced-between-phases-the-full-load-current-on-each-phase-is-25-amperes-13-12-25-here-multiply-13-amperes-by-125-13-125-1625-amp-add-to-this-value-the-full-load-currents-of-the-other-motor-on-the-same-phase-1625-12-2825-amp-the-minimum-rating-in-amperes-for-conductors-supplying-these-motors-is-28-amperes-nec-43032-size-of-overload-protection-for-motor-overload-protection-heater-or-thermal-cut-out-protection-would-be-a-device-that-thermally-protects-a-given-motor-from-damage-due-to-heat-when-loaded-too-heavy-with-work-all-continuous-duty-motors-rated-more-than-1hp-must-have-some-type-of-an-approved-overload-device-an-overload-shall-be-installed-on-each-conductor-that-controls-the-running-of-the-motor-rated-more-than-one-horsepower-nec-43037-plus-the-grounded-leg-of-a-three-phase-grounded-system-must-contain-an-overload-also-this-grounded-leg-of-a-three-phase-system-is-the-only-time-you-may-install-an-overload-or-over-current-device-on-a-grounded-conductor-that-is-supplying-a-motor-to-find-the-motor-running-overload-protection-size-that-is-required-you-must-multiply-the-flc-full-load-current-with-the-minimum-or-the-maximum-percentage-ratings-as-follows-maximum-overload-maximum-overload-flc-full-load-current-of-a-motor-x-allowable-of-the-maximum-setting-of-an-overload-130-for-motors-found-in-nec-article-43034-increase-of-5-allowed-if-the-marked-temperature-rise-is-not-over-40-degrees-or-the-marked-service-factor-is-not-less-than-115-minimum-overload-minimum-overload-flc-full-load-current-of-a-motor-x-allowable-of-the-minimum-setting-of-an-overload-115-for-motors-found-in-nec-article-43032b1-increase-of-10-allowed-to-125-if-the-marked-temperature-rise-is-not-over-40-degrees-or-the-marked-service-factor-is-not-less-than-115 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https://eedemy.com/electrical-motor-connection-electrical-motor-connection-how-to-change-rotation-of-motor-in-clockwise-direction-no-present-motor-connection-change-direction-in-clockwise-1-r-phase-connected-to-u1-w2-r-phase-connected-to-u1-v2-y-phase-connected-to-v1-u2-y-phase-connected-to-v1-w2-b-phase-connected-to-w1-v2-b-phase-connected-to-w1-u2-2-r-phase-connected-to-w1-v2-r-phase-connected-to-w1-u2-y-phase-connected-to-u1-w2-y-phase-connected-to-u1-v2-b-phase-connected-to-v1-u2-b-phase-connected-to-v1-w2-3-r-phase-connected-to-v1-u2-r-phase-connected-to-v1-w2-y-phase-connected-to-w1-v2-y-phase-connected-to-w1-u2-b-phase-connected-to-u1-w2-b-phase-connected-to-u1-v2-change-rotation-in-anticlockwise-direction-no-present-motor-connection-change-direction-in-anticlockwise-1-r-phase-connected-to-u1-v2-r-phase-connected-to-u1-w2-y-phase-connected-to-w1-u2-y-phase-connected-to-w1-v2-b-phase-connected-to-v1-w2-b-phase-connected-to-v1-u2-2-r-phase-connected-to-w1-u2-r-phase-connected-to-w1-v2-y-phase-connected-to-v1-w2-y-phase-connected-to-v1-u2-b-phase-connected-to-u1-v2-b-phase-connected-to-u1-w2-3-r-phase-connected-to-v1-w2-r-phase-connected-to-v1-u2-y-phase-connected-to-u1-v2-y-phase-connected-to-u1-w2-b-phase-connected-to-w1-u2-b-phase-connected-to-w1-v2-thumb-rule-check-phase-winding-starting-phase-and-connected-ending-connection-of-that-phase-winding-to-the-one-phase-after-the-phase-where-phase-winding-starting-lead-is-connected-ex-if-u1-is-connected-to-r-phase-than-connect-u2-to-b-phase-if-v1-is-connected-to-y-phase-than-v2-should-be-connected-to-r-phase 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https://eedemy.com/electrical-motor-quick-reference-standard-size-of-motor-hp-electrical-motor-hp-115235751015203040506075100125150200250300400450500600700-8009001000125012501500175020002250300035004000-approximate-rpm-of-motor-hp-rpm-10-hp-750-rpm-10-hp-to-30-hp-600-rpm-30-hp-to-125-hp-500-rpm-125-hp-to-300-hp-375-rpm-standard-size-of-motor-hp-electrical-motor-hp-115235751015203040506075100125150200250300400450500600700-8009001000125012501500175020002250300035004000-motor-line-voltage-motor-kw-line-voltage-250-kw-440-v-lv-150-kw-to-3000kw-25-kv-to-41-kv-hv-200-kw-to-3000kw-33-kv-to-72-kv-hv-1000-kw-to-1500kw-66-kv-to-138-kv-hv-motor-starting-current-supply-size-of-motor-max-starting-current-1-phase-1-hp-6-x-motor-full-load-current-1-phase-1-hp-to-10-hp-3-x-motor-full-load-current-3-phase-10-hp-2-x-motor-full-load-current-3-phase-10-hp-to-15-hp-2-x-motor-full-load-current-3-phase-15-hp-15-x-motor-full-load-current-motor-starter-starter-hp-or-kw-starting-current-torque-dol-13-hp11kw-7-x-full-load-current-good-star-delta-13-hp-to-48-hp-3-x-full-load-current-poor-auto-tc-48-hp-37-kw-4-x-full-load-current-good-average-vsd-05-to-15-x-full-load-current-excellent-motor-22kw-should-not-connect-direct-to-supply-voltage-if-it-is-in-delta-winding-max-lock-rotor-amp-for-1-phase-230-v-motor-nema-hp-amp-1-hp-45-amp-15-hp-50-amp-2-hp-65-amp-3-hp-90-amp-5-hp-135-amp-75-hp-200-amp-10-hp-260-amp-three-phase-motor-code-nema-hp-code-1-hp-l-15-to-20-hp-lm-3-hp-k-5-hp-j-7-to-10-hp-h-15-hp-g-service-factor-of-motor-hp-synchronous-speed-rpm-3600-rpm-1800-rpm-1200-rpm-900-rpm-720-rpm-600-rpm-514-rpm-1-hp-125-115-115-115-1-1-1-15-to-125-hp-115-115-115-115-115-115-115-150-hp-115-115-115-115-115-115-1-200-hp-115-115-115-115-115-1-1-200-hp-1-115-1-1-1-1-1-type-of-contactor-type-application-ac1-non-inductive-load-or-slightly-inductive-load-ac2-slip-ring-motor-starting-switching-off-ac3-squirrel-cage-motor-ac4ac5ac5a-ac5bac6a-rapid-start-rapid-stop-ac-5a-auxiliary-control-circuit-ac-5b-electrical-discharge-lamp-ac-6a-electrical-incandescent-lamp-ac-6b-transformer-switching-ac-7a-switching-of-capacitor-bank-ac-7b-slightly-inductive-load-in-household-ac-5a-motor-load-in-household-ac-8a-hermetic-refrigerant-compressor-motor-with-manual-reset-ol-relay-ac-8b-hermetic-refrigerant-compressor-motor-with-automatic-reset-ol-relay-ac-12-control-of-resistive-load-solid-state-load-ac-13-control-of-resistive-load-solid-state-load-with-transformer-isolation-ac-14-control-of-small-electro-magnetic-load-72-va-ac-15-control-of-electro-magnetic-load-72-va-contactor-coil-coil-voltage-suffix-24-volt-t-48-volt-w-110-to-127-volt-a-220-to-240-volt-b-277-volt-h-380-to-415-volt-l-size-of-capacitor-for-pf-correction-for-motor-size-of-capacitor-13-hp-of-motor-012x-kw-of-motor-for-transformer-315-kva-5-of-kva-rating-315-kva-to-1000-kva-6-of-kva-rating-1000-kva-8-of-kva-rating 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https://eedemy.com/parallel-operation-of-transformers-introduction-for-supplying-a-load-in-excess-of-the-rating-of-an-existing-transformer-two-or-more-transformers-may-be-connected-in-parallel-with-the-existing-transformer-the-transformers-are-connected-in-parallel-when-load-on-one-of-the-transformers-is-more-than-its-capacity-the-reliability-is-increased-with-parallel-operation-than-to-have-single-larger-unit-the-cost-associated-with-maintaining-the-spares-is-less-when-two-transformers-are-connected-in-parallel-it-is-usually-economical-to-install-another-transformer-in-parallel-instead-of-replacing-the-existing-transformer-by-a-single-larger-unit-the-cost-of-a-spare-unit-in-the-case-of-two-parallel-transformers-of-equal-rating-is-also-lower-than-that-of-a-single-large-transformer-in-addition-it-is-preferable-to-have-a-parallel-transformer-for-the-reason-of-reliability-with-this-at-least-half-the-load-can-be-supplied-with-one-transformer-out-of-service-condition-for-parallel-operation-of-transformer-for-parallel-connection-of-transformers-primary-windings-of-the-transformers-are-connected-to-source-bus-bars-and-secondary-windings-are-connected-to-the-load-bus-bars-various-conditions-that-must-be-fulfilled-for-the-successful-parallel-operation-of-transformers-1-same-voltage-ratio-turns-ratio-both-primary-and-secondary-voltage-rating-is-same-2-same-percentage-impedance-and-xr-ratio-3-identical-position-of-tap-changer-4-same-kva-ratings-5-same-phase-angle-shift-vector-group-are-same-6-same-frequency-rating-7-same-polarity-8-same-phase-sequence-some-of-these-conditions-are-convenient-and-some-are-mandatory-the-convenient-are-same-voltage-ratio-turns-ratio-same-percentage-impedance-same-kva-rating-same-position-of-tap-changer-the-mandatory-conditions-are-same-phase-angle-shift-same-polarity-same-phase-sequence-and-same-frequency-when-the-convenient-conditions-are-not-met-paralleled-operation-is-possible-but-not-optimal-1same-voltage-ratio-turns-ratio-on-each-tap-if-the-transformers-connected-in-parallel-have-slightly-different-voltage-ratios-then-due-to-the-inequality-of-induced-emfs-in-the-secondary-windings-a-circulating-current-will-flow-in-the-loop-formed-by-the-secondary-windings-under-the-no-load-condition-which-may-be-much-greater-than-the-normal-no-load-current-the-current-will-be-quite-high-as-the-leakage-impedance-is-low-when-the-secondary-windings-are-loaded-this-circulating-current-will-tend-to-produce-unequal-loading-on-the-two-transformers-and-it-may-not-be-possible-to-take-the-full-load-from-this-group-of-two-parallel-transformers-one-of-the-transformers-may-get-overloaded-if-two-transformers-of-different-voltage-ratio-are-connected-in-parallel-with-same-primary-supply-voltage-there-will-be-a-difference-in-secondary-voltages-now-when-the-secondary-of-these-transformers-are-connected-to-same-bus-there-will-be-a-circulating-current-between-secondarys-and-therefore-between-primaries-also-as-the-internal-impedance-of-transformer-is-small-a-small-voltage-difference-may-cause-sufficiently-high-circulating-current-causing-unnecessary-extra-i2r-loss-the-ratings-of-both-primaries-and-secondarys-should-be-identical-in-other-words-the-transformers-should-have-the-same-turn-ratio-ie-transformation-ratio-2-same-percentage-impedance-and-xr-ratio-if-two-transformers-connected-in-parallel-with-similar-per-unit-impedances-they-will-mostly-share-the-load-in-the-ration-of-their-kva-ratings-here-load-is-mostly-equal-because-it-is-possible-to-have-two-transformers-with-equal-per-unit-impedances-but-different-xr-ratios-in-this-case-the-line-current-will-be-less-than-the-sum-of-the-transformer-currents-and-the-combined-capacity-will-be-reduced-accordingly-a-difference-in-the-ratio-of-the-reactance-value-to-resistance-value-of-the-per-unit-impedance-results-in-a-different-phase-angle-of-the-currents-carried-by-the-two-paralleled-transformers-one-transformer-will-be-working-with-a-higher-power-factor-and-the-other-with-a-lower-power-factor-than-that-of-the-combined-output-hence-the-real-power-will-not-be-proportionally-shared-by-the-transformers-the-current-shared-by-two-transformers-running-in-parallel-should-be-proportional-to-their-mva-ratings-the-current-carried-by-these-transformers-are-inversely-proportional-to-their-internal-impedance-from-the-above-two-statements-it-can-be-said-that-impedance-of-transformers-running-in-parallel-are-inversely-proportional-to-their-mva-ratings-in-other-words-percentage-impedance-or-per-unit-values-of-impedance-should-be-identical-for-all-the-transformers-run-in-parallel-when-connecting-single-phase-transformers-in-three-phase-banks-proper-impedance-matching-becomes-even-more-critical-in-addition-to-following-the-three-rules-for-parallel-operation-it 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/vector-group-of-transformer-introduction-three-phase-transformer-consists-of-three-sets-of-primary-windings-one-for-each-phase-and-three-sets-of-secondary-windings-wound-on-the-same-iron-core-separate-single-phase-transformers-can-be-used-and-externally-interconnected-to-yield-the-same-results-as-a-3-phase-unit-the-primary-windings-are-connected-in-one-of-several-ways-the-two-most-common-configurations-are-the-delta-in-which-the-polarity-end-of-one-winding-is-connected-to-the-non-polarity-end-of-the-next-and-the-star-in-which-all-three-non-polarities-or-polarity-ends-are-connected-together-the-secondary-windings-are-connected-similarly-this-means-that-a-3-phase-transformer-can-have-its-primary-and-secondary-windings-connected-the-same-delta-delta-or-star-star-or-differently-delta-star-or-star-delta-its-important-to-remember-that-the-secondary-voltage-waveforms-are-in-phase-with-the-primary-waveforms-when-the-primary-and-secondary-windings-are-connected-the-same-way-this-condition-is-called-no-phase-shift-but-when-the-primary-and-secondary-windings-are-connected-differently-the-secondary-voltage-waveforms-will-differ-from-the-corresponding-primary-voltage-waveforms-by-30-electrical-degrees-this-is-called-a-30-degree-phase-shift-when-two-transformers-are-connected-in-parallel-their-phase-shifts-must-be-identical-if-not-a-short-circuit-will-occur-when-the-transformers-are-energized-basic-idea-of-winding-an-ac-voltage-applied-to-a-coil-will-induce-a-voltage-in-a-second-coil-where-the-two-are-linked-by-a-magnetic-path-the-phase-relationship-of-the-two-voltages-depends-upon-which-ways-round-the-coils-are-connected-the-voltages-will-either-be-in-phase-or-displaced-by-180-deg-when-3-coils-are-used-in-a-3-phase-transformer-winding-a-number-of-options-exist-the-coil-voltages-can-be-in-phase-or-displaced-as-above-with-the-coils-connected-in-star-or-delta-and-in-the-case-of-a-star-winding-have-the-star-point-neutral-brought-out-to-an-external-terminal-or-not-six-ways-to-wire-star-winding-six-ways-to-wire-delta-winding-polarity-an-ac-voltage-applied-to-a-coil-will-induce-a-voltage-in-a-second-coil-where-the-two-are-linked-by-a-magnetic-path-the-phase-relationship-of-the-two-voltages-depends-upon-which-way-round-the-coils-are-connected-the-voltages-will-either-be-in-phase-or-displaced-by-180-deg-when-3-coils-are-used-in-a-3-phase-transformer-winding-a-number-of-options-exist-the-coil-voltages-can-be-in-phase-or-displaced-as-above-with-the-coils-connected-in-star-or-delta-and-in-the-case-of-a-star-winding-have-the-star-point-neutral-brought-out-to-an-external-terminal-or-not-when-pair-of-coil-of-transformer-have-same-direction-than-voltage-induced-in-both-coil-are-in-same-direction-from-one-end-to-other-end-when-two-coil-have-opposite-winding-direction-than-voltage-induced-in-both-coil-are-in-opposite-direction-winding-connection-designations-first-symbol-for-high-voltage-always-capital-letters-ddelta-ystar-zinterconnected-star-nneutral-second-symbol-for-low-voltage-always-small-letters-ddelta-ystar-zinterconnected-star-nneutral-third-symbol-phase-displacement-expressed-as-the-clock-hour-number-1611-example-dyn11-transformer-has-a-delta-connected-primary-winding-d-a-star-connected-secondary-y-with-the-star-point-brought-out-n-and-a-phase-shift-of-30-deg-leading-11-the-point-of-confusion-is-occurring-in-notation-in-a-step-up-transformer-as-the-iec60076-1-standard-has-stated-the-notation-is-hv-lv-in-sequence-for-example-a-step-up-transformer-with-a-delta-connected-primary-and-star-connected-secondary-is-not-written-as-dy11-but-yd11-the-11-indicates-the-lv-winding-leads-the-hv-by-30-degrees-transformers-built-to-ansi-standards-usually-do-not-have-the-vector-group-shown-on-their-nameplate-and-instead-a-vector-diagram-is-given-to-show-the-relationship-between-the-primary-and-other-windings-vector-group-of-transformer-the-three-phase-transformer-windings-can-be-connected-several-ways-based-on-the-windings-connection-the-vector-group-of-the-transformer-is-determined-the-transformer-vector-group-is-indicated-on-the-name-plate-of-transformer-by-the-manufacturer-the-vector-group-indicates-the-phase-difference-between-the-primary-and-secondary-sides-introduced-due-to-that-particular-configuration-of-transformer-windings-connection-the-determination-of-vector-group-of-transformers-is-very-important-before-connecting-two-or-more-transformers-in-parallel-if-two-transfor 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/auto-transformer-connection-7-auto-transformer-connection-an-ordinary-transformer-consists-of-two-windings-called-primary-winding-and-secondary-winding-these-two-windings-are-magnetically-coupled-and-electrically-isolated-but-the-transformer-in-which-a-part-of-windings-is-common-to-both-primary-and-secondary-is-called-auto-transformer-in-auto-transformer-two-windings-are-not-only-magnetically-coupled-but-also-electrically-coupled-the-input-to-the-transformer-is-constant-but-the-output-can-be-varied-by-varying-the-tapings-the-autotransformer-is-both-the-most-simple-and-the-most-fascinating-of-the-connections-involving-two-windings-it-is-used-quite-extensively-in-bulk-power-transmission-systems-because-of-its-ability-to-multiply-the-effective-kva-capacity-of-a-transformer-autotransformers-are-also-used-on-radial-distribution-feeder-circuits-as-voltage-regulators-the-connection-is-shown-in-figure-the-primary-and-secondary-windings-of-a-two-winding-transformer-have-induced-emf-in-them-due-to-a-common-mutual-flux-and-hence-are-in-phase-the-currents-drawn-by-these-two-windings-are-out-of-phase-by-180-this-prompted-the-use-of-a-part-of-the-primary-as-secondary-this-is-equivalent-to-common-the-secondary-turns-into-primary-turns-the-common-section-need-to-have-a-cross-sectional-area-of-the-conductor-to-carry-i2i1-ampere-total-number-of-turns-between-a-and-c-are-t1-at-point-b-a-connection-is-taken-section-ab-has-t2-turns-as-the-volts-per-turn-which-is-proportional-to-the-flux-in-the-machine-is-the-same-for-the-whole-winding-v1-v2-t1-t2-when-the-secondary-winding-delivers-a-load-current-of-i2-ampere-the-demagnetizing-ampere-turns-is-i2t2-this-will-be-countered-by-a-current-i1-flowing-from-the-source-through-the-t1-turns-such-that-i1t1-i2t2-a-current-of-i1-ampere-flows-through-the-winding-between-b-and-c-the-current-in-the-winding-between-a-and-b-is-i2-i1-ampere-the-cross-section-of-the-wire-to-be-selected-for-ab-is-proportional-to-this-current-assuming-a-constant-current-density-for-the-whole-winding-thus-some-amount-of-material-saving-can-be-achieved-compared-to-a-two-winding-transformer-the-magnetic-circuit-is-assumed-to-be-identical-and-hence-there-is-no-saving-in-the-same-to-quantify-the-saving-the-total-quantity-of-copper-used-in-an-auto-transformer-is-expressed-as-a-fraction-of-that-used-in-a-two-winding-transformer-as-copper-in-auto-transformer-copper-in-two-winding-transformer-t1-t2i1-t2i2-i1t1i1-t2i2-copper-in-auto-transformer-copper-in-two-winding-transformer-1-2t2i1-t1i1-t2i2-but-t1i1-t2i2-so-the-ratio-1-2t2i1-2t1i1-1-t2t1-this-means-that-an-auto-transformer-requires-the-use-of-lesser-quantity-of-copper-given-by-the-ratio-of-turns-this-ratio-therefore-the-savings-in-copper-as-the-space-for-the-second-winding-need-not-be-there-the-window-space-can-be-less-for-an-auto-transformer-giving-some-saving-in-the-lamination-weight-also-the-larger-the-ratio-of-the-voltages-smaller-is-the-savings-as-t2-approaches-t1-the-savings-become-significant-thus-auto-transformers-become-ideal-choice-for-close-ratio-transformations-the-auto-transformer-shown-in-figure-is-connected-as-a-boosting-auto-transformer-because-the-series-winding-boosts-the-output-voltage-care-must-be-exercised-when-discussing-primary-and-secondary-voltages-in-relationship-to-windings-in-an-auto-transformer-in-two-winding-transformers-the-primary-voltage-is-associated-with-the-primary-winding-the-secondary-voltage-is-associated-with-the-secondary-winding-and-the-primary-voltage-is-normally-considered-to-be-greater-than-the-secondary-voltage-in-the-case-of-a-boosting-autotransformer-however-the-primary-or-high-voltage-is-associated-with-the-series-winding-and-the-secondary-or-low-voltage-is-associated-with-the-common-winding-but-the-voltage-across-the-common-winding-is-higher-than-across-the-series-winding-limitation-of-the-autotransformer-one-of-the-limitations-of-the-autotransformer-connection-is-that-not-all-types-of-three-phase-connections-are-possible-for-example-the-y-and-y-connections-are-not-possible-using-the-autotransformer-the-y-y-connection-must-share-a-common-neutral-between-the-high-voltage-and-low-voltage-windings-so-the-neutrals-of-the-circuits-connected-to-these-windings-cannot-be-isolated-a-autotransformer-connection-is-theoretically-possible-however-this-will-create-a-peculiar-phase-shift-the-phase-shift-is-a-function-of-the-ratio-of-the-primary-to-secondary-voltages-and-it-can-be-calculated-from-the-vector-diagram-this-phase-shift-cannot-be-changed-or-eliminated-and-for-this-reason-autotransformers-are-very-s 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/scott-t-connection-of-transformer-6-scott-t-connection-of-transformer-transforming-3-phase-to-2-phase-there-are-two-main-reasons-for-the-need-to-transform-from-three-phases-to-two-phases-1-to-give-a-supply-to-an-existing-two-phase-system-from-a-three-phase-supply-2-to-supply-two-phase-furnace-transformers-from-a-three-phase-source-two-phase-systems-can-have-3-wire-4-wire-or-5-wire-circuits-it-is-needed-to-be-considering-that-a-two-phase-system-is-not-23-of-a-three-phase-system-balanced-three-wire-two-phase-circuits-have-two-phase-wires-both-carrying-approximately-the-same-amount-of-current-with-a-neutral-wire-carrying-1414-times-the-currents-in-the-phase-wires-the-phase-to-neutral-voltages-are-90-out-of-phase-with-each-other-two-phase-4-wire-circuits-are-essentially-just-two-ungrounded-single-phase-circuits-that-are-electrically-90-out-of-phase-with-each-other-two-phase-5-wire-circuits-have-four-phase-wires-plus-a-neutral-the-four-phase-wires-are-90-out-of-phase-with-each-other-the-easiest-way-to-transform-three-phase-voltages-into-two-phase-voltages-is-with-two-conventional-single-phase-transformers-the-first-transformer-is-connected-phase-to-neutral-on-the-primary-three-phase-side-and-the-second-transformer-is-connected-between-the-other-two-phases-on-the-primary-side-the-secondary-windings-of-the-two-transformers-are-then-connected-to-the-two-phase-circuit-the-phase-to-neutral-primary-voltage-is-90-out-of-phase-with-the-phase-to-phase-primary-voltage-producing-a-two-phase-voltage-across-the-secondary-windings-this-simple-connection-called-the-t-connection-is-shown-in-figure-the-main-advantage-of-the-t-connection-is-that-it-uses-transformers-with-standard-primary-and-secondary-voltages-the-disadvantage-of-the-t-connection-is-that-a-balanced-two-phase-load-still-produces-unbalanced-three-phase-currents-ie-the-phase-currents-in-the-three-phase-system-do-not-have-equal-magnitudes-their-phase-angles-are-not-120-apart-and-there-is-a-considerable-amount-of-neutral-current-that-must-be-returned-to-the-source-the-scott-connection-of-transformer-a-scott-t-transformer-also-called-a-scott-connection-is-a-type-of-circuit-used-to-derive-two-phase-power-from-a-three-phase-source-or-vice-versa-the-scott-connection-evenly-distributes-a-balanced-load-between-the-phases-of-the-source-scott-t-transformers-require-a-three-phase-power-input-and-provide-two-equal-single-phase-outputs-called-main-and-teaser-the-main-and-teaser-outputs-are-90-degrees-out-of-phase-the-main-and-the-teaser-outputs-must-not-be-connected-in-parallel-or-in-series-as-it-creates-a-vector-current-imbalance-on-the-primary-side-main-and-teaser-outputs-are-on-separate-cores-an-external-jumper-is-also-required-to-connect-the-primary-side-of-the-main-and-teaser-sections-the-schematic-of-a-typical-scott-t-transformer-is-shown-below-scott-t-transformer-is-built-with-two-single-phase-transformers-of-equal-power-rating-the-main-and-teaser-sections-can-be-enclosed-in-a-floor-mount-enclosure-with-main-on-the-bottom-and-teaser-on-top-with-a-connecting-jumper-cable-they-can-also-be-placed-side-by-side-in-separate-enclosures-assuming-the-desired-voltage-is-the-same-on-the-two-and-three-phase-sides-the-scott-t-transformer-connection-consists-of-a-center-tapped-11-ratio-main-transformer-t1-and-an-866-053-ratio-teaser-transformer-t2-the-center-tapped-side-of-t1-is-connected-between-two-of-the-phases-on-the-three-phase-side-its-center-tap-then-connects-to-one-end-of-the-lower-turn-count-side-of-t2-the-other-end-connects-to-the-remaining-phase-the-other-side-of-the-transformers-then-connects-directly-to-the-two-pairs-of-a-two-phase-four-wire-system-the-scott-t-transformer-connection-may-be-also-used-in-a-back-to-back-t-to-t-arrangement-for-a-three-phase-to-3-phase-connection-this-is-a-cost-saving-in-the-smaller-kva-transformers-due-to-the-2-coil-t-connected-to-a-secondary-2-coil-t-in-lieu-of-the-traditional-three-coil-primary-to-three-coil-secondary-transformer-in-this-arrangement-the-neutral-tap-is-part-way-up-on-the-secondary-teaser-transformer-the-voltage-stability-of-this-t-to-t-arrangement-as-compared-to-the-traditional-3-coil-primary-to-three-coil-secondary-transformer-is-questioned-key-point-if-the-main-transformer-has-a-turns-ratio-of-1-1-then-the-teaser-transformer-requires-a-turns-ratio-of-0866-1-for-balanced-operation-the-principle-of-operation-of-the-scott-connection-can-be-most-easily-seen-by-first-applying-a-current-to-the-teaser-secondary-win 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/zig-zag-connection-of-transformer-5-the-zigzag-connection-the-zigzag-connection-is-also-called-the-interconnected-star-connection-this-connection-has-some-of-the-features-of-the-y-and-the-connections-combining-the-advantages-of-both-the-zigzag-transformer-contains-six-coils-on-three-cores-the-first-coil-on-each-core-is-connected-contrariwise-to-the-second-coil-on-the-next-core-the-second-coils-are-then-all-tied-together-to-form-the-neutral-and-the-phases-are-connected-to-the-primary-coils-each-phase-therefore-couples-with-each-other-phase-and-the-voltages-cancel-out-as-such-there-would-be-negligible-current-through-the-neutral-pole-and-it-can-be-connected-to-ground-one-coil-is-the-outer-coil-and-the-other-is-the-inner-coil-each-coil-has-the-same-number-of-windings-turns-turns-ratio11-but-they-are-wound-in-opposite-directions-the-coils-are-connected-as-follows-the-outer-coil-of-phase-a1-a-is-connected-to-the-inner-coil-of-phase-c2-n-the-outer-coil-of-phase-b1-b-is-connected-to-the-inner-coil-of-phase-a2-n-the-outer-coil-of-phase-c1-c-is-connected-to-the-inner-coil-of-phase-b2-n-the-inner-coils-are-connected-together-to-form-the-neutral-and-our-tied-to-ground-the-outer-coils-are-connected-to-phases-a1b1c1-of-the-existing-delta-system-if-three-currents-equal-in-magnitude-and-phase-are-applied-to-the-three-terminals-the-ampere-turns-of-the-a2-n-winding-cancel-the-ampere-turns-of-the-b1-b-winding-the-ampere-turns-of-the-b2-n-winding-cancel-the-ampere-turns-of-the-c1-c-winding-and-the-ampere-turns-of-the-c2-n-winding-cancel-the-ampere-turns-of-the-a1-a-winding-therefore-the-transformer-allows-the-three-in-phase-currents-to-easily-flow-to-neutral-if-three-currents-equal-in-magnitude-but-120-out-of-phase-with-each-other-are-applied-to-the-three-terminals-the-ampere-turns-in-the-windings-cannot-cancel-and-the-transformer-restricts-the-current-flow-to-the-negligible-level-of-magnetizing-current-therefore-the-zigzag-winding-provides-an-easy-path-for-in-phase-currents-but-does-not-allow-the-flow-of-currents-that-are-120out-of-phase-with-each-other-under-normal-system-operation-the-outer-and-inner-coil-windings-magnetic-flux-will-cancel-each-other-and-only-negligible-current-will-flow-in-the-in-the-neutral-of-the-zig-zag-transformer-during-a-phase-to-ground-fault-the-zig-zag-transformers-coils-magnetic-flux-are-no-longer-equal-in-the-faulted-line-this-allows-zero-sequence-if-one-phase-or-more-faults-to-earth-the-voltage-applied-to-each-phase-of-the-transformer-is-no-longer-in-balance-fluxes-in-the-windings-no-longer-oppose-using-symmetrical-components-this-is-ia0-ib0-ic0-zero-sequence-earth-fault-current-exists-between-the-transformers-neutral-to-the-faulting-phase-hence-the-purpose-of-a-zigzag-transformer-is-to-provide-a-return-path-for-earth-faults-on-delta-connected-systems-with-negligible-current-in-the-neutral-under-normal-conditions-engineers-typically-elect-to-under-size-the-transformer-a-short-time-rating-is-applied-ensure-the-impedance-is-not-too-low-for-the-desired-fault-limiting-impedance-can-be-added-after-the-secondarys-are-summed-the-3io-path-the-neutral-formed-by-the-zigzag-connection-is-very-stable-therefore-this-type-of-transformer-or-in-some-cases-an-auto-transformer-lends-itself-very-well-for-establishing-a-neutral-for-an-ungrounded-3-phase-system-many-times-this-type-of-transformer-or-auto-transformer-will-carry-a-fairly-large-rating-yet-physically-be-relatively-small-this-particularly-applies-in-connection-with-grounding-applications-the-reason-for-this-small-size-in-relation-to-the-nameplate-kva-rating-is-due-to-the-fact-that-many-types-of-grounding-auto-transformers-are-rated-for-2-seconds-this-is-based-on-the-time-to-operate-an-over-current-protection-device-such-as-a-breaker-zigzag-transformers-used-to-be-employed-to-enable-size-reductions-in-drive-motor-systems-due-to-the-stable-wave-form-they-present-other-means-are-now-more-common-such-as-6-phase-star-advantages-of-zig-zag-transformer-the-zigzag-connection-provides-the-same-advantages-as-the-y-connection-less-costly-for-grounding-purpose-it-is-typically-the-least-costly-than-y-d-and-scott-transformer-third-harmonic-suppression-the-zigzag-connection-in-power-systems-to-trap-triple-harmonic-3rd-9th-15th-etc-currents-here-we-install-zigzag-units-near-loads-that-produce-large-triple-harmonic-currents-the-windings-trap-the-harmonic-currents-and-prevent-them-from-traveling-upstream-where-they-can-produce-undesirable-effects-ground-current-isolation-if-we-need-a-neutral-for-grounding-or-for-supplying-single-phase-line-to-neutral-loads-when-working-with-a-3-wire-ungrounded-power-system-a-zigzag-connection-may-be-the-better-s 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/star-delta-connection-of-transformer-4-star-delta-connection-in-this-type-of-connection-then-primary-is-connected-in-star-fashion-while-the-secondary-is-connected-in-delta-fashion-as-shown-in-the-fig-the-voltages-on-primary-and-secondary-sides-can-be-represented-on-the-phasor-diagram-as-shown-in-the-fig-key-point-as-primary-in-star-connected-line-voltage-on-primary-side-3-x-phase-voltage-on-primary-side-so-phase-voltage-on-primary-side-line-voltage-on-primary-side-3-now-transformation-ration-k-secondary-phase-voltage-primary-phase-voltage-secondary-phase-voltage-k-x-primary-phase-voltage-as-secondary-in-delta-connected-line-voltage-on-secondary-side-phase-voltage-on-secondary-side-secondary-phase-voltage-k-x-primary-phase-voltage-k-x-line-voltage-on-primary-side-3-secondary-phase-voltage-k3-x-line-voltage-on-primary-side-there-is-s-30-degree-or-30-degree-phase-shift-between-secondary-phase-voltage-to-primary-phase-voltage-advantages-of-star-delta-connection-the-primary-side-is-star-connected-hence-fewer-numbers-of-turns-are-required-this-makes-the-connection-economical-for-large-high-voltage-step-down-power-transformers-the-neutral-available-on-the-primary-can-be-earthed-to-avoid-distortion-the-neutral-point-allows-both-types-of-loads-single-phase-or-three-phases-to-be-met-large-unbalanced-loads-can-be-handled-satisfactory-the-y-d-connection-has-no-problem-with-third-harmonic-components-due-to-circulating-currents-ind-it-is-also-more-stable-to-unbalanced-loads-since-the-d-partially-redistributes-any-imbalance-that-occurs-the-delta-connected-winding-carries-third-harmonic-current-due-to-which-potential-of-neutral-point-is-stabilized-some-saving-in-cost-of-insulation-is-achieved-if-hv-side-is-star-connected-but-in-practice-the-hv-side-is-normally-connected-in-delta-so-that-the-three-phase-loads-like-motors-and-single-phase-loads-like-lighting-loads-can-be-supplied-by-lv-side-using-three-phase-four-wire-system-as-grounding-transformer-in-power-system-mostly-grounded-y-transformer-is-used-for-no-other-purpose-than-to-provide-a-good-ground-source-in-ungrounded-delta-system-take-for-example-a-distribution-system-supplied-by-connected-ie-un-grounded-power-source-if-it-is-required-to-connect-phase-to-ground-loads-to-this-system-a-grounding-bank-is-connected-to-the-system-as-shown-in-figure-this-system-a-grounding-bank-is-connected-to-the-system-as-shown-in-figure-note-that-the-connected-winding-is-not-connected-to-any-external-circuit-in-figure-with-a-load-current-equal-to-3-times-i-each-phase-of-the-grounded-y-winding-provides-the-same-current-i-with-the-connected-secondary-winding-of-the-grounding-bank-providing-the-ampere-turns-required-to-cancel-the-ampere-turns-of-the-primary-winding-note-that-the-grounding-bank-does-not-supply-any-real-power-to-the-load-it-is-there-merely-to-provide-a-ground-path-all-the-power-required-by-the-load-is-supplied-by-two-phases-of-the-ungrounded-supply-disadvantages-of-star-delta-connection-in-this-type-of-connection-the-secondary-voltage-is-not-in-phase-with-the-primary-hence-it-is-not-possible-to-ope 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/delta-star-connection-of-transformer-3-delta-star-connection-of-transformer-in-this-type-of-connection-the-primary-connected-in-delta-fashion-while-the-secondary-current-is-connected-in-star-the-main-use-of-this-connection-is-to-step-up-the-voltage-ie-at-the-begining-of-high-tension-transmission-system-it-can-be-noted-that-there-is-a-phase-shift-of-30-between-primary-line-voltage-and-secondary-line-voltage-as-leading-key-point-as-primary-in-delta-connected-line-voltage-on-primary-side-phase-voltage-on-primary-side-now-transformation-ration-k-secondary-phase-voltage-primary-phase-voltage-secondary-phase-voltage-k-x-primary-phase-voltage-as-secondary-in-star-connected-line-voltage-on-secondary-side-3-x-phase-voltage-on-secondary-side-so-line-voltage-on-secondary-side-3-x-k-x-primary-phase-voltage-line-voltage-on-secondary-side-3-x-k-x-primary-line-voltage-there-is-s-30-degree-or-30-degree-phase-shift-between-secondary-phase-voltage-to-primary-phase-voltage-advantages-of-delta-star-connection-cross-section-area-of-winding-is-less-at-primary-side-on-primary-side-due-to-delta-connection-winding-cross-section-required-is-less-used-at-three-phase-four-wire-system-on-secondary-side-neutral-is-available-due-to-which-it-can-be-used-for-3-phase-4-wire-supply-system-no-distortion-of-secondary-voltage-no-distortion-due-to-third-harmonic-components-handled-large-unbalanced-load-large-unbalanced-loads-can-be-handled-without-any-difficulty-grounding-isolation-between-primary-and-secondary-assuming-that-the-neutral-of-the-y-connected-secondary-circuit-is-grounded-a-load-connected-phase-to-neutral-or-a-phase-to-ground-fault-produces-two-equal-and-opposite-currents-in-two-phases-in-the-primary-circuit-without-any-neutral-ground-current-in-the-primary-circuit-therefore-in-contrast-with-the-y-y-connection-phase-to-ground-faults-or-current-unbalance-in-the-secondary-circuit-will-not-affect-ground-protective-relaying-applied-to-the-primary-circuit-this-feature-enables-proper-coordination-of-protective-devices-and-is-a-very-important-design-consideration-the-neutral-of-the-y-grounded-is-sometimes-referred-to-as-a-grounding-bank-because-it-provides-a-local-source-of-ground-current-at-the-secondary-that-is-isolated-from-the-primary-circuit-harmonic-suppression-the-magnetizing-current-must-contain-odd-harmonics-for-the-induced-voltages-to-be-sinusoidal-and-the-third-harmonic-is-the-dominant-harmonic-component-in-a-three-phase-system-the-third-harmonic-currents-of-all-three-phases-are-in-phase-with-each-other-because-they-are-zero-sequence-currents-in-the-y-y-connection-the-only-path-for-third-harmonic-current-is-through-the-neutral-in-the-y-connection-however-the-third-harmonic-currents-being-equal-in-amplitude-and-in-phase-with-each-other-are-able-to-circulate-around-the-path-formed-by-the-connected-winding-the-same-thing-is-true-for-the-other-zero-sequence-harmonics-grounding-bank-it-provides-a-local-source-of-ground-current-at-the-secondary-that-is-isolated-from-the-primary-circuit-for-suppose-an-ungrounded-generator-supplies-a-simple-radial-system-through-y-transformer-with-grounded-neutral-at-secondary-as-shown-figure-the-generator-can-supply-a-single-phase-to-neutral-load-through-the-grounded-y-transformer-let-us-refer-to-the-low-voltage-generator-side-of-the-transformer-as-the-secondary-and-the-high-voltage-load-side-of-the-transformer-as-the-primary-note-that-each-primary-winding-is-magnetically-coupled-to-a-secondary-winding-the-magnetically-coupled-windings-are-drawn-in-parallel-to-each-other-through-the-second-transformer-law-the-phase-to-ground-load-current-in-the-primary-circuit-is-reflected-as-a-current-in-the-a-c-secondary-winding-no-other-currents-are-required-to-flow-in-the-a-c-or-b-c-windings-on-the-generator-side-of-the-transformer-in-order-to-balance-ampere-turns-easy-relaying-of-ground-protection-protective-relaying-is-much-easier-on-a-delta-wye-transformer-because-ground-faults-on-the-secondary-side-are-isolated-from-the-primary-making-coordination-much-easier-if-there-is-upstream-relaying-on-a-delta-wye-transformer-any-zero-sequence-current-can-be-assumed-to-be-from-a-primary-ground-fault-allowing-very-sensitive-ground-fault-protection-on-a-wye-wye-a-low-side-ground-fault-causes-primary-ground-fault-current-making-coordination-more-difficult-actually-ground-fault-protection-is-one-of-the-primary-advantages-of-delta-wye-units-disadvantages-of-delta-star-connection-in-this-type-of-connection-the-secondary-voltage-is-not-in-phase-with-the-pr 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/delta-delta-connection-of-transformer-2-delta-delta-connection-in-this-type-of-connection-both-the-three-phase-primary-and-secondary-windings-are-connected-in-delta-as-shown-in-the-fig-the-voltages-on-primary-and-secondary-sides-can-be-shown-on-the-phasor-diagram-this-connection-proves-to-be-economical-for-large-low-voltage-transformers-as-it-increases-number-of-turns-per-phase-key-point-primary-side-line-voltage-secondary-side-line-voltage-primary-side-phase-voltage-secondary-side-phase-voltage-no-phase-shift-between-primary-and-secondary-voltages-advantage-of-delta-delta-connection-sinusoidal-voltage-at-secondary-in-order-to-get-secondary-voltage-as-sinusoidal-the-magnetizing-current-of-transformer-must-contain-a-third-harmonic-component-the-delta-connection-provides-a-closed-path-for-circulation-of-third-harmonic-component-of-current-the-flux-remains-sinusoidal-which-results-in-sinusoidal-voltages-suitable-for-unbalanced-load-even-if-the-load-is-unbalanced-the-three-phase-voltages-remains-constant-thus-it-suitable-for-unbalanced-loading-also-carry-58-load-if-one-transfer-is-faulty-in-transformer-bank-if-there-is-bank-of-single-phase-transformers-connected-in-delta-delta-fashion-and-if-one-of-the-transformers-is-disabled-then-the-supply-can-be-continued-with-remaining-tow-transformers-of-course-with-reduced-efficiency-no-distortion-in-secondary-voltage-there-is-no-any-phase-displacement-between-primary-and-secondary-voltages-there-is-no-distortion-of-flux-as-the-third-harmonic-component-of-magnetizing-current-can-flow-in-the-delta-connected-primary-windings-without-flowing-in-the-line-wires-there-is-no-distortion-in-the-secondary-voltages-economical-for-low-voltage-due-to-delta-connection-phase-voltage-is-same-as-line-voltage-hence-winding-have-more-number-of-turns-but-phase-current-is-13-times-the-line-current-hence-the-cross-section-of-the-windings-is-very-less-this-makes-the-connection-economical-for-low-voltages-transformers-reduce-cross-section-of-conductor-the-conductor-is-required-of-smaller-cross-section-as-the-phase-current-is-13-times-of-the-line-current-it-increases-number-of-turns-per-phase-and-reduces-the-necessary-cross-sectional-area-of-conductors-thus-insulation-problem-is-not-present-absent-of-third-harmonic-voltage-due-to-closed-delta-third-harmonic-voltages-are-absent-the-absence-of-star-or-neutral-point-proves-to-be-advantageous-in-some-cases-disadvantage-of-delta-delta-connection-due-to-the-absence-of-neutral-point-it-is-not-suitable-for-three-phase-four-wire-system-more-insulation-is-required-and-the-voltage-appearing-between-windings-and-core-will-be-equal-to-full-line-voltage-in-case-of-earth-fault-on-one-phase-application-suitable-for-large-low-voltage-transformers-this-type-of-connection-is-normally-uncommon-but-used-in-some-industrial-facilities-to-reduce-impact-of-slg-faults-on-the-primary-system-it-is-generally-used-in-systems-where-it-need-to-be-carry-large-currents-on-low-voltages-and-especially-when-continuity-of-service-is-to-be-maintained-even-though-one-of-the-phases-develops-fault 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/star-star-connection-of-transformer-transformer-connection-the-windings-of-three-phase-transformers-may-be-connected-in-by-y-or-in-the-same-manner-as-for-three-single-phase-transformers-since-the-secondarys-may-be-connected-either-in-y-or-regardless-of-which-connection-is-used-on-the-primaries-there-must-be-four-ways-of-connecting-the-windings-of-a-3-phase-transformer-for-transformation-of-3-phase-voltages-namely-y-y-y-and-y-the-inter-connections-are-made-inside-of-the-case-so-that-only-the-terminal-leads-need-to-be-brought-outside-the-case-1-star-star-transformer-yy0-or-yy6-2-delta-delta-transformer-dd0-or-dd6-3-delta-star-transformer-dy-4-star-delta-transformer-yd-grounding-transformer-5-zig-zag-transformer-yz-dz-grounding-transformer-6-scott-t-type-transformer-grounding-transformer-1-star-stary-yconnection-in-primary-winding-each-phase-is120electrical-degrees-out-of-phase-with-the-other-two-phases-in-secondary-winding-each-phase-is120electrical-degrees-out-of-phase-with-the-other-two-phases-each-primary-winding-is-magnetically-linked-to-one-secondary-winding-through-a-common-core-leg-sets-of-windings-that-are-magnetically-linked-are-drawn-parallel-to-each-other-in-the-vector-diagram-in-the-y-y-connection-each-primary-and-secondary-winding-is-connected-to-a-neutral-point-the-neutral-point-may-or-may-not-be-brought-out-to-an-external-physical-connection-and-the-neutral-may-or-may-not-be-grounded-transformer-magnetizing-currents-are-not-purely-sinusoidal-even-if-the-exciting-voltages-are-sinusoidal-the-magnetizing-currents-have-significant-quantities-of-odd-harmonic-components-if-three-identical-transformers-are-connected-to-each-phase-and-are-excited-by-60-hz-voltages-of-equal-magnitude-the-60-hz-fundamental-components-of-the-exciting-currents-cancel-out-each-other-at-the-neutral-this-is-because-the-60-hz-fundamental-currents-of-a-b-and-c-phase-are-120-out-of-phase-with-one-another-and-the-vector-sum-of-these-currents-is-zero-the-third-ninth-fifteenth-and-other-so-called-zero-sequence-harmonic-currents-are-in-phase-with-each-other-therefore-these-components-do-not-cancel-out-each-other-at-the-neutral-but-add-in-phase-with-one-another-to-produce-a-zero-sequence-neutral-current-provided-there-is-a-path-for-the-neutral-current-to-flow-due-to-the-nonlinear-shape-of-the-b-h-curve-odd-harmonic-magnetizing-currents-are-required-to-support-sinusoidal-induced-voltages-if-some-of-the-magnetizing-current-harmonics-are-not-present-then-the-induced-voltages-cannot-be-sinusoidal-y-y-connection-with-grounded-neutral-figure-show-the-situation-where-the-primary-neutral-is-returned-to-the-voltage-source-in-a-four-wire-three-phase-circuit-each-of-the-magnetizing-currents-labeled-ir-iy-and-ib-contain-the-60-hz-fundamental-current-and-all-of-the-odd-harmonic-currents-necessary-to-support-sinusoidal-induced-voltages-the-zero-sequence-magnetizing-currents-combine-to-form-the-neutral-current-in-which-returns-these-odd-harmonics-to-the-voltage-source-assuming-that-the-primary-voltage-is-sinusoidal-the-induced-voltages-vr-vy-and-vb-in-both-the-primary-and-secondary-are-sinusoidal-as-well-the-connection-of-primary-neutral-to-the-neutral-of-generator-has-an-add-advantage-that-it-eliminates-distortion-in-the-secondary-phase-voltages-if-the-flux-in-the-core-has-sinusoidal-waveform-then-it-will-give-sinusoidal-waveform-for-the-voltage-but-due-to-characteristic-of-iron-a-sinusoidal-waveform-of-flux-requires-a-third-harmonic-component-in-the-exciting-current-as-the-frequency-of-this-component-is-thrice-the-frequency-of-circuit-at-any-given-constant-it-will-try-to-flow-either-towards-or-away-from-the-neutral-point-in-the-transformer-windings-with-isolated-neutral-the-triple-frequency-current-cannot-flow-so-the-flux-in-the-core-will-not-be-a-sine-wave-and-the-voltages-are-distorted-if-primary-neutral-is-connected-to-generator-neutral-the-triple-frequency-currents-get-the-path-to-solve-the-difficulty-the-alternative-way-of-overcoming-with-this-difficulty-is-the-use-of-tertiary-winding-of-low-kva-rating-these-windings-are-connected-in-delta-and-provide-a-circuit-in-which-triple-frequency-currents-can-flow-thus-sinusoidal-voltage-on-primary-will-give-sinusoidal-voltage-on-secondary-side-this-situation-changes-if-the-neutrals-of-both-sets-of-the-primary-and-secondary-windings-are-not-grounded-y-y-connection-without-grounded-neutral-if-the-neutrals-of-both-the-primary-and-the-secondary-are-open-circuited-and-so-there-is-no-path-for-the-zero-sequence-harmonic-currents-to-flow-and 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https://eedemy.com/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-4-9-magnetic-balance-test-test-purpose-magnetic-balance-test-of-transformer-is-conducted-only-on-three-phase-transformers-to-check-the-imbalance-in-the-magnetic-circuit-test-instrument-multi-meter-mill-ammeter-test-circuit-diagram-untitled-test-procedure-first-keep-the-tap-changer-of-transformer-in-normal-position-now-disconnect-the-transformer-neutral-from-ground-then-apply-single-phase-230v-ac-supply-across-one-of-the-hv-winding-terminals-and-neutral-terminal-measure-the-voltage-in-two-other-hv-terminals-in-respect-of-neutral-terminal-repeat-the-test-for-each-of-the-three-phases-in-case-of-auto-transformer-magnetic-balance-test-of-transformer-should-be-repeated-for-iv-winding-also-there-are-three-limbs-side-by-side-in-a-core-of-transformer-one-phase-winding-is-wound-in-one-limb-the-voltage-induced-in-different-phases-depends-upon-the-respective-position-of-the-limb-in-the-core-the-voltage-induced-in-different-phases-of-transformer-in-respect-to-neutral-terminals-given-in-the-table-below-415v-two-phase-supply-is-to-be-applied-to-any-two-phases-terminals-on-hv-side-of-power-transformer-and-voltages-in-other-two-phase-combination-are-to-be-measured-with-lt-open-sum-of-the-resultant-two-values-shall-be-equal-to-the-voltage-applied-applied-voltage-415v-measured-voltagev1-measured-voltagev2-result-ry-yb-br-vv1v2-yb-ry-br-vv1v2-br-yb-ry-vv1v2-10-high-voltage-tests-on-hv-lv-winding-test-purpose-to-checks-the-insulation-property-between-primary-to-earth-secondary-to-earth-and-between-primary-secondary-test-instrument-high-voltage-tester-100kv-3kv-test-circuit-diagram-untitled-procedure-hv-high-voltage-test-lv-winding-connected-together-and-earthed-hv-winding-connected-together-and-given-following-hv-supply-for-1-minute-lv-high-voltage-test-hv-winding-connected-together-and-earthed-lv-winding-connected-together-and-given-following-hv-supply-for-1-minute-433v-winding-3kv-high-voltage-11kv-winding-28kv-high-voltage-22kv-winding-50kv-high-voltage-33kv-winding-70kv-high-voltage-11-di-electrical-test-test-purpose-to-check-the-ability-of-main-insulation-to-earth-and-between-winding-to-checks-the-insulation-property-between-primary-to-earth-secondary-to-earth-and-between-primary-secondary-test-instruments-3-phase-variable-voltage-frequency-source-auto-transformer-test-procedure-the-following-dielectric-tests-are-performed-in-order-to-meet-the-transformer-insulation-strength-expectations-switching-impulse-test-to-confirm-the-insulation-of-the-transformer-terminals-and-windings-to-the-earthed-parts-and-other-windings-and-to-confirm-the-insulation-strength-in-the-windings-and-through-the-windings-lightning-impulse-test-to-confirm-the-transformer-insulation-strength-in-case-of-a-lightning-hitting-the-connection-terminals-separate-source-ac-withstand-voltage-test-to-confirm-the-insulation-strength-of-the-transformer-line-and-neutral-connection-terminals-and-the-connected-windings-to-the-earthed-parts-and-other-windings-induced-ac-voltage-test-short-duration-acsd-and-long-duration-acld-to-confirm-the-insulation-strength-of-the-transformer-connection-terminals-and-the-connected-windings-to-the-earthed-parts-and-other-windings-both-between-the-phases-and-through-the-winding-partial-discharge-measurement-to-confirm-the-partial-discharge-below-a-determined-level-property-of-the-transformer-insulation-structure-under-operating-conditions-method-no-1-separate-source-voltage-withstand-test-untitled-all-the-terminals-of-the-winding-under-test-should-be-connected-together-and-the-voltage-should-be-applied-the-secondary-windings-of-bushing-type-current-transformers-should-be-connected-together-and-earthed-the-current-should-be-stable-during-test-and-no-surges-should-occur-a-single-phase-power-frequency-voltage-of-shape-approximately-sinusoidal-is-applied-for-60-seconds-to-the-terminals-of-the-winding-under-test-the-test-shall-be-performed-on-all-the-windings-one-by-one-the-test-is-successful-if-no-breakdown-in-the-dielectric-of-the-insulation-occurs-during-test-during-the-separate-source-ac-withstand-voltage-test-the-frequency-of-the-test-voltage-should-be-equal-to-the-transformers-rated-frequency-or-should-be-not-less-than-80-of-this-frequency-in-this-way-60-hz-transformers-can-also-be-tested-at-50-hz-the-shape-of-the-voltage-should-be-single-phase-and-sinusoidal-as-far-as-possible-this-test-is-applied-to-the-star-point 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-3-5-short-circuit-test-test-purpose-the-value-of-the-short-circuit-impedance-z-and-the-load-copper-losses-i2r-are-obtained-this-test-should-be-performed-before-the-impulse-test-if-the-later-will-be-performed-as-a-routine-test-in-order-to-avoid-readings-errors-test-instrument-megger-or-multi-meter-ct-pt-test-procedure-suitable-low-voltage-3-phase-415v-50hz-will-be-applied-to-the-terminals-of-one-winding-usually-the-hv-with-the-other-winding-short-circuited-with-50-sq-mm-copper-cable-usually-the-lv-the-applied-voltage-is-adjusted-to-pass-the-needed-current-in-the-primarysecondary-in-order-to-simulate-conditions-nearest-to-full-load-it-is-customary-to-pass-100-50-or-at-least-25-of-full-load-current-voltage-to-be-increased-gradually-till-the-current-in-the-energized-winding-reaches-the-required-value-50-to-100-rated-current-measure-the-3-phase-line-currents-at-all-tap-position-if-the-tap-switch-is-an-off-circuit-tap-switch-the-supply-has-to-be-disconnected-before-changing-the-tap-a-consistent-trend-in-the-increase-or-decrease-of-current-as-the-case-may-be-confirms-the-healthiness-of-the-transformer-if-transformer-is-equipped-with-a-tap-changer-tapping-regulations-are-applied-1-if-tapping-range-within5-and-rated-power-less-than-2500kav-load-loss-guarantee-refer-to-the-principal-tap-only-2-if-tapping-range-exceeds5-or-rated-power-above-2500kav-it-shall-be-stated-for-which-tapping-beside-the-principal-tap-the-load-losses-will-be-guaranteed-by-the-manufacturer-three-phase-lt-supply-is-applied-on-hv-side-of-power-transformer-at-normal-tap-with-rated-current-on-hv-side-and-currents-measured-in-all-the-phases-on-hv-side-and-phases-neutral-on-lv-side-values-noted-readings-to-be-taken-as-quickly-as-possible-as-the-windings-warm-up-and-the-winding-resistance-increases-hence-the-losses-value-will-increase-accordingly-using-appropriate-instruments-conventional-three-watt-meter-method-or-digital-watt-meter-with-ammeters-voltmeters-measurements-of-voltage-currents-and-power-can-be-recorded-untitled-short-circuit-test-without-using-ctpt-to-avoid-cts-and-pts-this-method-can-be-used-at-current-levels-of-2-to-5-a-and-measurement-of-load-losses-is-done-at-this-condition-this-measured-load-loss-is-then-extrapolated-to-actual-load-currents-to-obtain-load-losses-at-the-operating-current-example-11-kv433-v-1000-kva-transformer-with-5-impedance-the-voltage-to-be-applied-on-hv-side-during-load-test-is-estimated-below-v-side-full-load-current-i1-kvax10001732xline-voltage-v-side-full-load-current-i1-10001000173211000525-amp-line-to-line-voltage-to-be-applied-on-hv-side-for-getting-5-a-on-hv-side-line-to-line-voltage-to-be-applied-on-hv-side-visc-line-voltagex1000xzx50866xi1x100-line-to-line-voltage-to-be-applied-on-hv-side-visc11x1000x5xxx0866525100605-volts-since-the-current-drawn-on-hv-side-is-only-about-5a-in-this-test-cts-can-be-avoided-and-hence-phase-angle-error-is-not-applicable-untitled-short-circuit-test-with-using-ctpt-untitled-criteria-measured-impedance-to-be-within-guaranteed-value-and-nameplate-value-load-losses-to-be-within-guaranteed-values-test-can-detect-winding-deformation-deviation-in-name-plate-value-6-open-circuit-no-load-test-test-purpose-in-this-test-the-value-of-no-load-power-po-the-no-load-current-io-are-measured-at-rated-voltage-frequency-test-instruments-watt-meters-ammeter-voltmeter-or-power-analyses-test-procedure-test-is-performed-at-rated-frequency-three-phase-lt-voltage-of-415-v-applied-on-hv-side-of-power-transformer-keeping-lt-open-two-voltmeters-are-connected-to-the-energized-winding-one-is-measuring-the-voltage-mean-value-and-the-other-is-for-the-voltage-rms-value-voltage-applied-to-winding-usually-to-hv-windingsit-will-be-in-a-range-from-90-of-winding-rated-voltage-to-110-of-the-same-in-steps-each-of-5-ie-for-a-3311kv-transformer-applied-voltage-values-will-be-297kv-3135kv363kv-readings-of-watt-meters-voltmeters-ammeters-are-recorded-to-obtain-the-values-of-v-rms-vmean-po-and-io-at-each-voltage-step-test-results-are-considered-satisfactory-if-the-readings-of-the-two-are-equal-within-3-if-its-more-than-3-the-validity-of-the-test-is-subjected-to-agreement-measured-value-of-power-loss-is-corrected-according-to-the-following-formula-pcpm-1d-d-vmean-vrms-vmean-measure-the 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https://eedemy.com/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-2-3-turns-ratio-voltage-ratio-test-test-purpose-turns-ratio-test-voltage-ratio-test-are-done-in-transformer-to-find-out-open-circuited-turns-short-circuited-turns-in-transformer-winding-the-voltage-ratio-is-equal-to-the-turns-ratio-in-a-transformer-v1v2n1n2-using-this-principle-the-turns-ratio-is-measured-with-the-help-of-a-turns-ratio-meter-if-it-is-correct-then-the-voltage-ratio-is-assumed-to-be-correct-this-test-should-be-made-for-any-new-high-voltage-power-transformer-at-the-time-it-is-being-installed-with-use-of-turns-ratio-meter-ttr-turns-ratio-between-hv-lv-windings-at-various-taps-to-be-measured-recorded-the-turns-ratio-is-measure-of-the-rms-voltage-applied-to-the-primary-terminals-to-the-rms-voltage-measured-at-the-secondary-terminals-r-np-ns-where-rvoltage-ratio-npnumber-of-turns-at-primary-winding-ns-number-of-turns-at-secondary-winding-the-voltage-ratio-shall-be-measured-on-each-tapping-in-the-no-load-condition-test-instruments-turns-ratio-meter-ttr-to-energies-the-transformer-from-a-low-voltage-supply-and-measure-the-hv-and-lv-voltages-wheatstone-bridge-circuit-method-no1-turns-ratio-testing-test-procedure-transformer-turns-ratio-meter-ttr-transformer-ratio-test-can-be-done-by-transformer-turns-ratio-ttr-meter-it-has-in-built-power-supply-with-the-voltages-commonly-used-being-very-low-such-as-8-10-v-and-50-hz-the-hv-and-lv-windings-of-one-phase-of-a-transformer-ie-r-y-r-n-are-connected-to-the-instrument-and-the-internal-bridge-elements-are-varied-to-produce-a-null-indication-on-the-detector-values-are-recorded-at-each-tap-in-case-of-tapped-windings-and-then-compared-to-calculated-ratio-at-the-same-tap-the-ratio-meter-gives-accuracy-of-01-per-cent-over-a-ratio-range-up-to-11101-the-ratio-meter-is-used-in-a-bridge-circuit-where-the-voltages-of-the-windings-of-the-transformer-under-test-are-balanced-against-the-voltages-developed-across-the-fixed-and-variable-resistors-of-the-ratio-meter-adjustment-of-the-calibrated-variable-resistor-until-zero-deflection-is-obtained-on-the-galvanometer-then-gives-the-ratio-to-unity-of-the-transformer-windings-from-the-ratio-of-the-resistors-bridge-circuit-untitled-a-phase-voltage-is-applied-to-the-one-of-the-windings-by-means-of-a-bridge-circuit-and-the-ratio-of-induced-voltage-is-measured-at-the-bridge-the-accuracy-of-the-measuring-instrument-is-01-this-theoretical-turn-ratio-is-adjusted-on-the-transformer-turn-ratio-tested-or-ttr-by-the-adjustable-transformer-as-shown-in-the-figure-above-and-it-should-be-changed-until-a-balance-occurs-in-the-percentage-error-indicator-the-reading-on-this-indicator-implies-the-deviation-of-measured-turn-ratio-from-expected-turn-ratio-in-percentage-theoretical-turns-ratio-hv-winding-voltage-lv-winding-voltage-deviation-measured-turn-ratio-expected-turns-ration-expected-turns-ration-out-of-tolerance-ratio-test-of-transformer-can-be-due-to-shorted-turns-especially-if-there-is-an-associated-high-excitation-current-open-turns-in-hv-winding-will-indicate-very-low-exciting-current-and-no-output-voltage-since-open-turns-in-hv-winding-causes-no-excitation-current-in-the-winding-means-no-flux-hence-no-induced-voltage-but-open-turn-in-lv-winding-causes-low-fluctuating-lv-voltage-but-normal-excitation-current-in-hv-winding-hence-open-turns-in-lv-winding-will-be-indicated-by-normal-levels-of-exciting-current-but-very-low-levels-of-unstable-output-voltage-the-turn-ratio-test-of-transformer-also-detects-high-resistance-connections-in-the-lead-circuitry-or-high-contact-resistance-in-tap-changers-by-higher-excitation-current-and-a-difficulty-in-balancing-the-bridge-test-caution-disconnect-all-transformer-terminals-from-line-or-load-neutrals-directly-grounded-to-the-grid-can-remain-connected-method-no-2-voltage-ratio-testing-this-test-is-done-to-check-both-the-transformer-voltage-ratio-and-tap-changer-when-turns-ratio-meter-is-not-available-voltage-ratio-test-is-done-at-various-tap-position-by-applying-3-phases-lt-415v-supply-on-ht-side-of-power-transformer-in-order-to-obtain-the-required-accuracy-it-is-usual-to-use-a-ratio-meter-rather-than-to-energies-the-transformer-from-a-low-voltage-supply-and-measure-the-hv-and-lv-voltages-at-various-taps-applied-voltage-and-resultant-voltages-lv-side-between-various-phases-and-phases-neutral-measured-with-precision-voltmeter-noted-test-procedure-with-415-v-applied-on-high-voltage-side-measure-the-voltage-between-all-phases-on-the-low-voltage-side-for-every-tap-position-first-the-tap-changer-of-transformer-is-kept-in-the-lowest-position-and-lv-terminals-are-ke 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https://eedemy.com/various-routine-test-of-power-transformer-part-1-introduction-there-are-various-test-required-on-transformer-to-conform-performance-of-transformer-mainly-two-types-of-transformer-are-done-by-manufacturer-before-dispatching-the-transformer-mainly-1-type-test-of-transformer-and-2-routine-test-in-addition-some-other-tests-are-also-carried-out-by-the-consumer-at-site-before-commissioning-and-also-periodically-in-regular-emergency-basis-throughout-its-life-transformer-testing-mainly-classified-in-transformer-tests-done-by-manufacturer-a-routine-tests-btype-tests-c-special-tests-transformer-tests-done-at-site-d-pre-commissioning-tests-e-periodiccondition-monitoring-tests-f-emergency-tests-a-routine-tests-a-routine-test-of-transformer-is-mainly-for-confirming-operational-performance-of-individual-unit-in-a-production-lot-routine-tests-are-carried-out-on-every-unit-manufactured-all-transformers-are-subjected-to-the-following-routine-tests-insulation-resistance-test-winding-resistance-test-turns-ration-voltage-ratio-test-polarity-vector-group-test-no-load-losses-and-current-test-short-circuit-impedance-and-load-loss-test-continuity-test-magnetizing-current-test-magnetic-balance-test-high-voltage-test-dielectric-tests-separate-source-ac-voltage-induced-overvoltage-lightning-impulse-tests-test-on-on-load-tap-changers-where-appropriate-b-type-tests-type-tests-are-tests-made-on-a-transformer-which-is-representative-of-other-transformers-to-demonstrate-that-they-comply-with-specified-requirements-not-covered-by-routine-tests-temperature-rise-test-iec-60076-2-dielectric-type-tests-iec-60076-3-c-special-tests-special-tests-are-tests-other-than-routine-or-type-tests-agreed-between-manufacturer-and-purchaser-dielectric-special-tests-zero-sequence-impedance-on-three-phase-transformers-short-circuit-test-harmonics-on-the-no-load-current-power-taken-by-fan-and-oil-pump-motors-determination-of-sound-levels-determination-of-capacitances-between-windings-and-earth-and-between-windings-determination-of-transient-voltage-transfer-between-windings-tests-intended-to-be-repeated-in-the-field-to-confirm-no-damage-during-shipment-for-example-frequency-response-analysis-fra-d-pre-commissioning-tests-the-test-performed-before-commissioning-the-transformer-at-site-is-called-pre-commissioning-test-of-transformer-these-tests-are-done-to-assess-the-condition-of-transformer-after-installation-and-compare-the-test-results-of-all-the-low-voltage-tests-with-the-factory-test-reports-all-transformers-are-subjected-to-the-following-pre-commissioning-tests-ir-value-of-transformer-and-cables-winding-resistance-transformer-turns-ratio-polarity-test-magnetizing-current-vector-group-magnetic-balance-bushing-winding-tan-delta-hv-protective-relay-testing-transformer-oil-testing-hipot-test-a-routine-tests-of-transformer-1-insulation-resistance-test-test-purpose-insulation-resistance-test-of-transformer-is-essential-to-ensure-the-healthiness-of-overall-insulation-of-an-electrical-power-transformer-test-instruments-for-lt-system-use-500v-or-1000v-megger-for-mv-hv-system-use-2500v-or-5000v-megger-test-procedure-first-disconnect-all-the-line-and-neutral-terminals-of-the-transformer-megger-leads-to-be-connected-to-lv-and-hv-bushing-studs-to-measure-insulation-resistance-ir-value-in-between-the-lv-and-hv-windings-megger-leads-to-be-connected-to-hv-bushing-studs-and-transformer-tank-earth-point-to-measure-insulation-resistance-ir-value-in-between-the-hv-windings-and-earth-megger-leads-to-be-connected-to-lv-bushing-studs-and-transformer-tank-earth-point-to-measure-insulation-resistance-ir-value-in-between-the-lv-windings-and-earth-nb-it-is-unnecessary-to-perform-insulation-resistance-test-of-transformer-per-phase-wise-in-three-phase-transformer-ir-values-are-taken-between-the-windings-collectively-as-because-all-the-windings-on-hv-side-are-internally-connected-together-to-form-either-star-or-delta-and-also-all-the-windings-on-lv-side-are-internally-connected-together-to-form-either-star-or-delta-measurements-are-to-be-taken-as-follows-type-of-transformer-testing-1-testing-2-testing-3-auto-transformer-hv-lv-to-lv-hv-iv-to-e-lv-to-e-two-winding-transformer-hv-to-lv-hv-to-e-lv-to-e-three-winding-transformers-hv-to-lv-lv-to-lv-hv-to-e-lv-to-e-oil-temperature-should-be-noted-at-the-time-of-insulation-resistance-test-of-transformer-since-the-ir-value-of-transformer-insulating-oil-may-vary-with-temperature-ir-values-to-be-recorded-at-intervals-of-15-seconds-1-minute-and-10-minutes-with-the-duration-of-application-of-voltage-ir-value-increases-the-increase-in-ir-is-an-indication-of-dryness-of-in 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/abstract-of-over-current-protection-of-transformer-nec-4503-introduction-the-over-current-protection-required-for-transformers-is-consider-for-protection-of-transformer-onlysuch-over-current-protection-will-not-necessarily-protect-the-primary-or-secondary-conductors-or-equipment-connected-on-the-secondary-side-of-the-transformer-when-voltage-is-switched-on-to-energize-a-transformer-the-transformer-core-normally-saturates-this-results-in-a-large-inrush-current-which-is-greatest-during-the-first-half-cycle-approximately001-second-and-becomes-progressively-less-severe-over-the-next-several-cycles-approximately-1-second-until-the-transformer-reaches-its-normal-magnetizing-current-to-accommodate-this-inrush-current-fuses-are-often-selected-which-have-time-current-withstand-values-of-at-least-12-times-transformer-primary-rated-current-for-01-second-and-25-times-for-001-second-some-small-dry-type-transformers-may-have-substantially-greater-inrush-currents-to-avoid-using-over-sized-conductors-over-current-devices-should-be-selected-at-about-110-to-125-percent-of-the-transformer-full-load-current-rating-and-when-using-such-smaller-over-current-protection-devices-should-be-of-the-time-delay-type-on-the-primary-side-to-compensate-for-inrush-currents-which-reach-8-to-10-times-the-full-load-primary-current-of-the-transformer-for-about-01-s-when-energized-initially-protection-of-secondary-conductors-has-to-be-provided-completely-separately-from-any-primary-side-protection-a-supervised-location-is-a-location-where-conditions-of-maintenance-and-supervision-ensure-that-only-qualified-persons-will-monitor-and-service-the-transformer-installation-over-current-protection-for-a-transformer-on-the-primary-side-is-typically-a-circuit-breaker-in-some-instances-where-there-is-not-a-high-voltage-panel-there-is-a-fused-disconnect-instead-it-is-important-to-note-that-the-over-current-device-on-the-primary-side-must-be-sized-based-on-the-transformer-kva-rating-and-not-sized-based-on-the-secondary-load-to-the-transformer-over-current-protection-of-transformers-600-v-nec-4503-a-1-unsupervised-location-of-transformer-impedance-6-over-current-protection-at-primary-side-primary-voltage-600v-rating-of-pri-fuse-at-point-a-300-of-pri-full-load-current-or-next-higher-standard-size-or-rating-of-pri-circuit-breaker-at-point-a-600-of-pri-full-load-current-or-next-higher-standard-size-over-current-protection-at-secondary-side-secondary-voltage-600v-rating-of-sec-fuse-circuit-breaker-at-point-b-125-of-sec-full-load-current-or-next-higher-standard-size-over-current-protection-at-secondary-side-secondary-voltage-600v-rating-of-sec-fuse-at-point-b-250-of-sec-full-load-current-or-next-higher-standard-size-or-rating-of-sec-circuit-breaker-at-point-b-300-of-sec-full-load-current-example-750kva-11kv415v-3phase-transformer-having-impedance-of-transformer-5-full-load-current-at-primary-side7500001732x1100039a-rating-of-primary-fuse-3x39a-118a-so-standard-size-of-fuse-125a-or-rating-of-primary-circuit-breaker-6x39a236a-so-standard-size-of-circuit-breaker-250a-full-load-current-at-secondary-side750000-1732x415-1043a-rating-of-secondary-of-fuse-circuit-breaker-125x1043a1304a-so-standard-size-of-fuse-1600a-2-unsupervised-location-of-transformer-impedance-6-to-10-over-current-protection-at-primary-side-primary-voltage-600v-rating-of-pri-fuse-at-point-a-300-of-primary-full-load-current-or-next-higher-standard-size-rating-of-pri-circuit-breaker-at-point-a-400-of-primary-full-load-current-or-next-higher-standard-size-over-current-protection-at-secondary-side-secondary-voltage-600v-rating-of-sec-fuse-circuit-breaker-at-point-b-125-of-sec-full-load-current-or-next-higher-standard-size-over-current-protection-at-secondary-side-secondary-voltage-600v-rating-of-sec-fuse-at-point-b-225-of-sec-full-load-current-or-next-higher-standard-size-rating-of-sec-circuit-breaker-at-point-b-250-of-sec-full-load-current-or-next-higher-standard-size-example-10mva-66kv11kv-3phase-transformer-impedance-of-transformer-is-8-full-load-current-at-primary-side100000001732x6600087a-rating-of-pri-fuse-3x87a-262a-so-next-standard-size-of-fuse-300a-or-rating-of-pri-circuit-breaker-4x87a348a-so-next-standard-size-of-circuit-breaker-400a-full-load-current-at-secondary-side10000000-1732x11000-525a-rating-of-sec-fuse-225x525a1181a-so-next-standard-size-of-fuse-1200a-or-rating-of-sec-circuit-breaker-25x525a1312a-so-next-standard-size-of-circuit-breaker-1600a-3-supervise 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/electrical-safety-clearance-for-transformer-electrical-safety-clearance-for-transformer-clearance-from-outdoor-liquid-insulated-transformers-to-buildings-nec-liquid-liquid-volume-m3-fire-resistant-wall-non-combustible-wall-combustible-wall-vertical-distance-less-flammable-na-09-meter-09-meter-09-meter-09-meter-38-m3-15-meter-15-meter-76-meter-76-meter-38-m3-46-meter-46-meter-152-meter-152-meter-mineral-oil-19-m3-15-meter-46-meter-76-meter-76-meter-19-m3-to-19-m3-46-meter-76-meter-152-meter-152-meter-19-m3-76-meter-152-meter-305-meter-305-meter-clearance-between-two-outdoor-liquid-insulated-transformers-nec-liquid-liquid-volume-m3-distance-less-flammable-na-09-meter-38-m3-15-meter-38-m3-76-meter-mineral-oil-19-m3-15-meter-19-m3-to-19-m3-76-meter-19-m3-152-meter-dry-type-transformer-in-indoor-installation-nes-42021-voltage-distance-min-up-to-1125-kva-300-mm-12-in-from-combustible-material-unless-separated-from-the-combustible-material-by-a-heat-insulated-barrier-above-1125-kva-installed-in-a-transformer-room-of-fire-resistant-construction-above-1125-kva-with-class-155-insulation-separated-from-a-fire-resistant-barrier-not-less-than-183-m-6-ft-horizontally-and-37-m-12-ft-vertically-dry-type-transformer-in-outdoor-installation-nes-42022-voltage-distance-min-above-1125-kva-with-class-155-insulation-separated-from-a-fire-resistant-barrier-not-less-than-183-m-6-ft-horizontally-and-37-m-12-ft-vertically-non-flammable-liquid-insulated-transformer-in-indoor-installation-nes-42021-voltage-distance-min-over-35kv-installed-indoors-vault-having-liquid-confinement-area-and-a-pressure-relief-vent-for-absorbing-any-gases-generated-by-arcing-inside-the-tank-the-pressure-relief-vent-shall-be-connected-to-a-chimney-or-flue-that-will-carry-such-gases-to-an-environmentally-safe-area-above-1125-kva-installed-in-a-transformer-room-of-fire-resistant-construction-above-1125-kva-class-155-insulation-separated-from-a-fire-resistant-barrier-not-less-than-183-m-6-ft-horizontally-and-37-m-12-ft-vertically-oil-insulated-transformer-in-indoor-installation-nes-42025-voltage-distance-min-up-to-1125-kva-installed-indoors-vault-with-construction-of-reinforced-concrete-that-is-not-less-than-100-mm-4-in-thick-up-to-10-kva-up-to-600v-vault-shall-not-be-required-if-suitable-arrangements-are-made-to-prevent-a-transformer-oil-fire-from-igniting-up-to-75-kva-up-to-600v-vault-shall-not-be-required-if-where-the-surroundingstructure-is-classified-as-fire-resistant-construction-furnace-transformers-up-to-75-kva-installed-without-a-vault-in-a-building-or-room-of-fire-resistant-construction-transformer-clearance-from-building-ieee-stand-transformer-distance-from-building-min-up-to-75-kva-30-meter-75-kva-to-333-kva-60-meter-more-than-333-kva-90-meter-transformer-clearance-specifications-stand-georgia-power-company-description-of-clearance-distance-min-clearance-in-front-of-the-transformer-30-meter-between-two-pad-mounted-transformers-including-cooling-fin-21-meter-between-transformer-and-trees-shrubs-vegetation-for-unrestricted-natural-cooling-30-meter-the-edge-of-the-concrete-transformer-pad-to-nearest-the-building-42-meter-the-edge-of-the-concrete-transformer-pad-to-nearest-building-wall-windows-or-other-openings-30-meter-clearance-from-the-transformer-to-edge-of-or-canopy-building-3-or-less-stories-30-meter-clearance-in-front-of-the-transformer-doors-and-on-the-left-side-of-the-transformer-looking-at-it-from-the-front-for-operation-of-protective-and-switching-devices-on-the-unit-30-meter-gas-service-meter-relief-vents-09-meter-fire-sprinkler-values-standpipes-and-fire-hydrants-18-meter-the-waters-edge-of-a-swimming-pool-or-any-body-of-water-45-meter-facilities-used-to-dispense-hazardous-liquids-or-gases-60-meter-facilities-used-to-store-hazardous-liquids-or-gases-30-meter-clear-vehicle-passageway-at-all-times-immediately-adjacent-of-transformer-36-meter-fire-safety-clearances-can-be-reduced-by-building-a-suitable-masonry-fire-barrier-wall-27-meter-wide-and-45-meter-tall-09-meter-from-the-back-or-side-of-the-pad-mounted-transformer-to-the-side-of-the-combustible-wall-front-of-the-transformer-must-face-away-from-the-building-clearance-of-transformer-cable-overhead-line-stand-georgia-power-company-description-of-clearance-horizontal-distance-mm-to-pad-mounted-transformers-to-buried-hv-cable-to-overhead-hv-line-fuel-tanks-75-meter-15-meter-75-meter-granaries-60-meter-06-meter-15-meter-homes-60-meter-06-meter-15-meter-barns-sheds-garages-60-meter-06-meter-15-meter-water-wells-15-meter-15-meter-15-meter-antennas-30-meter-06-meter-height-of-antenna-30-meter 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/abstract-of-national-electrical-code-for-transformers-protection-abstract-of-national-electrical-code-for-transformers-protection-nec-code-4504-calculate-over-current-protection-on-the-primary-according-to-nec-4504-each-transformer-600-volts-nominal-or-less-shall-be-protected-by-an-individual-over-current-device-installed-in-series-with-each-ungrounded-input-conductor-such-over-current-device-shall-be-rated-or-set-at-not-more-than-125-of-the-rated-full-load-input-current-of-the-auto-transformer-further-according-to-nec-table-4503b-if-the-primary-current-of-the-transformer-is-less-than-9-amps-an-over-current-device-rated-or-set-at-not-more-than-167-of-the-primary-current-shall-be-permitted-where-the-primary-current-is-less-than-2-amps-an-over-current-device-rated-or-set-at-not-more-than-300-shall-be-permitted-example-decide-size-of-circuit-breaker-over-current-protection-device-is-required-on-the-primary-side-to-protect-a-75kva-440v-230v-3-transformer-75kva-x-1000-75000va-75000va-440v-x-3-9841-amps-the-current-amps-is-more-than-9-amps-so-use-125-rating-9841-amps-x-125-123amps-use-125amp-3-pole-circuit-breaker-the-next-highest-fusefixed-trip-circuit-breaker-size-per-nec-2406-the-over-current-device-on-the-primary-side-must-be-sized-based-on-the-transformer-kva-rating-and-not-sized-based-on-the-secondary-load-to-the-transformer-nec-code-4503bcalculate-over-current-protection-on-the-secondary-according-to-nec-table-4503b-where-the-secondary-current-of-a-transformer-is-9-amps-or-more-and-125-of-this-current-does-not-correspond-to-a-standard-rating-of-a-fuse-or-circuit-breaker-the-next-higher-standard-rating-shall-be-required-where-the-secondary-current-is-less-than-9-amps-an-over-current-device-rated-or-set-at-not-more-than-167-of-the-secondary-current-shall-be-permitted-example-decide-size-of-circuit-breaker-over-current-protection-device-is-required-on-the-secondary-side-to-protect-a-75kva-440v-230v-3-transformer-we-have-calculate-the-secondary-over-current-protection-based-on-the-size-of-the-transformer-not-the-total-connected-load-75kva-x-1000-75000va-75000va-230v-x-3-18827-amps-note-230v-3-is-calculated-the-current-amps-is-more-than-9-amps-so-use-125-rating-18827-amps-x-125-23534-amps-therefore-use-300amp-3-pole-circuit-breaker-per-nec-2406-nec-section-450-3atransformers-over-600-volts-nominal-for-primary-and-secondary-protection-with-a-transformer-impedance-of-6-or-less-the-primary-fuse-must-not-be-larger-than-300-of-primary-full-load-amps-fla-and-the-secondary-fuse-must-not-be-larger-than-250-of-secondary-fla-nec-section-450-3btransformers-over-600-volts-nominal-for-primary-protection-only-the-primary-fuse-must-not-be-larger-than-125-of-primary-fla-for-primary-and-secondary-protection-the-primary-feeder-fuse-must-not-be-larger-than-250-of-primary-fla-if-the-secondary-fuse-is-sized-at-125-of-secondary-fla-nec-section-450-3bpotential-voltage-transformer-these-shall-be-protected-with-primary-fuses-when-installed-indoors-or-enclosed-nec-section-230-95ground-fault-protection-of-equipment-this-section-show-that-277480-volt-wye-only-connected-services-1000-amperes-and-larger-must-have-ground-fault-protection-in-addition-to-conventional-over-current-protection-the-ground-fault-relay-or-sensor-must-be-set-to-pick-up-ground-faults-which-are-1200-amperes-or-more-and-actuate-the-main-switch-or-circuit-breaker-to-disconnect-all-ungrounded-conductors-of-the-faulted-circuit-nec-section-110-9-interrupting-capacity-any-device-used-to-protect-a-low-voltage-system-should-be-capable-of-opening-all-fault-currents-up-to-the-maximum-current-available-at-the-terminal-of-the-device-many-over-current-devices-today-are-used-in-circuits-that-are-above-their-interrupting-rating-by-using-properly-sized-current-limiting-fuses-ahead-of-these-devices-the-current-can-usually-be-limited-to-a-value-lower-than-the-interrupting-capacity-of-the-over-current-devices-nec-section-110-10-circuit-impedance-and-other-characteristics-the-over-current-protective-devices-along-with-the-total-impedance-the-component-short-circuit-withstand-ratings-and-other-characteristics-of-the-circuit-to-be-protected-shall-be-so-selected-and-coordinated-so-that-the-circuit-protective-devices-used-to-clear-a-fault-will-do-so-without-the-occurrence-of-extensive-damage-to-the-electrical-components-of-the-circuit-in-order-to-do-this-we-must-select-the-over-current-protective-devices-so-that-they-will-open-fast-enough-to-prevent-damage-to-the-electrical-components-on-their-load-side 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/difference-between-power-tc-distribution-tc-difference-between-power-transformer-distribution-transformer-power-transformers-are-used-in-transmission-network-of-higher-voltages-for-step-up-and-step-down-application-400-kv-200-kv-110-kv-66-kv-33kv-and-are-generally-rated-above-200mva-distribution-transformers-are-used-for-lower-voltage-distribution-networks-as-a-means-to-end-user-connectivity-11kv-66-kv-33-kv-440v-230v-and-are-generally-rated-less-than-200-mva-transformer-size-insulation-level-power-transformer-is-used-for-the-transmission-purpose-at-heavy-load-high-voltage-greater-than-33-kv-100-efficiency-it-also-having-a-big-in-size-as-compare-to-distribution-transformer-it-used-in-generating-station-and-transmission-substation-high-insulation-level-the-distribution-transformer-is-used-for-the-distribution-of-electrical-energy-at-low-voltage-as-less-than-33kv-in-industrial-purpose-and-440v-220v-in-domestic-purpose-it-work-at-low-efficiency-at-50-70-small-size-easy-in-installation-having-low-magnetic-losses-it-is-not-always-fully-loaded-iron-loss-copper-loss-power-transformers-are-used-in-transmission-network-so-they-do-not-directly-connect-to-the-consumers-so-load-fluctuations-are-very-less-these-are-loaded-fully-during-24-hrs-a-day-so-cu-losses-iron-losses-takes-place-throughout-day-the-specific-weight-ie-iron-weightcu-weight-is-very-less-the-average-loads-are-nearer-to-full-loaded-or-full-load-and-these-are-designed-in-such-a-way-that-maximum-efficiency-at-full-load-condition-these-are-independent-of-time-so-in-calculating-the-efficiency-only-power-basis-is-enough-power-transformers-are-used-in-distribution-network-so-directly-connected-to-the-consumer-so-load-fluctuations-are-very-high-these-are-not-loaded-fully-at-all-time-so-iron-losses-takes-place-24hr-a-day-and-cu-losses-takes-place-based-on-load-cycle-the-specific-weight-is-more-ie-iron-weightcu-weightaverage-loads-are-about-only-75-of-full-load-and-these-are-designed-in-such-a-way-that-max-efficiency-occurs-at-75-of-full-load-as-these-are-time-dependent-the-all-day-efficiency-is-defined-in-order-to-calculate-the-efficiency-power-transformers-are-used-for-transmission-as-a-step-up-devices-so-that-the-i2r-loss-can-be-minimized-for-a-given-power-flow-these-transformers-are-designed-to-utilize-the-core-to-maximum-and-will-operate-very-much-near-to-the-knee-point-of-b-h-curve-slightly-above-the-knee-point-valuethis-brings-down-the-mass-of-the-core-enormously-naturally-these-transformers-have-the-matched-iron-losses-and-copper-losses-at-peak-load-ie-the-maximum-efficiency-point-where-both-the-losses-match-distribution-transformers-obviously-cannot-be-designed-like-this-hence-the-all-day-efficiency-comes-into-picture-while-designing-it-it-depends-on-the-typical-load-cycle-for-which-it-has-to-supply-definitely-core-design-will-be-done-to-take-care-of-peak-load-and-as-well-as-all-day-efficiency-it-is-a-bargain-between-these-two-points-power-transformer-generally-operated-at-full-load-hence-it-is-designed-such-that-copper-losses-are-minimal-however-a-distribution-transformer-is-always-online-and-operated-at-loads-less-than-full-load-for-most-of-time-hence-it-is-designed-such-that-core-losses-are-minimal-in-power-transformer-the-flux-density-is-higher-than-the-distribution-transformer-maximum-efficiency-the-main-difference-between-power-and-distribution-transformer-is-distribution-transformer-is-designed-for-maximum-efficiency-at-60-to-70-load-as-normally-doesnt-operate-at-full-load-all-the-time-its-load-depends-on-distribution-demand-whereas-power-transformer-is-designed-for-maximum-efficiency-at-100-load-as-it-always-runs-at-100-load-being-near-to-generating-station-distribution-transformer-is-used-at-the-distribution-level-where-voltages-tend-to-be-lower-the-secondary-voltage-is-almost-always-the-voltage-delivered-to-the-end-consumer-because-of-voltage-drop-limitations-it-is-usually-not-possible-to-deliver-that-secondary-voltage-over-great-distances-as-a-result-most-distribution-systems-tend-to-involve-many-clusters-of-loads-fed-from-distribution-transformers-and-this-in-turn-means-that-the-thermal-rating-of-distribution-transformers-doesnt-have-to-be-very-high-to-support-the-loads-that-they-have-to-serve-all-day-efficiency-output-in-kwhr-input-in-kwhr-in-24-hrs-which-is-always-less-than-power-efficiency 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/transformer-standard-transformer-accessories-fittings-standard-transformer-fittings-1-standard-fittings-rating-and-terminal-marking-plate-tap-changing-arrangement-off-circuit-tap-changing-switch-off-circuit-tap-changing-link-on-load-tap-changer-two-earthing-terminals-lifting-lugs-drain-cum-filter-valve-pressure-relief-device-silica-gel-dehydrating-breather-oil-level-indicator-thermometer-pocket-conservator-with-drain-plug-and-filling-hole-air-release-plug-jacking-lugs-above-1600-kva-filter-valve-top-tank-under-base-unidirectional-flat-rollers-2-terminal-arrangement-bare-bushings-or-cable-box-compound-filled-for-pvc-cables-up-to-33000-volts-or-air-filled-for-pvc-cable-s-up-to-11000-volts-or-bus-duct-bare-bushing-enclosed-in-housing-up-to-600-volts-disconnection-chamber-between-cable-box-and-transformer-tank-additional-bare-neutral-terminal-3-optional-fittings-these-are-optional-fittings-provided-at-an-extra-cost-if-customer-specifically-orders-them-winding-temperature-indicator-oil-temperature-indicator-gas-and-oil-actuated-buchholz-relay-conservator-drain-valve-shut-off-valve-between-conservator-and-tank-magnetic-oil-level-gauge-explosion-vent-filter-valve-bottom-of-tank-skid-under-base-with-haulage-holes-junction-box-standard-transformer-accessories-1-thermometer-pockets-this-pocket-is-provided-to-measure-temperature-of-the-top-oil-in-tank-with-a-mercury-in-glass-type-thermometer-it-is-essential-to-fill-the-pocket-with-transformer-oil-before-inserting-the-thermometer-to-have-uniform-and-correct-reading-one-additional-pocket-is-provided-for-dial-type-thermometer-oti-with-contacts-2-air-release-plug-air-release-plug-is-normally-provided-on-the-tank-cover-for-transformer-with-conservator-space-is-provided-in-the-plug-which-allows-air-to-be-escaped-without-removing-the-plug-fully-from-the-seat-plug-should-be-unscrewed-till-air-comes-out-from-cross-hole-and-as-soon-as-oil-flows-out-it-should-be-closed-air-release-plugs-are-also-provided-on-radiator-headers-and-outdoor-bushings-3-winding-temperature-indicator-the-windings-temperature-indicator-indicates-hot-spot-temperature-of-the-winding-this-is-a-thermal-image-type-indicator-this-is-basically-an-oil-temperature-indicator-with-a-heater-responsible-to-raise-the-temperature-equal-to-the-hot-spot-gradient-between-winding-and-oil-over-the-oil-temperature-thus-this-instrument-indicates-the-hot-spot-temperature-of-the-windings-heater-coil-is-fed-with-a-current-proportional-to-the-windings-current-through-a-current-transformer-mounted-on-the-winding-under-measurement-heater-coil-is-either-placed-on-the-heater-bulb-enveloping-the-sensing-element-of-the-winding-temperature-indicator-immersed-in-oil-or-in-the-instrument-the-value-of-the-current-fed-to-the-heater-is-such-that-it-raises-the-temperature-by-an-amount-equal-to-the-hot-spot-gradient-of-the-winding-as-described-above-thus-temperature-of-winding-is-simulated-on-the-dial-of-the-instrument-pointer-is-connected-thought-a-mechanism-to-indicate-the-hot-spot-temperature-on-dial-wti-is-provided-with-a-temperature-recording-dial-main-pointer-maximum-pointer-and-re-setting-device-and-two-sets-of-contacts-for-alarm-and-trip-4-oil-temperature-indicator-oil-temperature-indicator-provides-local-temperature-of-top-oil-instruments-are-provided-with-temperature-sensing-bulb-temperature-recording-dial-with-the-pointer-and-maximum-reading-pointer-and-resetting-device-electrical-contacts-are-provided-to-give-alarm-or-trip-at-a-required-setting-on-capillary-tube-type-thermometer-5-conservator-tank-it-is-an-expansion-vessel-it-maintains-oil-in-the-transformer-above-a-minimum-level-it-has-a-magnetic-oil-level-gage-it-can-give-an-alarm-if-the-oil-level-falls-below-the-limit-a-portion-of-the-tank-is-separated-for-use-with-oltc-this-usually-has-oil-level-indicators-main-conservator-tank-can-have-a-bellow-it-has-an-oil-filling-provision-it-has-an-oil-drain-valve-provision-is-there-for-connecting-a-breather-6-silica-gel-breather-prevents-moisture-ingress-connected-to-conservator-tank-silica-gel-is-blue-when-dry-pink-when-moist-oil-seal-provides-a-trap-for-moisture-before-passing-thro-silica-gel-7-cooling-onan-oil-natural-air-natural-onaf-oil-natural-air-forced-ofwf-oil-forced-water-forced-odwf-oil-directed-water-forced-by-forced-cooling-the-transformer-capacity-can-be-increased-by-more-than-50-8-bushing-insulators-and-bushings-are-built-with-the-best-quality-porcelain-shells-manufactured-by-wet-process-for-manufacture-of-electro-porcelain-high-quality-indigenous-raw-materials-viz-china-clay-ball-clay-quartz-and-feldspar-is-used-quartz-and-feldspar-are-ground-to-req 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/minimum-acceptable-specification-of-ct-pt-for-metering-min-acceptable-specification-of-current-transformer-for-metering-sr-no-particulars-11-kv-33-kv-132-kv-220-kv-1-highest-system-voltage-kv-rms-12-36-145-245-2-ct-ratio-2000-10001-1-800-4001-1-4001-1-8001-1-1600-8001-1-600-3001-1-1200-6001-1-400-2001-1-800-4001-1-300-1501-1-600-3001-1-100-501-1-400-2001-1-300-1501-1-150-751-1-3-number-of-metering-cores-two-nos-two-nos-two-nos-two-nos-4-rated-continuous-thermal-current-120-of-rated-primary-current-120-of-rated-primary-current-120-of-rated-primary-current-120-of-rated-primary-current-5-rated-short-time-thermal-current-of-primary-for-1-sec-ka-25-25-315-40-6-ct-characteristics-a-rated-primary-current-amps-2000-1000-800-400-400-800-1600-800-600-300-1200-600-400-200-800-400-300-150-600-300-100-50-400-200-300-150-150-75-b-rated-secondary-current-amps-1-1-1-1-c-class-of-accuracy-02-02-02-02-d-max-instrument-security-factor-5-5-5-5-e-rated-burden-va-30-30-30-40-7-is-to-which-ct-conforms-8-is-to-which-insulating-oil-conforms-min-acceptable-specification-of-voltage-transformer-for-metering-sr-no-particulars-245-kv-cvts-145-kv-cvts-1-highest-systemvoltage-kv-245-kv-145-kv-2-rated-capacitance-pf-4400-pf-with-tolerance-10-and-5-3-for-low-voltage-terminal-over-entire-carrier-frequency-range-a-stray-capacitance-shall-not-exceed-200-pf-b-stray-conductance-shall-not-exceed-20-us-4-a-high-frequency-capacitance-for-entirecarrier-frequency-range-within-80-to-150-of-rated-capacitance-b-equivalent-series-resistance-over-the-entire-frequency-range-less-than-40-ohms-5-no-of-secondary-windings-for-potential-device-two-two-6-transformation-ratio-i-winding-i-20-kv-3110-3v-ii-winding-ii-20-kv-3110-3v-7-rated-secondary-burden-iwinding-i-va-50-va-50-va-ii-winding-ii-va-50-va-50-va-8-accuracy-class-iwinding-i-va-02-for-metering-ii-winding-ii-va-02-for-metering-9-voltage-factor-for-winding-ivoltage-factor-for-winding-ii-12-cont-15-for-30-secs12-cont-15-for-30-secs-10-is-to-which-cvts-conform-is-3156-with-latest-amendment-11-is-to-which-insulating-oil-conform-is-335-with-latest-amendment-minimum-acceptable-specification-of-single-phase-pt-for-metering-srno-particulars-33-kv-11-kv-1-highest-system-voltage-kv-rms-36-12-2-transformation-ratio-33kv-v3-110-v3-11-kv110-v-3-number-of-windings-two-two-4-rated-output-burden-va-per-winding-phase-50-50-5-accuracy-class-at-10-to-100-of-va-burden-02-02-6-rated-voltage-factor-and-duration-12-continuous-15-for-30-secs-7-is-to-which-pt-conforms-3156-with-latest-amendment 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https://eedemy.com/transformer-quick-reference-voltage-rise-in-transformers-due-to-capacitor-bank-the-voltage-drop-and-rise-on-the-power-line-and-drop-in-the-transformers-every-transformer-will-also-experience-a-voltage-rise-from-generating-source-to-the-capacitors-this-rise-is-independent-of-load-or-power-factor-and-may-be-determined-as-follows-voltage-rise-in-transformerkvar-kvax-z-kvar-applied-kvar-kva-kva-of-the-transformer-z-transformer-reactance-in-example-300-kvar-bank-given-to-1200-kva-transformer-with-575-reactance-voltage-rise-in-transformer3001200x-575-143-standard-size-of-transformer-ieeeansi-57120-single-phase-transformer-three-phase-transformer-5kva10-kva15-kva25-kva375-kva50-kva75-kva100-kva167-kva250-kva-333-kva500-kva833-kva125-kva166-kva25-kva333-kva50-kva66-kva83-kva100-kva125-kva166-kva208-kva250-kva3333-kva-3-kva5-kva9-kva15-kva30-kva45-kva75-kva1125-kva150-kva225-kva300-kva500-kva750-kva1mva15-mva2-mva25-mva37-mva5-mva75mva-10mva-12mva15mva20mva-25mva-30mva375mva-50mva-60mva75mva100mva-standard-size-of-transformer-standard-size-of-transformer-kva-power-transformer-urban-3681016-power-transformer-rural-1163155-distribution-transformer-255063100250315400500630-impedance-of-transformer-as-per-is-2026-mva-impedance-1-mva-5-1-mva-to-25-mva-6-25-mva-to-5-mva-7-5-mva-to-7-mva-8-7-mva-to-12-mva-9-12-mva-to-30-mva-10-30-mva-125-size-of-cable-on-secondary-side-of-transformer-11kv433v-ref-ksei-handbook-rating-of-tc-kva-primary-current-amp-secondary-current-amp-min-size-of-neutral-earthing-conductor-mm2-minimum-size-of-cable-mm2-63-33-84-25x3-50mm2-100-525-1333-25x3-95mm2-or-250-mm2-160-84-2133-25x3-185mm2-or-295-mm2-200-1049-2666-25x3-300mm2-or-2120-mm2-250-1312-333-25x3-2185-mm2-315-1653-420-31x3-or-25x4-2300-mm2-or-3185-mm2-400-2180-533-38x3-3300-mm2-or-2400-mm2-500-2620-6665-25x6-3400-mm2-or-4240-mm2-630-33-840-31x6-4400-mm2-750-3936-1000-50x4-bus-bar-trucking-min-isc-50ka-1000-5250-1333-210mm2-bus-bar-trucking-min-isc-50ka-1250-6550-1667-290mm2-bus-bar-trucking-min-isc-50ka-1600-8398-2133-380mm2-bus-bar-trucking-min-isc-50ka-2000-10500-2666-450mm2-bus-bar-trucking-min-isc-50ka-ht-fuse-on-primary-side-of-transformer-11kv433v-rating-of-tc-kva-primary-current-amp-secondary-current-amp-ht-fuse-min-amp-maxamp-63-33-84-10-16-100-525-1333-16-25-160-84-2133-16-40-200-1049-2666-25-40-250-1312-333-32-40-315-1653-420-40-63-400-2180-533-40-63-500-2620-6665-50-100-630-33-840-63-100-750-3936-1000-75-160-1000-5250-1333-100-160-1250-6550-1667-100-200-1600-8398-2133-160-250-2000-10500-2666-200-250-accuracy-class-letter-of-ct-metering-class-ct-accuracy-class-applications-b-metering-purpose-protection-class-ct-c-ct-has-low-leakage-flux-t-ct-can-have-significant-leakage-flux-h-ct-accuracy-is-applicable-within-the-entire-range-of-secondary-currents-from-5-to-20-times-the-nominal-ct-rating-typically-wound-cts-l-ct-accuracy-applies-at-the-maximum-rated-secondary-burden-at-20-time-rated-only-the-ratio-accuracy-can-be-up-to-four-times-greater-than-the-listed-value-depending-on-connected-burden-and-fault-current-typically-window-busing-or-bar-type-cts-accuracy-class-of-metering-ct-metering-class-ct-class-applications-01-to-02-precision-measurements-05-high-grade-kilowatt-hour-meters-for-commercial-grade-kilowatt-hour-meters-3-general-industrial-measurements-3-or-5-approximate-measurements-accuracy-class-of-protection-ct-class-applications-10p5-instantaneous-over-current-relays-trip-coils-25va-10p10-thermal-inverse-time-relays-75va-10p10-low-consumption-relay-25va-10p105-inverse-definite-min-time-relays-idmt-over-current-10p10-idmt-earth-fault-relays-with-approximate-time-grading15va-5p10-idmt-earth-fault-relays-with-phase-fault-stability-or-accurate-time-grading-15va-size-of-capacitor-for-pf-correction-for-motor-size-of-capacitor-13-hp-of-motor-012x-kw-of-motor-for-transformer-315-kva-5-of-kva-rating-315-kva-to-1000-kva-6-of-kva-rating-1000-kva-8-of-kva-rating 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https://eedemy.com/transformer-clearance-indoor-and-outdoor-and-fire-protection-part-1-iec-61936-1-table-3-guide-values-for-outdoor-transformer-clearances-transformer-type-liquid-volume-clearance-to-other-transformers-or-non-combustible-building-surface-clearance-to-combustible-building-surface-oil-insulated-transformers-o-1000-liter-to-2000-liter-3-meter-76-meter-2000-litre-to-20000-litre-5-meter-10-meter-20000-litre-to-45000-litre-10-meter-20-meter-more-than-45000-liter-152-meter-305-meter-less-flammable-liquid-insulated-transformers-k-without-enhanced-protection-1000-liter-to-3800-liter-15-meter-76-meter-more-than-3800-liter-46-meter-152-meter-less-flammable-liquid-insulated-transformers-k-with-enhanced-protection-clearance-to-building-surface-or-adjacent-transformers-horizonal-09-meter-vertical15-meter-dry-type-transformers-a-fire-behaviors-class-clearance-g-to-building-surface-or-adjacent-transformers-horizonal-vertical-f0-15-meter-3-meter-f1f2-nill-nill-note-if-automatically-activated-fire-extinguishing-equipment-is-installed-the-clearance-can-be-reduced-note-if-it-is-not-possible-to-allow-for-adequate-clearance-as-indicated-in-table-3-fire-resistant-separating-walls-with-the-following-dimensions-shall-be-provided-between-transformers-see-figure-separating-walls-for-example-ei-60-in-accordance-i-height-top-of-the-expansion-chamber-if-any-otherwise-the-top-of-the-transformer-tank-ii-length-width-or-length-of-the-sump-in-the-case-of-a-dry-type-transformer-the-width-or-length-of-the-transformer-depending-upon-the-direction-of-the-transformer-note-where-transformers-with-a-liquid-volume-below-1000-litre-are-installed-near-combustible-walls-special-fire-precautions-may-be-necessary-depending-on-the-nature-and-the-use-of-the-building-1111-iec-61936-1-table-4-minimum-requirements-for-the-installation-of-indoor-transformers-transformer-type-liquid-volume-safeguard-oil-insulated-transformers-o-1000-liter-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-more-than-1000-liter-ei-90-respectively-rei-90-or-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-and-automatic-sprinkler-protection-less-flammable-liquid-insulated-transformers-k-without-enhanced-protection-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-or-automatic-sprinkler-protection-less-flammable-liquid-insulated-transformers-k-with-enhanced-protection-10-mva-and-um-38-kv-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-or-separation-distances-15-meter-horizontally-and-30-meter-vertically-dry-type-transformers-a-fire-behaviors-class-f0-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-or-separation-distances-09-meter-horizontally-and-15-meter-vertically-f1f2-non-combustible-walls-note-between-transformers-and-buildings-separating-walls-shall-be-provided-for-example-ei-60-if-additional-fire-separating-wall-is-not-provided-fire-rating-of-the-building-wall-should-be-increased-for-example-rei-90-is-3034-1993-size-of-transformer-fire-protection-10-mva-or-oil-filled-transformers-with-oil-capacity-of-2-000-liters-no-fixed-fire-protection-equipment-such-as-high-velocity-spray-is-required-10-mva-or-oil-filled-transformers-with-oil-capacity-of-2-000-litres-high-velocity-water-spray-system-shall-be-provided-this-system-shall-be-separately-mounted-and-designed-to-take-into-account-the-possibility-of-a-transformer-explosion-the-water-spray-deluge-valve-house-shall-be-located-outside-the-transformer-fire-zones-and-protected-from-radiant-heat-and-other-fire-effects-the-actuation-of-this-system-shall-be-automatic-but-manual-operating-valves-shall-also-be-provided-the-positioning-of-the-nozzles-should-be-such-to-protect-all-surfaces-of-the-transformer-and-to-give-discharge-rate-for-the-system-not-less-than-10-ipmm-of-the-area-to-be-protected-the-automatic-high-velocity-water-spray-shall-be-of-pre-active-with-quartzoid-bulbs-distance-between-two-transformers-is-less-than-15-meter-apart-or-where-the-oil-capacity-2000-liters-fire-barriers-walls-shall-be-provided-between-transformers-transformers-having-an-aggregate-oil-capacity-exceeding-2000-liters-but-an-individual-oil-capacity-of-fewer-than-5000-liters-separating-walls-shall-not-be-necessary-if-the-distance-between-transformers-and-other-apparatus-is-more-than-6-meter-if-the-transformers-are-protected-by-an-approved-high-velocity-water-spray-system-is-3034-1993-table-1-clearance-from-water-spray-equipment-to-live-un-attended-electrical-components-nominal-line-voltage-design-bil-minimum-clearance-up-to-15kv-110kv-178mm-23kv-150kv-254mm-345kv-200kv-330mm-46kv-250kv-432mm-69kv-350kv-635mm-115kv-550kv-940mm-138kv-650kv-1118mm-161kv-750kv-1321mm-196-to-230kv-900-1050kv-1600-1930mm-287-to-380kv-1175-1550kv-2210-3048mm-500kv-1675-1880kv-3327-3607mm-500-to-700kv-1925-2300kv-3886-4674mm-section-64-in-the-indian-electricity-rules-1956-2000-liters-of-oil-installed-whether-indoor-or-out-doors-the-baffle-walls-of-4-hour-fire-rating-shall-be-provided-be 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https://eedemy.com/transformer-clearance-indoor-and-outdoor-and-fire-protection-part-2-fire-protection-for-power-plants-nfpa-850-location-type-of-transformer-details-outdoor-oil-insulated-outdoor-type-transformer-containing-1890-liters-or-more-of-oil-it-is-strongly-recommended-that-any-is-separated-from-nearby-structures-by-a-2-hourrated-firewall-wherever-a-firewall-is-installed-between-transformers-it-should-extend-at-least-1-ft-031-m-above-the-top-of-the-transformer-shell-and-oil-tank-and-at-least-2-ft-061-m-beyond-the-width-of-the-transformer-and-cooling-radiators-indoor-dry-type-transformer-dry-type-transformers-are-strongly-preferred-for-use-inside-buildings-oil-insulated-transformer-in-case-however-an-oil-insulated-transformer-is-installed-indoors-then-if-its-oil-content-exceeds-379-liters-then-it-should-be-separated-from-nearby-areas-by-a-fire-barrier-of-3-hour-fire-resistance-rating-in-case-an-automatic-fire-extinguishment-system-is-installed-then-it-is-allowed-that-the-fire-resistance-rating-of-the-fire-barrier-is-reduced-to-1-hour-nfpa-850-table-6143-outdoor-oil-insulated-transformer-separation-criteria-transformer-oil-capacity-minimum-line-of-sight-separation-without-firewall-1893-liter-15-meter-1893-liter-to-18925-liter-75-meter-18925-liter-15-meter-42-substations-and-switch-rooms-national-building-code-2016-oil-filled-transformer-at-basement-level-indoor-type-substations-with-oil-filled-equipment-apparatus-transformers-and-high-voltage-panels-shall-be-either-located-in-open-or-in-a-utility-building-they-shall-not-be-located-in-any-floor-other-than-the-ground-floor-or-the-first-basement-of-a-utility-building-they-shall-not-be-located-below-first-basement-slab-on-second-basement-of-utility-building-they-shall-have-direct-access-from-outside-the-building-for-operation-and-maintenance-of-the-equipment-in-respect-of-all-oil-type-transformers-located-at-basement-a-kerb-sill-of-a-suitable-height-shall-be-provided-at-the-entrance-in-order-to-prevent-the-flow-of-oil-from-a-ruptured-transformer-into-other-parts-of-the-basement-in-the-event-of-the-possibility-of-oil-spillage-from-the-transformer-on-its-failure-oil-filled-transformer-sub-station-outdoor-type-the-substation-or-oil-filled-transformer-is-located-shall-be-separated-from-the-adjoining-buildings-including-the-main-building-by-at-least-6-meter-clear-distance-to-allow-passage-of-fire-tender-between-the-substationutility-building-and-adjoining-buildingmain-building-there-shall-be-no-interconnecting-basement-with-the-main-building-underneath-the-oil-filled-transformers-provisions-for-oil-drainage-to-a-point-at-a-lower-level-and-separated-by-adequate-fire-barrier-shall-be-provided-if-there-is-a-floor-directly-below-the-ground-floor-level-or-first-basement-where-the-oil-filled-transformers-and-oil-filled-circuit-breakers-are-placed-then-they-shall-be-separated-by-a-fire-barrier-of-appropriate-fire-rating-as-per-part-4-fire-and-life-safety-of-the-code-and-proper-oil-drainage-system-shall-be-provided-to-avoid-possible-leakage-of-oil-into-the-lower-floor-substation-equipment-exceeding-oil-capacity-of-2-000-liter-in-utility-building-shall-have-fire-rated-baffle-walls-of-240-min-rating-constructed-between-such-equipment-raised-to-at-least-600-mm-above-the-height-of-the-equipment-including-height-of-oil-conservators-and-exceeding-300-mm-on-each-side-of-the-equipment-all-transformers-where-capacity-exceeds-10-mva-shall-be-protected-by-high-velocity-water-spray-systems-or-nitrogen-injection-system-oil-filled-transformer-9000-liter-indoor-outdoor-type-provisions-shall-be-made-for-suitable-oil-soak-pit-and-where-use-of-more-than-9-000-liter-of-oil-in-any-one-oil-tank-receptacle-or-chamber-is-involved-provision-shall-be-made-for-the-draining-away-or-removal-of-any-oil-which-may-leak-or-escape-from-the-tank-receptacle-or-chamber-containing-the-same-special-precautions-shall-be-taken-to-prevent-the-spread-of-any-fire-resulting-from-the-ignition-of-the-oil-from-any-cause-and-adequate-provision-shall-be-made-for-extinguishing-any-fire-which-may-occur-dry-type-transformer-within-multi-storied-building-dry-type-installation-in-case-electric-substation-has-to-be-located-within-the-main-multistoried-building-itself-for-unavoidable-reasons-it-shall-be-a-dry-type-installation-with-very-little-combustible-material-such-as-a-dry-type-transformer-with-vacuum-or-sf6-breakers-as-ht-switchgear-and-acb-or-mccb-as-medium-voltage-mv-switchgear-such-substations-shall-be-located-on-the-ground-level-or-on-first-basement-and-shall-have-direct-access-from-the-outside-of-the-building-for-operation-and-maintenance-of-the-equipment-exceptionally-in-case-of-functional-buildings-such-as-air-traffic-control-towers-data-centers-and-buildings-of-height-more-than-100-m-having-high-electrical-load-requi 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-1-introduction-working-plane-illuminance-lux-level-need-to-be-measured-in-the-field-for-cross-check-of-whether-the-existing-installation-meets-a-design-requirement-or-not-field-surveys-may-also-be-useful-to-identifying-the-causes-of-complaints-about-lighting-hence-the-results-of-field-surveys-may-be-useful-for-the-designer-installers-and-end-users-there-are-various-methods-are-developed-for-field-measurement-of-interior-lighting-and-external-lighting-the-measurement-methods-recommended-by-the-various-national-lighting-bodies-are-generally-similar-or-slightly-derivatives-to-each-other-the-most-common-method-standard-is-bee-cibse-ies-and-din-code-the-most-of-methods-require-to-measurement-of-illuminance-at-points-on-a-grid-at-working-plane-height-or-at-floor-but-the-grid-size-and-position-of-the-measuring-points-may-be-differed-from-various-standard-to-standard-the-ies-method-and-its-derivatives-use-the-position-of-the-grid-according-to-the-luminaire-locations-the-cibse-and-din-methods-use-a-position-of-grid-according-to-the-room-size-the-techniques-of-analysis-of-the-field-measurement-results-also-differ-basic-requirements-for-exterior-interior-light-level-measurement-the-following-points-should-be-considered-for-accurate-measurement-of-interior-and-exterior-lighting-lux-level-where-possible-use-the-same-calibrated-illuminance-measurement-meter-lux-meter-if-the-same-meter-is-not-available-use-the-same-make-and-model-of-calibrated-meter-to-minimize-error-when-taking-measurements-verify-that-any-objectsmaterials-are-not-blocking-any-light-to-the-meter-head-the-use-of-a-remote-meter-head-cabled-to-the-meter-body-is-recommended-to-prevent-the-operator-from-blocking-the-meters-view-of-the-lighting-system-being-measured-in-outdoor-lighting-it-is-essential-to-measure-of-illuminance-should-be-done-in-night-proper-dark-for-indoor-lighting-measurements-with-lights-on-and-lights-off-technique-can-be-followed-and-the-daylight-variation-is-not-too-much-and-the-survey-time-is-not-too-long-in-an-installation-of-fluorescent-discharge-lamps-the-lamps-must-be-switched-on-at-least-30-minutes-before-the-measurement-to-allow-for-the-lamps-to-be-completely-warmed-up-in-many-situations-the-measuring-plane-may-not-be-specified-or-even-non-existent-hence-it-is-necessary-to-define-measurement-height-typically-08-to-1-meter-from-the-ground-or-floor-level-the-lux-measurement-procedure-simply-requires-positioning-a-meters-sensor-on-the-surface-or-location-where-you-wish-to-measure-the-incident-light-the-sensor-should-face-the-light-source-at-a-right-angle-if-the-sensor-is-not-perpendicular-to-the-light-the-measurement-will-be-incorrect-though-some-lux-meters-have-a-cosine-correction-to-account-for-the-angle-meters-that-require-a-colour-correction-factor-may-have-a-means-of-inputting-the-ccf-to-adjust-the-result-for-leds-or-fluorescent-lights-otherwise-you-will-have-to-manually-multiply-the-measured-lux-by-the-ccf-indoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-as-per-room-index-method-as-per-bee-code-cibse-code-this-methos-is-more-suitable-where-measuring-plan-points-for-an-interior-is-more-rectangular-than-square-first-we-need-to-be-found-room-index-based-on-the-room-index-the-minimum-number-of-illuminance-measurement-points-is-decided-by-room-index-number-room-index-ri-l-x-w-h-x-l-w-where-l-length-of-room-w-width-of-room-h-height-of-the-luminaires-above-the-plane-of-measurement-table-4-2-number-of-points-for-measuring-illuminance-room-index-minimum-number-of-measurement-points-for-5-accuracy-for-10-accuracy-ri-1-8-4-1-ri-2-18-9-2-ri-3-32-16-ri-3-50-25-sample-calculation-measure-illumination-level-of-an-office-room-have-length-l-75-m-and-width-w-5-m-solution-suppose-height-of-illumination-from-floor-is-2-meter-room-index-ri-l-x-w-h-x-l-w-room-index-ri-75-x-5-2-x-75-5-room-index-ri-15-from-table-42-minimum-illumination-measure-points-should-be-18-nos-the-illuminance-measurements-points-with-measured-value-in-lux-are-marked-on-the-grid-1-measurement-reading-details-107-lux-99-lux-85-lux-65-lux-65-lux-45-lux-73-lux-130-lux-105-lux-110-lux-86-lux-87-lux-59-lux-50-lux-58-lux-99-lux-75-lux-106-lux-115-lux-76-lux-min-45-lux-max-130-lux-average-85-lux-u1minavg-05-lux-u2minmax-03-lux-2-as-per-point-layout-method-for-office-and-other-task-areas-identify-a-set-of-measurements-points-on-desktops-and-other-work-surfaces-that-best-represents-lighting-conditions-in-the-space-it-may-not-be-possible-to-develop-a-uniform-spacing-grid-but-points-should-be-chosen-that-represent-the-various-lighting-c 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 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https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 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https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 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https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 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https://eedemy.com/types-and-revolution-of-electrical-relays-introduction-protective-relays-work-in-concert-with-sensing-and-control-devices-to-accomplish-their-function-under-normal-power-system-operation-a-protective-relay-remains-idle-and-serves-no-active-function-but-when-fault-or-undesirable-condition-arrives-relay-must-be-operated-and-function-correctly-a-power-system-consists-of-various-electrical-components-like-generator-transformers-transmission-lines-isolators-circuit-breakers-bus-bars-cables-relays-instrument-transformers-distribution-feeders-and-various-types-of-loads-faults-may-occur-in-any-part-of-power-system-as-a-short-circuit-earth-fault-fault-may-be-single-line-to-ground-double-line-to-ground-line-to-line-three-phase-short-circuit-etc-this-results-in-flow-of-heavy-fault-current-through-the-system-fault-level-also-depends-on-the-fault-impedance-which-depends-on-the-location-of-fault-referred-from-the-source-side-to-calculate-fault-level-at-various-points-in-the-power-system-fault-analysis-is-necessary-the-protection-system-operates-and-isolates-the-faulty-section-the-operation-of-the-protection-system-should-be-fast-and-selective-ie-it-should-isolate-only-the-faulty-section-in-the-shortest-possible-time-causing-minimum-disturbance-to-the-system-also-if-main-protection-fails-to-operate-there-should-be-a-backup-protection-for-which-proper-relay-co-ordination-is-necessary-failure-of-a-protective-relay-can-result-in-devastating-equipment-damage-and-prolonged-downtime-working-of-protective-scheme-protective-relaying-senses-the-abnormal-condition-in-a-part-of-power-system-and-gives-an-alarm-or-isolates-that-part-from-healthy-system-protective-relaying-is-a-team-work-of-ct-pt-protective-relays-time-delay-relays-trip-circuits-circuit-breakers-etc-protective-relaying-plays-an-important-role-in-minimizing-the-faults-and-also-in-minimizing-the-damage-in-the-event-of-faults-1-figure-shows-basic-connections-of-circuit-breaker-control-for-the-opening-operation-the-protected-circuit-x-is-shown-by-dashed-line-when-a-fault-occurs-in-the-protected-circuit-the-relay-connected-to-ct-and-pt-actuates-and-closes-its-contacts-current-flows-from-battery-in-the-trip-circuit-as-the-trip-coil-of-circuit-breaker-is-energized-the-circuit-breaker-operating-mechanism-is-actuated-and-it-operates-for-the-opening-operation-thus-the-fault-is-sensed-and-the-trip-circuit-is-actuated-by-the-relay-and-the-faulty-part-is-isolated-what-is-relay-a-relay-is-automatic-device-which-senses-an-abnormal-condition-of-electrical-circuit-and-closes-its-contacts-these-contacts-in-turns-close-and-complete-the-circuit-breaker-trip-coil-circuit-hence-make-the-circuit-breaker-tripped-for-disconnecting-the-faulty-portion-of-the-electrical-circuit-from-rest-of-the-healthy-circuit-functions-of-protective-relay-to-sound-an-alarm-or-to-close-the-trip-circuit-of-a-circuit-breaker-so-as-to-disconnect-faulty-section-to-disconnect-the-abnormally-operating-part-so-as-to-prevent-subsequent-faults-for-eg-overload-protection-of-a-machine-not-only-protects-the-machine-but-also-prevents-insulation-failure-to-isolate-or-disconnect-faulted-circuits-or-equipment-quickly-from-the-remainder-of-the-system-so-the-system-can-continue-to-function-and-to-minimize-the-damage-to-the-faulty-part-for-example-if-machine-is-disconnected-immediately-after-a-winding-fault-only-a-few-coils-may-need-replacement-but-if-the-fault-is-sustained-the-entire-winding-may-get-damaged-and-machine-may-be-beyond-repairs-to-localize-the-effect-of-fault-by-disconnecting-the-faulty-part-from-healthy-part-causing-least-disturbance-to-the-healthy-system-to-disconnect-the-faulty-part-quickly-so-as-to-improve-system-stability-service-continuity-and-system-performance-transient-stability-can-be-improved-by-means-of-improved-protective-relaying-to-minimize-hazards-to-personnel-desirable-qualities-of-protective-relaying-1-selectivity-2-discrimination-3-stability-4-sensitivity-5-power-consumption-6-system-security-7-reliability-8-adequateness-9-speed-time-terminology-of-protective-relay-pickup-level-of-actuating-signal-the-value-of-actuating-quantity-voltage-or-current-which-is-on-threshold-above-which-the-relay-initiates-to-be-operated-if-the-value-of-actuating-quantity-is-increased-the-electromagnetic-effect-of-the-relay-coil-is-increased-and-above-a-certain-level-of-actuating-quantity-the-moving-mechanism-of-the-relay-just-starts-to-move-reset-level-the-value-of-current-or-voltage-below-which-a-relay-opens-its-contacts-and-comes-in-original-position-operating-time-of-relay-just-after-exceeding-pickup-level-of-actuating-quantity-the-moving-mechanism-for-example-rotating-disc 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/forms-of-separation-for-panel-part-1-introduction-forms-of-segregation-have-great-importance-in-electrical-panel-designs-form-of-segregation-is-the-rule-for-provide-separation-from-a-one-energizes-function-part-to-other-energize-function-pant-and-access-to-a-part-of-the-assembly-while-other-parts-may-remain-energized-this-can-be-achieved-by-using-metallic-or-non-metallic-physical-barriers-or-insulation-the-form-of-segregation-provides-protection-against-four-objectives-1-protection-against-direct-contact-with-live-dangerous-parts-of-adjacent-functional-units-2-protection-against-the-entry-of-solid-objects-from-one-unit-of-an-assembly-to-an-adjacent-unit-3-limitation-of-the-effects-of-the-spread-of-electric-arcs-4-facilitation-of-panel-maintenance-operations-type-of-separation-as-specified-by-as-nzs-iec-61439-there-are-four-main-categories-outlined-by-the-standard-for-internally-separating-the-switchgear-units-and-busbars-of-a-panel-are-1-form-1-no-segregation-between-busbar-terminals-and-switchgear-units-2-form-2-separation-between-switchgear-units-and-the-busbar-3-form-3-separation-are-between-switchgear-units-and-the-busbar-and-separation-between-switchgear-unit-to-switchgear-unit-4-form-4-segregation-between-busbar-terminals-and-switchgear-units-the-complexity-of-the-forms-increases-with-the-numbers-1-a-form-1-a-form-1-panel-has-no-internal-separation-among-busbar-switchgear-and-outgoing-cable-terminations-all-functional-units-are-installed-in-one-central-section-to-provide-protection-against-contact-with-any-internal-live-parts-busbar-and-switchgear-bus-bars-are-not-separated-from-the-switchgear-units-busbar-and-termination-bus-bars-are-not-separated-from-any-incoming-or-outgoing-terminations-switchgear-and-switchgear-units-switchgear-units-are-not-separated-from-each-other-switchgear-and-termination-switchgear-units-are-not-separated-from-any-incoming-or-outgoing-termination-termination-and-termination-incoming-and-outgoing-terminals-are-not-separated-from-each-other-2-advantage-simple-design-and-less-space-required-electrical-safety-less-due-to-no-separation-between-live-parts-this-form-construction-is-rarely-used-cost-less-cost-application-for-small-low-power-switchboards-b-form-2-form-2a-is-the-simplest-for-protecting-against-accidental-contact-with-any-internal-live-parts-or-components-like-the-busbars-which-are-considered-to-be-the-most-dangerous-components-in-form-2-busbar-is-separate-from-the-switchgear-units-but-may-or-may-not-be-separate-from-cable-terminal-busbar-and-switchgear-bus-bars-are-separated-from-the-switchgear-units-busbar-and-termination-bus-bars-may-or-may-not-separate-from-any-incoming-or-outgoing-terminations-switchgear-and-switchgear-units-switchgear-units-are-not-separated-from-each-other-switchgear-and-termination-switchgear-units-are-not-separated-from-any-incoming-or-outgoing-termination-termination-and-termination-incoming-and-outgoing-terminals-are-not-separated-from-each-other-this-is-further-classified-into-2-categories-form-2a-terminals-are-not-separated-from-the-busbars-or-each-other-form-2b-terminals-are-separated-from-the-busbars-form-2b-type-1-as-form-2-but-busbar-separation-is-achieved-by-insulated-coverings-eg-pvc-sleeving-wrapping-or-coating-terminals-are-the-therefore-separated-from-the-busbars-but-not-from-functional-units-or-each-other-form-2b-type-2-as-from-2-but-busbar-separation-is-achieved-by-metallic-or-non-metallic-rigid-barriers-or-partitions-terminals-are-therefore-separated-from-the-busbars-but-not-from-functional-units-or-each-other-3-advantages-there-are-several-advantages-to-segregating-functional-units-and-busbars-this-model-allows-circuit-breakers-to-be-reset-when-the-switchboard-is-live-because-the-operator-is-not-exposed-to-a-live-busbar-electrical-safety-more-than-form-1-due-to-separation-between-live-parts-busbar-and-switchgear-cost-more-costly-than-form-1-application-for-small-low-power-switchboards 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/forms-of-separation-for-panel-part-2-c-form-3-this-is-more-complicated-but-safer-than-form-2-in-form-3a-each-device-is-isolated-in-a-compartment-that-protects-it-from-the-effects-of-any-incidents-that-may-occur-on-another-part-switchgear-busbars-and-functional-units-are-segregated-functional-units-are-also-separated-from-each-other-in-cubicles-and-terminals-are-then-separated-from-functional-units-but-they-are-not-segregated-from-other-functional-units-terminals-busbar-and-switchgear-bus-bars-are-separated-from-the-switchgear-units-busbar-and-termination-bus-bars-are-not-separated-from-any-incoming-or-outgoing-terminations-switchgear-and-switchgear-units-switchgear-units-are-separated-from-each-other-switchgear-and-termination-switchgear-units-are-separated-from-any-incoming-or-outgoing-termination-termination-and-termination-incoming-and-outgoing-terminals-are-not-separated-from-each-other-this-is-further-classified-into-2-categories-form-3a-external-cabling-terminals-are-not-segregated-from-busbars-form-3b-external-cabling-terminals-are-separated-from-busbars-form-3b-type-1-as-from-3-but-busbar-separation-is-achieved-by-insulated-coverings-eg-pvc-sleeving-wrapping-or-coating-terminals-are-therefore-separated-from-the-busbars-but-not-from-each-other-form-3b-type-2-as-form-3-but-busbar-separations-is-achieved-by-metallic-or-non-metallic-rigid-barriers-or-partitions-terminals-are-therefore-separated-from-the-busbars-but-not-from-each-other-1-advantages-the-advantages-include-safety-ease-of-maintenance-and-reliability-because-its-possible-to-isolate-and-perform-maintenance-on-each-starter-without-having-to-power-down-the-whole-switchboard-serious-faults-within-a-starter-are-also-more-likely-to-be-contained-within-a-cubicle-meaning-adjacent-starters-are-unaffected-and-can-operate-normally-electrical-safety-more-reliable-and-safer-than-form-2-due-to-separation-between-live-parts-busbar-and-switchgear-switchgear-and-switchgear-cost-all-these-advantages-come-at-a-cost-as-a-form-3-board-is-significantly-bigger-and-more-expensive-than-a-form-1-or-2-board-application-form-3-segregation-is-typically-used-for-big-projects-and-larger-operations-that-have-a-greater-number-of-loads-motors-and-critical-processes-they-are-utilised-when-safety-reliability-and-limited-downtime-are-crucial-d-form-4-this-is-the-highest-form-rating-as-specified-by-asnzs-iec-614391-busbars-are-separated-from-functional-units-functional-units-are-separated-from-each-other-terminations-to-functional-units-are-separated-from-each-other-busbar-and-switchgear-bus-bars-are-separated-from-the-switchgear-units-busbar-and-termination-bus-bars-are-separated-from-any-incoming-or-outgoing-terminations-switchgear-and-switchgear-units-switchgear-units-are-separated-from-each-other-switchgear-and-termination-switchgear-units-are-separated-from-any-incoming-or-outgoing-termination-termination-and-termination-incoming-and-outgoing-terminals-are-separated-from-each-other-this-is-further-classified-into-2-categories-form-4a-external-cabling-terminals-are-within-the-same-cubicle-as-the-corresponding-functional-unit-form-4b-the-external-cabling-terminals-are-not-in-the-same-cubicle-as-the-corresponding-functional-unit-and-they-are-separated-from-the-terminals-of-other-functional-units-classification-of-form-4b-type-busbar-separation-termination-location-cable-gland-form-4b-type-1-pvc-sleeving-wrapping-or-coating-termination-is-within-the-same-compartment-as-the-functional-unit-common-gland-plate-form-4b-type-2-rigid-barriers-termination-is-within-the-same-compartment-as-the-functional-unit-common-gland-plate-form-4b-type-3-rigid-barriers-termination-is-within-the-same-compartment-as-the-functional-unit-individual-gland-plate-form-4b-type-4-pvc-sleeving-wrapping-or-coating-terminals-are-external-to-the-functional-unit-and-separated-by-insulated-coverings-eg-pvc-boots-common-gland-plate-form-4b-type-5-rigid-barriers-terminals-are-external-to-the-functional-unit-and-separated-by-insulated-coverings-eg-pvc-boots-common-gland-plate-form-4b-type-6-rigid-barriers-terminals-are-external-to-the-functional-unit-compartment-and-enclosed-in-their-own-compartment-by-means-of-rigid-barriers-or-partitions-common-gland-plate-form-4b-type-7-rigid-barriers-terminals-are-external-to-the-functional-unit-compartment-and-enclosed-in-their-own-compartment-by-means-of-rigid-barriers-or-partitions-complete-with-integral-glanding-facility-individual-gland-plate-2-the-major-difference-between-forms-3-and-4-is-the-separation-of-the-terminals-of-each-functional-unit-the-terminals-of-other-units-advantages-the-main-advantage-of-this-model-is-the-ability-to-safely-connect-and-disconnect-outgoing 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/working-space-for-electrical-equipments-panels-part-1-electrical-equipment-space-as-per-nec-11026-a-working-space-equipment-that-may-need-examination-adjustment-servicing-or-maintenance-while-energized-must-have-working-space-which-is-measured-from-the-enclosure-front-must-not-be-less-than-the-distances-contained-in-table-11026a1-1-depth-of-working-space-table-11026a1-working-space-voltage-to-ground-one-side-of-working-space-having-pnel-exposed-live-parts-and-other-side-of-working-space-having-no-live-or-grounded-parts-including-concrete-brick-or-tile-walls-one-side-of-working-space-having-panel-exposed-live-parts-and-other-side-of-working-space-having-live-or-grounded-parts-including-concrete-brick-or-tile-walls-exposed-live-parts-on-both-sides-of-the-working-space-0-to-150v-3-foot-900mm-3-foot-900mm-3-foot-900mm-151v-to-600v-3-foot-900mm-35-foot-1000mm-4-foot-1200mm-601v-to-1000v-3-foot-900mm-4-foot-1200mm-5-foot-1500mm-a-a-rear-and-sides-working-space-isnt-required-for-the-back-or-sides-of-assemblies-where-all-connections-and-all-renewable-or-adjustable-parts-are-accessible-from-the-front-2-width-of-working-space-the-width-of-the-working-space-must-be-a-minimum-of-760mm-30-in-but-in-no-case-less-than-the-width-of-the-equipment-the-width-of-the-working-space-can-be-measured-from-left-to-right-from-right-to-left-or-simply-centered-on-the-equipment-and-the-working-space-can-overlap-the-working-space-for-other-electrical-equipment-in-all-cases-the-working-space-must-be-of-sufficient-width-depth-and-height-to-permit-all-equipment-doors-to-open-90-degrees-b-3-height-of-working-space-headroom-the-height-of-the-working-space-in-front-of-equipment-must-not-be-less-than-2-meter-6-ft-measured-from-the-grade-floor-platform-or-the-equipment-height-whichever-is-greater-equipment-such-as-raceways-cables-wireways-cabinets-panels-and-so-on-can-be-located-above-or-below-electrical-equipment-but-must-not-extend-more-than-6-in-into-the-equipments-working-space-d-b-limited-access-where-equipment-is-installed-above-a-lay-in-ceiling-there-shall-be-an-opening-not-smaller-than-559-mm-559-mm-22-in-22-in-or-in-a-crawl-space-there-shall-be-an-accessible-opening-not-smaller-than-559-mm-762-mm-22-in-30-in-the-width-of-the-working-space-shall-be-the-width-of-the-equipment-enclosure-or-a-minimum-of-762-mm-30-in-whichever-is-greater-all-enclosure-doors-or-hinged-panels-shall-be-capable-of-opening-a-minimum-of-90-degrees-the-space-in-front-of-the-enclosure-shall-comply-with-the-depth-requirements-of-table-11026a1-the-maximum-height-of-the-working-space-shall-be-the-height-necessary-to-install-the-equipment-in-the-limited-space-a-horizontal-ceiling-structural-member-or-access-panel-shall-be-permitted-in-this-space-c-entrance-to-and-egress-from-working-space-1-minimum-required-at-least-one-entrance-of-sufficient-area-must-provide-access-to-and-egress-from-the-working-space-2-large-equipment-an-entrance-to-and-egress-from-each-end-of-the-working-space-of-for-electrical-equipment-rated-1200a-or-more-and-over-6-ft-wide-is-required-an-entrance-of-not-less-than-600mm-wide-and-1800mm-height-at-each-end-of-working-place-e-a-single-entrance-to-and-egress-from-the-required-working-space-is-permitted-where-either-of-the-following-conditions-is-met-a-unobstructed-egress-only-one-entrance-is-required-where-the-location-permits-a-continuous-and-unobstructed-way-of-egress-travel-b-double-workspace-only-one-entrance-is-required-where-the-required-working-space-depth-is-doubled-and-the-equipment-is-located-so-the-edge-of-the-entrance-is-no-closer-than-the-required-working-space-distance-f-3-personnel-doors-if-equipment-with-overcurrent-or-switching-devices-rated-1200a-or-more-is-installed-personnel-doors-for-entrance-to-and-egress-from-the-working-space-located-less-than-25-ft-from-the-nearest-edge-of-the-working-space-must-have-the-doors-open-in-the-direction-of-egress-and-be-equipped-with-panic-hardware-or-other-devices-that-open-under-simple-pressure-g 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https://eedemy.com/working-space-for-electrical-equipments-panels-part-2-d-illumination-service-equipment-switchboards-panel-boards-as-well-as-motor-control-centers-located-in-indoors-must-have-illumination-and-controlled-by-automatic-means-only-e-dedicated-equipment-space-switchboards-panel-boards-and-motor-control-centres-must-have-dedicated-equipment-space-as-follows-1-indoors-11026-e-a-dedicated-electrical-space-a-dedicated-electrical-space-is-defined-as-the-space-equal-to-the-width-and-the-depth-of-the-equipment-extending-from-the-floor-to-a-height-of-18-m-above-the-equipment-or-the-structural-ceiling-whichever-is-lower-no-piping-ducts-or-other-foreign-equipment-can-be-installed-in-this-dedicated-electrical-footprint-space-busways-conduits-raceways-and-cables-are-permitted-to-enter-through-this-dedicated-electrical-space-zone-a-b-foreign-systems-foreign-systems-can-be-located-above-the-dedicated-space-if-proper-protection-is-installed-to-prevent-damage-to-the-electrical-equipment-from-condensation-leaks-or-breaks-in-the-foreign-systems-this-can-be-achieved-by-installation-of-simple-as-a-drip-pan-b-c-sprinkler-protection-11026e-sprinkler-protection-shall-be-permitted-in-the-area-above-the-dedicated-electrical-space-if-the-electrical-equipment-is-properly-protected-against-water-leaks-or-breaks-in-the-sprinkler-system-sprinkler-system-shall-not-be-permitted-in-working-space-of-electrical-equipment-hence-the-sprinkler-piping-can-run-above-the-dedicated-electrical-space-18-m-above-equipment-as-long-as-the-electrical-equipment-below-is-protected-from-leaks-condensation-and-even-breaks-by-using-dedicated-drip-pan-but-drip-pans-which-may-create-an-obstruction-to-sprinkler-system-discharge-so-it-is-always-advisable-to-avoid-locating-sprinklers-and-sprinkler-piping-directly-above-electrical-equipment-and-sprinklers-and-sprinkler-piping-are-not-permitted-to-be-located-directly-within-the-working-space-for-the-equipment-as-shown-in-the-figure-c-where-all-of-the-following-conditions-are-met-sprinklers-shall-not-be-required-in-electrical-rooms-1-the-room-is-dedicated-to-electrical-equipment-only-2-only-dry-type-or-liquid-type-with-listed-k-class-fluid-electrical-equipment-is-used-3-equipment-is-installed-in-a-2-hour-fire-rated-enclosure-including-protection-for-penetrations-4-storage-is-not-permitted-in-the-room-d-suspended-ceilings-a-dropped-suspended-or-other-similar-hanging-ceiling-that-does-not-add-strength-to-the-building-structure-is-permitted-to-be-located-directly-in-the-dedicated-space-because-they-are-not-considered-structural-ceilings-building-structural-members-are-also-permitted-in-this-space-2-outdoor-outdoor-electrical-installations-must-comply-with-the-following-a-installation-requirements-switchboards-switchgear-panel-boards-installed-outdoors-must-be-installed-in-identified-enclosures-protected-from-accidental-contact-by-unauthorized-personnel-or-by-vehicular-traffic-protected-by-accidental-spillage-or-leakage-from-piping-systems-b-work-space-the-working-clearance-space-shall-include-the-zone-described-in-11026a-no-architectural-appurtenance-or-other-equipment-shall-be-located-in-this-zone-exception-structural-overhangs-or-roof-extensions-shall-be-permitted-in-this-zone-c-dedicated-equipment-space-outdoor-the-footprint-space-width-and-depth-of-the-equipment-extending-from-grade-to-a-height-of-6-ft-above-the-equipment-must-be-dedicated-for-the-electrical-installation-no-piping-ducts-or-other-equipment-foreign-to-the-electrical-installation-can-be-installed-in-this-dedicated-footprint-space-f-locked-electrical-equipment-rooms-or-enclosures-electrical-equipment-rooms-and-enclosures-housing-electrical-equipment-can-be-controlled-by-locks-because-they-are-still-considered-to-be-accessible-to-qualified-persons-who-require-access-enclosure-for-electrical-installations-11031-electrical-installations-in-an-electrical-room-or-closed-area-surrounded-by-a-wall-screen-or-fence-shall-be-access-or-controlled-by-a-locks-or-other-approved-manners-electrical-installation-area-indoor-and-outdoor-shall-be-accessible-to-qualified-persons-only-the-type-of-enclosure-used-shall-be-designed-and-constructed-according-to-the-nature-and-degree-of-the-hazards-associated-with-the-installation-for-outdoor-type-electrical-installations-shall-be-covered-by-fence-a-fence-a-fence-shall-not-be-less-than-21-m-7-ft-in-height-or-a-combination-of-18-m-6-ft-or-more-of-fence-fabric-and-a-300-mm-1-ft-or-more-extension-utilizing-three-or-more-strands-of-barbed-wire-or-equivalent-the-distance-from-the-fence-to-live-parts-shall-be-not-less-than-given-in-table-11031-min-distance-from-fence-to-live-par 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https://eedemy.com/typical-earthing-resistance-value-the-resistance-offered-by-the-earth-electrode-to-the-flow-of-current-into-the-ground-is-known-as-the-earth-resistance-or-resistance-to-earth-ideally-a-ground-resistance-should-be-of-zero-ohms-but-it-is-always-greater-than-zero-system-ground-resistances-can-be-reduce-by-the-use-of-a-number-of-individual-electrodes-connected-together-total-earthing-resistance-is-the-sum-of-the-resistance-of-earth-lead-wires-contact-resistance-between-the-surface-of-the-earth-electrode-and-the-soil-and-the-resistance-of-the-body-of-the-soil-surrounding-the-earth-electrode-the-value-of-earthing-resistance-varies-on-the-type-of-soil-soil-characteristic-soil-resistivity-and-the-climatic-condition-moisture-content-in-soil-plays-a-vital-role-in-the-soil-resistivity-value-of-individual-earthing-pit-resistance-is-not-so-important-different-codes-specifies-the-required-value-of-earthing-system-electrical-systems-can-work-with-earth-resistance-of-20-ohms-though-generally-10-ohms-is-the-specified-maximum-limit-but-communication-systems-need-very-stringent-limit-typically-one-ohm-this-is-because-the-higher-the-ground-resistance-higher-would-be-noise-interference-in-the-systems-usaid-a-power-stations-generating-station-05-ohms-b-eht-sub-station-10-ohms-c-33-kv-stations-20-ohms-d-dt-structure-50-ohms-e-tower-foot-resistance-100-ohms-ieee-standard-142-chapter-413-page-164-for-industrial-plant-substations-and-buildings-and-large-commercial-installations-1-to-5-resistances-of-less-than-1-ohm-may-be-obtained-using-a-number-of-individual-electrodes-connected-together-such-a-low-resistance-is-only-required-for-large-substations-transmission-lines-or-generating-stations-national-electric-code-nec-2011-is-sp30-chapter-14-india-chapter-309-unless-otherwise-specified-it-is-recommended-that-the-value-of-any-earth-system-resistance-shall-not-be-more-than-5-is-3043-india-chapter-2223-the-continuity-resistance-of-the-earth-return-path-through-the-earth-grid-should-be-maintained-as-low-as-possible-and-in-no-case-greater-than-1-this-applicable-for-main-earth-grid-connected-with-the-transformerreturn-path-oil-industry-safety-directorate-government-of-india-oisd-standard-137-chapter-7-ii-b-allowable-earth-resistance-values-allowable-earth-resistance-values-the-resistance-value-of-an-earthing-system-to-general-mass-of-the-earth-should-not-exceed-for-electrical-systems-and-metallic-structures-4-for-storage-tanks-7-for-main-earth-grid-and-bonding-connections-between-joints-in-pipelines-and-associated-facilities-1-for-each-electrode-to-the-general-mass-of-the-earth-2-is-2309-india-bs-74301998-clause1231-page-32resistance-to-earth-lightning-arrestors-ground-resistance-for-protection-of-buildings-and-allied-structures-is-10-an-earth-electrode-should-be-connected-to-each-down-conductor-each-of-these-earths-should-have-a-resistance-not-exceeding-the-product-given-by-10-a-multiplied-by-the-number-of-earth-electrodes-to-be-provided-the-whole-of-the-lightning-protective-system-including-any-ring-earth-should-have-a-combined-resistance-to-earth-not-exceeding-10-without-taking-account-of-any-bonding-if-the-value-obtained-for-the-whole-of-the-lightning-protective-systems-exceeds-10-a-reduction-can-be-achieved-by-extending-or-adding-to-the-electrodes-or-by-interconnecting-the-individual-earth-terminations-of-the-down-conductors-by-a-conductor-installed-below-ground-sometimes-referred-to-as-a-ring-conductor-is-26891989-table-4-page-28-reaffirmed-march-2010-lightning-arrestors-ground-resistance-for-protection-of-buildings-and-allied-structures-is-10-nec-25056-clause-25053-grounding-electrode-system-installation-the-maximum-resistance-for-a-single-electrode-consisting-of-a-rod-pipe-or-plate-25-if-a-higher-resistance-is-obtained-for-a-single-electrode-a-second-electrode-of-any-of-the-types-specified-in-the-nec-is-required-this-should-not-be-interpreted-to-mean-that-25-ohm-is-a-satisfactory-resistance-value-for-a-grounding-system-ieee-std-80-2000-revision-of-ieee-std-80-1986-the-evaluation-of-ground-resistance-for-the-most-transmission-and-other-large-substations-the-ground-resistance-is-usually-about-1-or-less-in-smaller-distribution-substations-the-usually-acceptable-range-is-1-to-5-nfc-17-102-july-1995-that-the-resistance-value-measured-using-conventional-equipment-should-be-1-or-less-this-resistance-should-be-measured-on-the-earthing-termination-insulated-from-any-other-conductive-component-iec-62305-1-edition-20-2010-12-the-conventional-earthing-impedance-related-to-the-earth-termination-system-is-for-the-soil-resistivity-less-than-or-equal-to-100-4-ministry-of-railways-government-of-india-the-acceptable-earth-resistance-at-earth-meeb-b 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https://eedemy.com/earthing-strip-wire-pit-quick-reference-as-per-cpwd-part-2-earthing-strip-for-sub-station-equipment-cpwd-table-viii-type-of-installation-earth-electrode-earth-strip-indoor-sub-station-with-ht-panel-transformer-capacity-up-to-1600-kva-lt-panel-dg-set-copper-plate-25-x-5-mm-copper-strip-indoor-sub-station-with-ht-panel-transformer-capacity-above-1600-kva-lt-panel-dg-set-copper-plate-32-x-5-mm-copper-strip-ht-outdoor-sub-station-copper-plate-25-x-5-mm-copper-strip-lt-indoor-sub-station-with-generator-copper-plate-25-x-5-mm-copper-strip-lt-switch-room-with-main-lt-db-copper-plate-20-x-3-mm-copper-strip-neutral-earthing-of-transformers-and-generators-cpwd-table-viii-type-of-installation-earth-electrode-earth-strip-for-neutral-transformer-of-capacity-up-to-1600-kva-copper-plate-25-x-5-mm-copper-strip-transformer-of-capacity-above-1600-kva-copper-plate-32-x-5-mm-copper-strip-generating-set-of-all-capacity-copper-plate-26-x-5-mm-copper-strip-type-of-installation-earth-electrode-earth-strip-for-neutral-transformer-of-capacity-up-to-1600-kva-copper-plate-25-x-5-mm-copper-strip-earthing-strip-for-bus-trunking-and-rising-main-cpwd-table-viii-type-of-installation-material-of-main-conductor-earth-strip-bus-trunking-up-to-2500-amp-capacity-copper-aluminum-2-no-25-x-5-mm-copper-strip-bus-trunking-above-2500-amp-capacity-copper-aluminum-2-no-32-x-5-mm-copper-strip-bus-trunking-for-generating-set-and-lt-panel-copper-aluminum-2-no-25-x-5-mm-copper-strip-rising-main-up-to-400-amp-capacity-copper-aluminum-2-no-20-x-5-mm-copper-strip-rising-main-above-400-amp-and-up-to-800-amp-copper-aluminum-2-no-20-x-3-mm-copper-strip-the-size-of-earthing-conductors-as-per-cpwd-size-of-phase-conductor-size-of-earthing-conductor-of-the-same-material-as-phase-conductor-up-to-4-sqmm-same-size-as-that-of-phase-conductor-above-4-sqmm-up-to-16-sqmm-same-size-as-that-of-phase-conductor-above-16-sqmm-up-to-35-sqmm-16-sqmm-above-35-sqmm-half-of-the-phase-conductor-materials-and-sizes-of-earth-electrodes-cpwd-table-ix-type-of-electrodes-material-size-pipe-gi-medium-class-40-mm-dia-450-m-long-without-any-joint-plate-i-gi-60-cm-x-60-cm-x-6-mm-thick-ii-copper-60-cm-x-60-cm-x-3-mm-thick-strip-i-gi-100-sq-mm-section-ii-copper-40-sq-mm-section-conductor-i-copper-4-mm-dia-8-swg-note-galvanization-of-gi-items-shall-conform-to-class-iv-of-is-4736-1986-minimum-sizes-of-earthing-conductors-for-use-above-ground-cpwd-table-x-material-and-shape-minimum-size-round-copper-wire-or-copper-clad-steel-wire-6-mm-diameter-stranded-copper-wire-50-sq-mm-or-7300-mm-dia-copper-strip-20-mm-x-3-mm-galvanized-iron-strip-20-mm-x-3-mm-round-aluminum-wire-8-mm-diameter-aluminum-strip-25-mm-x-3-mm-minimum-sizes-of-earthing-conductors-for-use-below-ground-cpwd-table-xi-material-and-shape-minimum-size-round-copper-wire-or-copper-clad-steel-wire-8-mm-diameter-copper-strip-32-mm-x-6-mm-round-galvanized-iron-wire-10-mm-x-6-mm-galvanized-iron-strip-32-mm-x-6-mm-selection-of-type-of-earthing-electrodes-as-per-cpwd-type-of-electrode-application-gi-pipe-internal-electrical-installations-like-distribution-board-and-meter-boards-in-residential-quarters-feeder-pillars-and-poles-etc-gi-plate-i-for-fire-fighting-pumps-and-water-supply-pumps-ii-lightning-conductors-copper-plate-neutral-earthing-of-transformers-generating-sets-strip-conductor-locations-where-it-is-not-possible-to-use-other-types-number-of-earth-electrodes-as-per-cpwd-equipment-no-of-earthing-for-neutral-earthing-of-each-transformer-2-sets-for-body-earthing-of-all-the-transformers-2-sets-htlt-panels-and-other-electrical-equipment-in-the-sub-station-power-house-for-neutral-earthing-of-each-generating-set-2-sets-for-body-earthing-of-all-the-generating-sets-2-sets-lt-panels-other-electrical-equipment-in-the-generator-room-size-of-protective-conductor-as-per-cpwd-size-of-phase-conductor-size-of-protective-conductor-of-the-same-material-as-phase-conductor-up-to-16-sqmm-same-as-phase-conductor-size-16-to-35-sqmm-16-sqmm-35-sqmm-half-size-of-phase-conductor-earthing-points-as-per-cpwd-earthing-description-location-for-earth-electrodes-normally-an-earth-electrode-shall-not-be-located-closer-than-15-m-from-any-building-installation-of-pipe-pipe-electrode-shall-be-buried-in-the-ground-vertically-with-its-top-at-not-less-than-20-cm-below-the-ground-level-installation-of-plate-plate-electrode-shall-be-buried-in-ground-with-its-faces-vertical-and-its-top-not-less-than-30-m-below-the-ground-level-the-strip-or-conductor-the-strip-or-conductor-electrode-shall-be-buried-in-trench-not-less-than-05-m-deep-more-earthing-electrode-when-more-than-one-electrode-platepipe-is-to-be-installed-a-separation-of-not-less-than-2-m-shall-be-maintained-between-two-adjacent-electrodes-earthing-electrode-if-the-electrode-cannot-be-laid-in 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https://eedemy.com/difference-between-bonding-grounding-and-earthing-introduction-one-of-the-most-misunderstood-and-confused-concept-is-difference-between-bonding-grounding-and-earthing-bonding-is-more-clear-word-compare-to-grounding-and-earthing-but-there-is-a-micro-difference-between-grounding-and-earhing-earthing-and-grounding-are-actually-different-terms-for-expressing-the-same-concept-ground-or-earth-in-a-mains-electrical-wiring-system-is-a-conductor-that-provides-a-low-impedance-path-to-the-earth-to-prevent-hazardous-voltages-from-appearing-on-equipment-earthing-is-more-commonly-used-in-britain-european-and-most-of-the-commonwealth-countries-standards-iec-is-while-grounding-is-the-word-used-in-north-american-standards-nec-ieee-ansi-ul-we-understand-that-earthing-and-grounding-are-necessary-and-have-an-idea-how-to-do-it-but-we-dont-have-crystal-clear-concept-for-that-we-need-to-understand-that-there-are-really-two-separate-things-we-are-doing-for-same-purpose-that-we-call-grounding-or-earthing-the-earthing-is-to-reference-our-electrical-source-to-earth-usually-via-connection-to-some-kind-of-rod-driven-into-the-earth-or-some-other-metal-that-has-direct-contact-with-the-earth-the-grounded-circuits-of-machines-need-to-have-an-effective-return-path-from-the-machines-to-the-power-source-in-order-to-function-properly-here-by-neutral-circuit-in-addition-non-current-carrying-metallic-components-in-a-system-such-as-equipment-cabinets-enclosures-and-structural-steel-need-to-be-electrically-interconnected-and-earthed-properly-so-voltage-potential-cannot-exist-between-them-however-troubles-can-arise-when-terms-like-bonding-grounding-and-earthing-are-interchanged-or-confused-in-certain-situations-in-tn-type-power-distribution-system-in-us-nec-and-possibly-other-usage-equipment-is-earthed-to-pass-fault-current-and-to-trip-the-protective-device-without-electrifying-the-device-enclosure-neutral-is-the-current-return-path-for-phase-these-earthing-conductor-and-neutral-conductor-are-connected-together-and-earthed-at-the-distribution-panel-and-also-at-the-street-but-the-intent-is-that-no-current-flow-on-earthed-ground-except-during-momentary-fault-conditions-here-we-may-say-that-earthing-and-grounding-are-nearly-same-by-practice-but-in-the-tt-type-power-distribution-system-in-india-neutral-is-only-earthed-here-it-is-actually-called-grounding-at-distribution-source-at-distribution-transformer-and-four-wires-neutral-and-three-phase-are-distributed-to-consumer-while-at-consumer-side-all-electrical-equipments-body-are-connected-and-earthed-at-consumer-premises-here-it-is-called-earthing-consumer-has-no-any-permission-to-mix-neutral-with-earth-at-his-premises-here-earthing-and-grounding-is-the-different-by-practice-but-in-both-above-case-earthing-and-grounding-are-used-for-the-same-purpose-lets-try-to-understand-this-terminology-one-by-one-bonding-bonding-is-simply-the-act-of-joining-two-electrical-conductors-together-these-may-be-two-wires-a-wire-and-a-pipe-or-these-may-be-two-equipments-bonding-has-to-be-done-by-connecting-of-all-the-metal-parts-that-are-not-supposed-to-be-carrying-current-during-normal-operations-to-bringing-them-to-the-same-electrical-potential-bonding-ensures-that-these-two-things-which-are-bonded-will-be-at-the-same-electrical-potential-that-means-we-would-not-get-electricity-building-up-in-one-equipment-or-between-two-different-equipment-no-current-flow-can-take-place-between-two-bonded-bodies-because-they-have-the-same-potential-bonding-itself-does-not-protect-anything-however-if-one-of-those-boxes-is-earthed-there-can-be-no-electrical-energy-build-up-if-the-grounded-box-is-bonded-to-the-other-box-the-other-box-is-also-at-zero-electrical-potential-it-protects-equipment-person-by-reducing-current-flow-between-pieces-of-equipment-at-different-potentials-the-primary-reason-for-bonding-is-personnel-safety-so-someone-touching-two-pieces-of-equipment-at-the-same-time-does-not-receive-a-shock-by-becoming-the-path-of-equalization-if-they-happen-to-be-at-different-potentials-the-second-reason-has-to-do-with-what-happens-if-phase-conductor-may-be-touched-an-external-metal-part-the-bonding-helps-to-create-a-low-impedance-path-back-to-the-source-this-will-force-a-large-current-to-flow-which-in-turn-will-cause-the-breaker-to-trip-in-other-words-bonding-is-there-to-allow-a-breaker-to-trip-and-thereby-to-terminate-a-fault-bonding-to-electrical-earth-is-used-extensively-to-ensure-that-all-conductors-person-surface-and-product-are-at-the-same-electrical-potential-when-all-conductors-are-at-the-same-potential-no-discharge-can-occur-earthing-earthing-means-connecting-the-dead-part-it-means-the-part-which-does-not-carries-current-under-normal-condition-to-the-earth-for-example-electrical-equip 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https://eedemy.com/what-is-earthing-introduction-the-main-reason-for-doing-earthing-in-electrical-network-is-for-the-safety-when-all-metallic-parts-in-electrical-equipments-are-grounded-then-if-the-insulation-inside-the-equipments-fails-there-are-no-dangerous-voltages-present-in-the-equipment-case-if-the-live-wire-touches-the-grounded-case-then-the-circuit-is-effectively-shorted-and-fuse-will-immediately-blow-when-the-fuse-is-blown-then-the-dangerous-voltages-are-away-purpose-of-earthing-1-safety-for-human-life-buildingequipments-to-save-human-life-from-danger-of-electrical-shock-or-death-by-blowing-a-fuse-ie-to-provide-an-alternative-path-for-the-fault-current-to-flow-so-that-it-will-not-endanger-the-user-to-protect-buildings-machinery-appliances-under-fault-conditions-to-ensure-that-all-exposed-conductive-parts-do-not-reach-a-dangerous-potential-to-provide-safe-path-to-dissipate-lightning-and-short-circuit-currents-to-provide-stable-platform-for-operation-of-sensitive-electronic-equipments-ie-to-maintain-the-voltage-at-any-part-of-an-electrical-system-at-a-known-value-so-as-to-prevent-over-current-or-excessive-voltage-on-the-appliances-or-equipment-2-over-voltage-protection-lightning-line-surges-or-unintentional-contact-with-higher-voltage-lines-can-cause-dangerously-high-voltages-to-the-electrical-distribution-system-earthing-provides-an-alternative-path-around-the-electrical-system-to-minimize-damages-in-the-system-3-voltage-stabilization-there-are-many-sources-of-electricity-every-transformer-can-be-considered-a-separate-source-if-there-were-not-a-common-reference-point-for-all-these-voltage-sources-it-would-be-extremely-difficult-to-calculate-their-relationships-to-each-other-the-earth-is-the-most-omnipresent-conductive-surface-and-so-it-was-adopted-in-the-very-beginnings-of-electrical-distribution-systems-as-a-nearly-universal-standard-for-all-electric-systems-conventional-methods-of-earthing-1-plate-type-earthing-generally-for-plate-type-earthing-normal-practice-is-to-use-cast-iron-plate-of-size-600-mm-x600-mm-x12-mm-or-galvanized-iron-plate-of-size-600-mm-x600-mm-x6-mm-or-copper-plate-of-size-600-mm-600-mm-315-mm-plate-burred-at-the-depth-of-8-feet-in-the-vertical-position-and-gi-strip-of-size-50-mmx6-mm-bolted-with-the-plate-is-brought-up-to-the-ground-level-these-types-of-earth-pit-are-generally-filled-with-alternate-layer-of-charcoal-salt-up-to-4-feet-from-the-bottom-of-the-pit-2-pipe-type-earthing-for-pipe-type-earthing-normal-practice-is-to-use-gi-pipe-c-class-of-75-mm-diameter-10-feet-long-welded-with-75-mm-diameter-gi-flange-having-6-numbers-of-holes-for-the-connection-of-earth-wires-and-inserted-in-ground-by-auger-method-these-types-of-earth-pit-are-generally-filled-with-alternate-layer-of-charcoal-salt-or-earth-reactivation-compound-method-for-construction-of-earthing-pit-indian-electricity-board-excavation-on-earth-for-a-normal-earth-pit-size-is-15m-x-15m-x-30-m-use-500-mm-x-500-mm-x-10-mm-gi-plate-or-bigger-size-for-more-contact-of-earth-and-reduce-earth-resistance-make-a-mixture-of-wood-coal-powder-salt-sand-all-in-equal-part-wood-coal-powder-use-as-good-conductor-of-electricity-anti-corrosive-rust-proves-for-gi-plate-for-long-life-the-purpose-of-coal-and-salt-is-to-keep-wet-the-soil-permanently-the-salt-percolates-and-coal-absorbs-water-keeping-the-soil-wet-care-should-always-be-taken-by-watering-the-earth-pits-in-summer-so-that-the-pit-soil-will-be-wet-coal-is-made-of-carbon-which-is-good-conductor-minimizing-the-earth-resistant-salt-use-as-electrolyte-to-form-conductivity-between-gi-plate-coal-and-earth-with-humidity-sand-has-used-to-form-porosity-to-cycle-water-humidity-around-the-mixture-put-gi-plate-earth-plate-of-size-500-mm-x-500-mm-x-10-mm-in-the-mid-of-mixture-use-double-gi-strip-size-30-mm-x-10-mm-to-connect-gi-plate-to-system-earthling-it-will-be-better-to-use-gi-pipe-of-size-25-diameter-with-a-flange-on-the-top-of-gi-pipe-to-cover-gi-strip-from-earth-plate-to-top-flange-cover-top-of-gi-pipe-with-a-t-joint-to-avoid-jamming-of-pipe-with-dust-mud-and-also-use-water-time-to-time-through-this-pipe-to-bottom-of-earth-plate-maintain-less-than-one-ohm-resistance-from-earth-pit-conductor-to-a-distance-of-15-meters-around-the-earth-pit-with-another-conductor-dip-on-the-earth-at-least-500-mm-deep-check-voltage-between-earth-pit-conductors-to-neutral-of-mains-supply-220v-ac-50-hz-it-should-be-less-than-20-volts-factors-affecting-on-earth-resistivity-1-soil-resistivity-it-is-the-resistance-of-soil-to-the-passage-of-electric-current-the-earth-resistance-value-ohmic-value-of-an-earth-pit-depends-on-soil-resistivity-it-is-the-resistance-of-the-soil-to-the-passage-of-electric-current-it-var 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https://eedemy.com/single-earthed-neutral-and-multi-earthed-neutral-single-earthed-neutral-and-multi-earthed-neutral-in-distribution-system-three-phase-load-is-unbalance-and-non-linear-so-the-neutral-plays-an-important-role-in-distribution-system-generally-distribution-networks-are-operated-in-an-unbalanced-configuration-and-also-service-to-consumers-this-causes-current-flowing-through-neutral-conductor-and-voltage-dropping-on-neutral-wire-the-unbalance-load-and-excessive-current-in-neutral-wire-is-one-of-the-issues-in-three-phase-four-wire-distribution-systems-that-causes-voltage-drop-through-neutral-wire-and-makes-tribulations-for-costumers-the-existence-of-neutral-earth-voltage-makes-unbalance-in-three-phase-voltages-for-three-phase-customers-and-reduction-of-phase-to-neutral-voltage-for-single-phase-customers-multi-grounded-three-phase-four-wire-service-is-widely-adopted-in-modern-power-distribution-systems-due-to-having-lower-installation-costs-and-higher-sensitivity-of-fault-protection-than-three-phase-three-wire-service-the-neutrals-play-an-important-role-in-power-quality-and-safety-problems-the-multi-grounded-neutral-system-is-the-predominant-electrical-distribution-system-used-in-the-united-states-it-allow-an-uncontrolled-amount-of-electric-current-to-flow-over-the-earth-unrestrained-posing-the-potential-of-harm-to-the-public-and-to-animals-causing-electric-shocks-and-is-presumed-responsible-for-undetected-electrocutions-the-protective-grounding-used-in-low-voltage600-volt-and-below-applications-will-be-described-and-used-to-explain-the-hazards-involved-with-the-present-day-multi-grounded-neutral-distribution-system-used-in-the-united-states-this-will-allow-the-reader-to-see-the-parallels-between-the-safe-low-voltage-distribution-system-and-the-dangerous-medium-voltage-multi-grounded-neutral-distribution-system-the-reasons-for-the-development-of-the-three-phase-four-wire-multi-grounded-systems-involve-a-combination-of-safety-and-economic-considerations-the-three-phase-four-wire-multi-grounded-design-has-been-successfully-used-for-many-years-and-is-well-documented-in-the-standards-including-the-national-electrical-code-nec-it-is-crucial-decisions-to-adopt-multi-grounded-neutral-system-save-money-by-the-adoption-of-the-multi-grounded-neutral-electrical-distribution-system-in-the-cost-of-the-publics-safety-multi-grounded-neutral-system-men-fig-shows-the-multi-grounded-neutral-systems-commonly-used-by-the-electric-utilities-in-north-america-the-neutral-grounding-reactor-is-used-by-some-utilities-to-reduce-the-available-ground-fault-current-while-at-the-same-time-still-maintaining-an-effectively-grounded-system-the-multiple-earthed-neutral-men-system-of-earthing-is-one-in-which-the-low-voltage-neutral-conductor-is-used-as-the-low-resistance-return-path-for-fault-currents-and-where-its-potential-rise-is-kept-low-by-having-it-connected-to-earth-at-a-number-of-locations-along-its-length-the-neutral-conductor-is-connected-to-earth-at-the-distribution-transformer-at-each-consumers-installation-and-at-specified-poles-or-underground-pillars-the-resistance-between-the-neutral-conductor-of-the-distribution-system-and-the-earth-must-not-exceed-10-ohms-at-any-location-nec-article-250-part-x-grounding-of-systems-and-circuits-1-kv-and-over-high-voltage-a-multiple-grounding-the-neutral-of-a-solidly-grounded-neutral-system-shall-be-permitted-to-be-grounded-at-more-than-one-point-b-multi-grounded-neutral-conductor-ground-each-transformer-ground-at-400-m-intervals-or-less-ground-shielded-cables-where-exposed-to-personnel-contact-single-grounded-neutral-fig-show-single-grounded-neutral-which-is-different-from-multi-grounded-system-figure-shows-the-neutral-also-connected-to-earth-but-the-neutral-conductor-is-extended-along-with-the-phase-conductors-the-configuration-shown-in-figure-allows-electrical-loads-transformers-to-be-placed-between-any-of-the-three-phase-conductors-phase-to-phase-andor-phase-to-neutral-this-connection-phase-to-neutral-will-force-electric-current-to-flow-over-the-neutral-back-to-the-transformer-so-far-this-electrical-connection-is-acceptable-as-long-as-the-neutral-is-insulated-or-treated-as-being-potentially-energized-but-modifications-will-be-made-in-the-future-that-will-negate-safety-for-the-public-and-animals-the-ground-connection-would-typically-be-located-in-the-distribution-substation-this-may-appear-insignificant-but-the-differences-are-significant-advantages-of-multiple-grounded-neutral-systems-1-optimize-the-size-of-surge-arrestor-surge-arresters-are-applied-to-a-power-system-based-on-the-line-to-ground-voltage-under-normal-condition-and-abnormal 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https://eedemy.com/methods-of-earth-resistance-testing-part-1-introduction-the-measurement-of-ground-earth-resistance-for-an-earth-electrode-is-very-important-for-not-only-for-human-safety-but-also-for-preventing-damages-of-equipment-industrial-plants-and-to-reduce-system-downtime-it-also-provides-protection-against-natural-phenomenon-such-as-lightning-stock-by-providing-path-to-the-lightning-current-to-the-ground-ground-resistance-is-the-measurement-of-the-resistance-between-conducting-connection-and-earth-soil-earth-resistance-should-be-low-as-possible-to-provide-low-resistance-path-to-leakage-current-to-the-earth-ground-resistance-depends-on-grounding-electrode-selection-soil-resistivity-soil-contact-and-other-factors-difference-between-ground-resistance-and-ground-resistivity-ground-earth-resistance-ground-resistance-is-the-resistance-which-oppose-of-current-flow-of-an-installed-earthing-electrode-system-it-is-the-resistance-between-a-buried-electrode-and-the-surrounding-soil-it-is-measured-in-ground-resistance-is-measured-with-a-four-point-three-point-or-clamp-on-tester-ground-earth-resistivity-ground-resistivity-is-a-measurement-of-how-much-the-soil-resists-the-flow-of-electricity-ground-resistivity-is-the-electrical-properties-of-the-soil-for-conducting-current-it-indicates-how-good-the-soil-earth-conducts-electric-currents-for-the-lower-the-resistivity-the-lower-the-earth-electrode-resistance-at-that-location-ground-resistivity-is-theoretical-resistance-of-a-cylinder-of-earth-piece-having-a-cross-section-area-of-1-sq-meter-ground-resistivity-is-measured-in-ohm-centimeters-ground-resistivity-has-nothing-to-deal-with-any-installed-electrical-structure-but-is-a-pure-measurement-of-the-electrical-conductivity-of-the-soil-itself-ground-resistivity-is-measured-with-a-four-point-tester-ground-resistivity-varies-significantly-according-to-the-region-season-and-the-type-of-soil-because-it-depends-on-the-level-of-humidity-and-the-temperature-frost-or-drought-increase-it-purpose-of-measurement-of-earth-resistivity-earth-resistivity-measurements-have-a-main-three-purpose-earth-resistivity-data-is-used-to-use-survey-for-surface-of-land-to-identifying-locations-depth-to-bedrock-and-other-geological-phenomena-earth-resistivity-data-is-used-for-protective-anticorrosion-treatment-of-underground-pipelines-because-earth-resistivity-is-direct-related-on-the-degree-of-corrosion-of-underground-pipelines-lower-in-resistivity-increase-in-corrosion-of-underground-pipes-earth-resistivity-directly-affects-the-design-of-an-earthing-system-when-we-design-an-earthing-system-it-is-advisable-to-locate-the-area-of-lowest-soil-resistivity-to-achieve-the-most-economical-grounding-installation-if-the-lower-the-soil-resistivity-value-the-lower-the-grounding-electrode-resistance-earth-resistivity-depends-on-there-are-various-that-affect-the-ground-resistance-of-a-ground-system-1-diameter-of-ground-rod-increasing-the-diameter-of-the-ground-electrode-has-very-little-effect-in-lowering-the-resistance-doubling-diameter-of-ground-rod-reduces-resistance-only-10-using-larger-diameter-ground-rods-is-mainly-a-strength-issue-in-rocky-conditions-a-larger-diameter-ground-rod-might-be-advantageous-2-depth-of-ground-rod-as-per-nec-code-minimum-ground-electrode-length-of-25-meters-80-feet-to-be-in-contact-with-the-soil-doubling-depth-of-rod-theoretically-reduces-resistance-40-earthing-spike-electrodes-deeper-is-a-very-effective-way-to-lower-earthing-resistance-actual-reduction-of-resistance-depends-on-soil-resistivity-encountered-in-multi-layered-soils-the-resistance-decreases-rapidly-as-the-length-of-the-electrode-increases-and-less-rapidly-as-the-diameter-increases-3-spacing-of-ground-rod-earth-resistance-decrease-when-distance-between-adjustments-earthing-rod-is-twice-the-length-of-the-rod-in-ground-in-good-soil-t-probe-spacing-probe-distance-m-soil-resistance-re-soil-resistivity-m-03-1475-2779-06-793-2988-09-637-3600-12-436-3286-15-431-4060-4-no-of-ground-rods-using-multiple-ground-electrodes-provides-another-way-to-lower-ground-resistance-more-than-one-electrode-is-driven-into-the-ground-and-connected-in-parallel-to-lower-the-resistance-the-spacing-of-additional-rods-must-be-at-least-equal-to-the-depth-of-the-driven-rod-two-well-spaced-rods-driven-into-the-earth-provide-parallel-paths-and-act-as-two-resistances-in-parallel-however-the-rule-for-two-resistances-in-parallel-does-not-apply-exactly-so-the-resultant-resistance-is-not-one-half-the-individual-rod-resistances-the-reduction-in-earth-resistance-for-equal-resistance-rods-is-40-for-2-rods-60-for-3-rods-66-for-4-rods-5-material-surface-condition-of-ground-rod-ground 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https://eedemy.com/methods-of-earth-resistance-testing-part-2-can-we-use-an-megger-or-multimeter-for-earth-resistivity-testing-we-cannot-use-megger-or-mulitimeter-for-earth-resistivity-testing-insulation-tester-megger-insulation-testers-are-designed-to-measure-at-the-opposite-end-of-the-resistance-by-inserting-high-dc-voltage-insulation-testers-use-high-test-voltages-in-the-kilovolt-range-the-area-between-electrode-and-ground-is-charged-with-high-dc-voltage-and-we-do-not-want-grounds-that-measure-in-megohms-ground-testers-use-low-voltage-for-testing-for-operator-safety-to-low-voltages-multimeter-however-a-multimeter-or-continuity-test-can-use-very-low-voltage-between-an-installed-electrode-and-a-reference-ground-which-is-assumed-to-have-negligible-low-voltage-dc-can-produce-a-resistance-reading-between-ground-and-an-earth-electrode-but-it-is-not-an-accurate-measurement-multimeter-measurement-may-not-be-reliable-since-reading-can-be-influenced-by-soil-transients-the-electrical-noise-that-is-generated-by-utility-ground-currents-trying-to-get-back-to-the-transformer-as-well-as-other-sources-can-earth-resistance-reduce-by-pouring-water-around-test-earth-probe-by-pouring-water-is-near-test-probe-reduce-contact-resistance-of-between-probe-and-ground-at-some-extent-if-there-is-sufficient-contact-between-probe-and-ground-then-pouring-water-near-test-probe-is-never-decrease-earth-resistance-of-the-system-earth-resistance-is-the-resistance-of-the-ground-electrode-that-is-being-measured-not-that-of-the-test-probe-the-test-probe-is-a-tool-to-use-measurement-of-earth-resistance-if-the-test-setup-has-adequate-spacing-the-probes-will-be-far-enough-away-outside-of-the-electrical-field-of-the-test-ground-so-that-watering-them-has-no-influence-on-the-test-result-test-methods-for-measuring-earth-resistance-there-are-six-basic-test-methods-to-measure-earth-resistance-1-four-point-method-wenner-method-2-three-terminal-method-fall-of-potential-method-681-method-3-two-point-method-dead-earth-method-4-clamp-on-test-method-5-slope-method-6-star-delta-method-1-four-point-method-wenner-method-this-method-is-the-most-commonly-used-for-measuring-soil-resistivity-required-equipments-earth-tester-4-terminal-4-nos-of-electrodes-spike-4-nos-of-insulated-wires-hammer-measuring-tap-connections-first-isolate-the-grounding-electrode-under-measurement-by-disconnecting-it-from-the-rest-of-the-system-earth-tester-set-has-four-terminals-two-current-terminals-marked-c1-and-c2-and-two-potential-terminals-marked-p1-and-p2-p1-green-lead-c1-black-lead-p2-yellow-lead-c2-red-lead-in-this-method-four-small-sized-electrodes-are-driven-into-the-soil-at-the-same-depth-and-equal-distance-from-one-another-in-a-straight-line-the-distance-between-earth-electrodes-should-be-at-least-20-times-greater-than-the-electrode-depth-in-ground-example-if-the-depth-of-each-earth-electrode-is-1-foot-then-the-distance-between-electrodes-is-greater-than-20-feet-the-earth-electrode-under-measurement-is-connected-to-c1-terminal-of-earth-tester-drive-another-potential-earth-terminal-p1-at-depth-of-6-to-12-inches-from-some-distance-at-c1-earth-electrode-and-connect-to-p1-terminal-of-earth-tester-by-insulted-wire-drive-another-potential-earth-terminal-p2-at-depth-of-6-to-12-inches-from-some-distance-at-p1-earth-electrode-and-connect-to-p2-terminal-of-earth-tester-by-insulted-wire-drive-another-current-electrode-c2-at-depth-of-6-to-12-inches-from-some-distance-at-p2-earth-electrode-and-connect-to-c2-terminal-of-earth-tester-by-insulted-wire-connect-the-ground-tester-as-shown-in-the-picture-testing-procedure-press-start-and-read-out-the-resistance-value-this-is-the-actual-value-of-the-ground-resistance-of-the-electrode-under-test-record-the-reading-on-the-field-sheet-at-the-appropriate-location-if-the-reading-is-not-stable-or-displays-an-error-indication-double-check-the-connections-for-some-meters-the-range-and-test-current-settings-may-be-changed-until-a-combination-that-provides-a-stable-reading-without-error-indications-is-reached-the-earthing-tester-has-basically-constant-current-generator-which-injects-current-into-the-earth-between-the-two-current-terminals-c1-e-and-c2-h-the-potential-probes-p1-p2-detect-the-voltage-v-a-function-of-the-resistance-due-to-the-current-injected-in-the-earth-by-the-current-terminals-c1-c2-the-test-set-measures-both-the-current-and-the-voltage-and-internally-calculates-and-then-displays-the-resistance-rvi-if-this-ground-electrode-is-in-parallel-or-series-with-other-ground-rods-the-resistance-value-is-the-total-value-of-all-resistances-ground-resistance-measurem 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https://eedemy.com/methods-of-earth-resistance-testing-part-3-3-two-point-dead-earth-method-this-method-is-used-where-the-driving-of-ground-spike-is-neither-practical-nor-possible-to-perform-this-test-we-have-access-to-a-good-known-ground-such-as-an-all-metal-water-pipe-the-water-pipe-should-be-extensive-enough-and-be-metallic-throughout-without-any-insulating-couplings-or-flanges-this-method-is-not-as-accurate-as-three-point-methods-62-method-as-it-is-particularly-affected-by-the-distance-between-the-tested-electrode-and-the-dead-ground-or-water-pipe-required-equipment-earth-tester-4-terminal-or-3-terminal-2-nos-of-insulated-wires-hammer-connections-in-this-method-the-resistance-of-two-electrodes-in-a-series-is-measured-by-connecting-the-p1-and-c1-terminals-to-the-ground-electrode-under-test-p2-and-c2-connect-to-a-separate-all-metallic-grounding-point-like-a-water-pipe-or-building-steel-the-earth-electrode-under-test-must-be-far-enough-away-from-the-secondary-grounding-point-to-be-outside-its-sphere-of-influence-testing-procedure-press-start-and-read-out-the-resistance-value-this-is-the-actual-value-of-earthing-resistance-of-the-ground-electrode-under-test-record-the-reading-on-the-field-sheet-at-the-appropriate-location-if-the-reading-is-not-stable-or-displays-an-error-indication-double-check-the-connections-two-terminals-testing-of-earth-resistance-is-appropriate-for-most-general-purpose-testing-in-normally-conductive-soil-two-terminal-measurements-include-less-test-lead-and-contact-resistance-in-the-measurement-and-the-result-will-be-a-reading-slightly-higher-than-the-true-earth-resistance-when-measured-results-are-higher-than-desired-or-if-measurement-directives-require-multi-terminal-techniques-switch-to-the-3-or-4-terminal-techniques-as-needed-1-advantage-it-does-not-require-disconnecting-equipment-this-is-the-simplest-way-to-obtain-a-ground-resistance-reading-it-is-most-effective-for-quickly-testing-the-connections-and-conductors-between-connection-points-required-less-test-lead-required-small-area-for-measurement-disadvantage-this-is-not-as-accurate-as-the-three-point-method-and-should-only-be-used-as-a-last-resort-non-metallic-high-resistance-return-resistance-areas-should-not-overlap-4-clamp-on-test-method-for-the-clamp-on-method-to-be-effective-there-must-be-a-complete-grounding-circuit-in-place-the-tester-measures-the-complete-resistance-path-loop-that-the-signal-is-taking-all-elements-of-the-loop-are-measured-in-series-the-induced-frequency-testing-or-commonly-called-the-clamp-on-test-is-one-of-the-newest-test-methods-for-measuring-the-resistance-to-ground-of-a-grounding-system-or-electrode-this-is-convenient-quick-easy-and-safe-method-it-does-not-require-disconnecting-equipment-required-equipment-clamp-on-ground-resistance-meter-2-nos-of-insulated-wires-connections-setup-2-testing-procedure-press-start-and-read-out-the-resistance-value-this-is-the-actual-value-of-earthing-resistance-of-the-ground-electrode-under-test-the-clamp-on-methodology-is-based-on-ohms-law-rvi-the-source-coil-inside-the-clamp-of-the-earth-tester-inducing-the-voltage-this-voltage-is-inductively-applied-to-a-complete-circuit-the-resulting-current-flow-in-the-earthing-circuit-due-to-the-induced-voltage-is-measured-by-the-current-coil-installed-in-the-same-clamp-of-the-earth-tester-the-resistance-of-the-circuit-can-then-be-calculated-by-taking-the-ratio-of-the-induced-voltage-and-the-circulated-current-in-the-earthing-circuit-it-has-to-be-ensured-that-the-earthing-system-under-test-is-included-in-the-current-circulation-loop-the-clamp-on-earth-tester-measures-the-resistance-of-the-path-traversed-by-the-induced-current-all-elements-of-the-loop-are-measured-in-series-this-method-assumes-that-only-the-resistance-of-the-earthing-system-under-test-contributes-significantly-a-low-return-path-is-required-for-readings-a-high-resistance-return-path-will-yield-high-readings-advantage-there-is-no-need-to-turn-off-the-equipment-power-or-disconnect-the-earth-rod-not-disconnecting-the-connections-between-the-earthed-body-and-the-metal-work-of-the-electrical-earthing-point-not-dangerous-to-human-life-because-no-any-dc-current-injected-in-probe-disadvantages-if-the-frequency-of-ac-current-injected-into-the-earth-by-the-tester-is-the-same-as-that-of-disturbance-current-in-the-earth-then-accuracy-of-the-readings-are-seriously-affected-the-mutual-inductance-between-the-voltage-and-current-loops-of-the-clamp-tester-may-affect-accuracy-of-the-readings-the-clamp-on-method-is-only-effective-in-situations-with-multiple-earthing-electrodes-are-in-parallel-and-a-closed-circuit-is-available-for-the-current-circulation-it-cannot-be-used-on-isolated-grounds-as-there-is-no 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https://eedemy.com/cable-construction-cable-selection-part4-cable-selection-parameters-1-voltage-of-cable-the-nominal-voltage-is-to-be-expressed-with-two-values-of-alternative-current-uou-in-v-volt-uou-phase-to-earth-voltage-uo-voltage-between-conductor-and-earth-u-voltage-between-phases-conductors-i-low-tension-lt-cables-upto-1000-v-ii-high-tension-ht-cables-upto-11000-v-iii-super-tension-st-cables-from-22-kv-to-33-kv-iv-extra-high-tension-eht-cables-from-33-kv-to-66-kv-v-extra-super-voltage-cables-beyond-132-kv-a-low-voltage-system-usually-has-a-solidly-earthed-neutral-so-that-the-line-to-earth-voltage-cannot-rise-higher-than-line-volts-3-cables-for-low-voltage-use-are-insulated-for-600v-rms-score-to-earth-and-1000v-rms-core-to-core-high-voltage-cables-used-in-shell-installations-are-rated-190003300v-or-38106600v-or-660011000v-phasephase-in-selecting-the-voltage-grade-of-cable-the-highest-voltage-to-earth-must-be-allowed-for-for-example-on-a-normal-66kv-unearthed-system-a-line-conductor-can-achieve-almost-66kv-to-earth-under-earth-fault-conditions-to-withstand-this-a-cable-insulated-for-660011000v-must-therefore-be-used-2-current-carrying-capacity-the-current-carrying-capacity-of-a-cable-is-called-ampacity-ampacity-is-defined-as-the-maximum-amount-of-electrical-current-a-conductor-or-device-can-carry-before-sustaining-immediate-or-progressive-deterioration-and-is-the-rms-electric-current-which-a-device-or-conductor-can-continuously-carry-while-remaining-within-its-temperature-rating-3-short-circuit-values-the-short-circuit-current-rating-is-the-maximum-short-circuit-current-that-a-component-can-withstand-failure-to-provide-adequate-protection-may-result-in-component-destruction-under-short-circuit-conditions-short-circuits-and-their-effects-must-be-considered-in-selecting-cables-these-cables-should-have-a-short-circuit-rating-which-is-the-highest-temperature-the-cable-can-withstand-during-an-electrical-short-circuit-lasting-up-to-about-half-a-second-4-type-of-conductor-type-of-conductor-material-copper-or-aluminum-is-main-criteria-for-selection-of-cable-5-no-of-core-no-of-core-selection-is-depends-upon-power-system-for-single-phase-power-supply-we-can-use-2-core-cable-for-three-phase-supply-we-can-use-35-core-or-4-core-cable-for-hv-supply-we-may-be-use-single-core-cable-6-voltage-drop-it-is-a-primary-concern-when-installing-lengths-of-cables-is-voltage-drop-the-amount-of-voltage-lost-between-the-originating-power-supply-and-the-device-being-powered-can-be-significant-all-cables-have-resistance-and-when-current-flows-in-them-this-results-in-a-volt-drop-7-type-of-insulation-type-of-cable-insulation-material-like-pvc-xlpe-rubber-pvc-cable-is-cheaper-than-xlpe-cable-8-method-of-installation-if-we-lay-cable-in-ground-armor-cable-is-required-but-if-we-lay-cable-in-cable-tray-we-may-be-used-un-armor-cable-to-reduce-cost-of-cable-i-we-lay-cable-on-cable-tray-than-shielded-cable-is-required-mutual-heating-effect-due-to-cable-group-laying-is-also-consider-while-selecting-a-cable-when-multiple-cables-are-in-close-proximity-each-contributes-heat-to-the-others-and-diminishes-the-amount-of-external-cooling-affecting-the-individual-cable-conductors-therefore-cable-de-rating-is-necessary-consideration-for-multiple-cables-in-close-proximity-9-shielded-cable-or-un-shielded-cable-the-choice-of-a-shielded-cable-or-non-shielded-cable-is-depend-upon-some-criteria-an-area-such-as-a-productionfactory-floor-where-heavy-equipment-is-being-used-is-a-prime-example-of-a-place-where-we-might-consider-a-shielded-cable-grounding-can-also-be-a-concern-in-some-installations-if-shielded-cable-is-used-to-connect-equipment-from-two-different-circuits-a-ground-loop-can-occur-causing-noise-on-a-network-line-if-the-ground-voltage-difference-is-great-enough-it-may-even-cause-damage-terminations-of-the-shielded-cable-must-also-be-made-with-care-to-provide-for-a-smooth-dielectric-transition-from-the-shielded-condition-to-the-unshielded-condition-the-substantial-space-required-if-shielded-cables-were-used-shielded-cables-require-a-significant-amount-of-space-at-each-end-of-the-cable-for-installation-of-the-stress-cone-kit-also-the-minimum-bending-radius-for-shielded-cables-is-twelve-times-cable-outside-diameter-whereas-the-minimum-bending-radius-for-unshielded-cables-is-only-eight-times-outside-diameter-and-even-less-with-extra-flexible-appliance-connection-cables-used-in-controllers-the-two-factors-high-cost-and-large-space-requirements-preclude-use-of-shielded-cable-in-switchgear-10-economics-it-is-also-an-important-factor-for-selecting-the-type-of-cable-it-is-to-be-kept-in-mind-that-the-cost-of-the-cable-shoul 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https://eedemy.com/cable-construction-cable-selection-part3-9-armoring-code-is-7098-is-3975-iec60502-bs6622bs7835-material-metallic-or-non-magnetic-alumimium-steel-wirestrip-used-for-lv-mv-hv-cables-the-armor-provides-mechanical-protection-against-crushing-forces-armor-also-can-serve-as-an-earth-continuity-conductor-ecc-the-armoring-type-could-be-mechanical-protection-of-the-cable-is-provided-by-a-single-layer-of-wire-strip-strands-laid-over-the-bedding-steel-wire-strip-is-used-for-3-core-or-4-core-cables-but-single-core-cables-have-aluminum-wire-armoring-when-an-electric-current-passes-through-a-cable-it-produces-a-magnetic-field-the-higher-the-voltage-the-bigger-the-field-the-magnetic-field-will-induce-an-electric-current-in-steel-armor-eddy-currents-which-can-cause-overheating-in-ac-systems-the-non-magnetic-aluminum-armor-prevents-this-from-happening-magnetic-materials-armoring-for-3ph-system-with-3-core-or-4-core-cables-the-vector-sum-of-the-currents-in-the-conductors-is-zero-and-there-is-virtually-no-resultant-magnetic-flux-in-multi-core-armored-cables-have-either-single-layer-of-galvanized-steel-wire-armor-or-galvanized-steel-strip-applied-over-inner-sheath-with-left-hand-lay-non-magnetic-materials-armoring-for-1ph-system-this-is-not-so-however-for-a-single-core-cable-where-eddy-current-heating-would-occur-if-a-magnetic-material-was-used-for-the-armoring-the-material-has-to-be-non-magnetic-for-armoring-as-in-this-case-of-return-current-is-not-passing-through-the-same-cable-hence-it-will-not-cancel-the-magnetic-lines-produced-by-current-these-magnetic-lines-which-are-oscillating-in-case-of-ac-systems-will-give-rise-to-eddy-currents-in-magnetic-armoring-and-hence-armoring-will-become-hot-and-this-may-lead-to-failure-of-the-cable-hence-single-core-cables-for-use-on-ac-systems-are-armored-with-single-layer-of-nonmagnetic-aluminum-material-armoring-is-mostly-following-type-swa-steel-wire-armor-used-in-multi-core-cables-magnetic-awa-aluminum-wire-armor-used-in-single-core-cables-non-magnetic-tinning-or-galvanizing-is-used-for-rust-prevention-phosphor-bronze-or-tinned-copper-braid-is-also-used-when-steel-armor-is-not-allowed-as-strip-construction-is-economical-the-manufacture-always-provides-steel-strip-armoring-unless-wire-armoring-is-specified-as-per-is-1554-round-wire-armoring-is-provided-in-cable-where-calculated-diameter-under-amour-is-upto13mm-above-this-the-amour-is-either-steel-wire-or-steel-strip-of-size-400x080mm-10over-sheath-outer-jacket-code-is-is7098-iec60502-bs6622bs7835-material-pvc-flame-retardant-flame-retardant-low-smoke-zero-halogen-lsoh-high-density-polyethylene-hdpe-halogen-free-flame-retardant-hffr-used-for-lv-mv-hv-cables-purpose-it-is-the-outer-protection-part-of-the-cable-against-the-surrounding-environment-protected-against-water-ingress-protection-against-termite-protection-against-uv-and-protection-against-differing-soil-compositions-it-is-applied-over-armoring-in-case-of-armored-cable-and-over-inner-sheath-in-case-of-unarmored-cable-called-as-outer-sheath-the-standard-sheath-color-is-black-other-colors-such-as-red-light-blue-can-also-be-provided-high-voltage-cables-are-identified-by-outer-sheaths-colored-red-a-black-sheath-indicates-a-low-voltage-cable-the-following-are-the-electrical-property-may-be-consider-while-selecting-a-outer-sheath-materials-dielectric-strength-cable-sheath-may-be-semiconducting-or-insulating-discharge-and-tracking-resistance-when-a-non-shielded-cable-rests-upon-or-comes-into-contact-with-a-ground-plane-the-ground-plane-acts-as-the-outer-plate-of-the-capacitor-made-up-of-the-conductor-insulation-and-the-ground-plane-discharges-and-tracking-may-cause-erosion-of-the-outer-sheath-material-material-a-major-consideration-in-selecting-outer-sheath-may-be-a-thermoplastic-or-thermosetting-material-mostly-a-thermoplastic-jacket-is-less-expensive-however-thermoplastics-will-melt-at-some-elevated-temperature-and-thus-could-run-or-drip-from-the-cable-under-extreme-conditions-thermoset-materials-will-not-melt-and-run-or-drip-at-elevated-temperatures-comparison-of-cable-pvc-insulated-cable-pvc-insulation-becomes-stiff-making-it-difficult-to-fold-and-the-soft-pvc-loosens-its-softening-agent-over-years-making-it-brittle-and-prone-to-rip-even-at-the-time-of-disposing-burning-pvc-emits-toxic-dioxin-which-is-responsible-for-causing-cancer-and-does-when-dumped-scantly-dissolve-pvc-is-thin-insulation-mainly-used-in-lt-side-cables-and-xlpe-is-thick-insulation-used-in-mv-ht-cables-xlpe-insulated-cable-higher-current-capacity-xlpe-has-higher-current-carrying-capacity-as-higher-temperature-withstand-capacity-it-can-withstand-higher-temperature-compared-t 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https://eedemy.com/cable-construction-cable-selection-part2-5-insulation-screen-code-is7098iec60502-bs6622bs7835-material-extruded-thermo-set-semi-conducting-compound-carbon-paper-and-carbon-loaded-polymer-used-for-cable-from-6-to-30kv-mv-hv-cables-purpose-an-extruded-layer-of-semi-conducting-is-applied-over-the-insulation-layer-to-insure-that-the-electric-stress-is-homogeneous-around-the-insulated-core-the-semi-conducting-layer-shall-be-firmly-bonded-to-the-outer-layer-of-the-insulation-layer-the-purpose-of-insulation-screen-is-same-as-conductor-screen-the-purpose-of-insulation-screen-is-to-reduce-voltage-stress-at-the-interface-between-the-conducting-and-insulating-component-a-cylindrical-smooth-surface-between-the-insulation-and-metallic-shield-insulation-screen-is-a-layer-of-black-cross-linked-semi-conductive-compound-of-approx-1mm-thickness-and-is-either-fully-bonded-to-the-insulation-layer-or-can-be-cold-strippable-by-hand-when-terminating-or-jointing-the-cables-it-is-necessary-to-remove-a-part-of-the-insulation-screen-6-bedding-inner-sheath-code-is-7098-1554-iec-60502-bs-6622-bs-7835-material-thermoplastic-material-ie-pvc-polyethylene-thermosetting-csp-compound-used-for-lv-mv-hv-cables-purpose-it-could-be-also-called-inner-sheath-or-inner-jacket-which-serves-as-a-bedding-under-cable-armoring-to-protect-the-laid-up-cores-and-as-a-separation-sheath-inner-sheath-is-over-laid-up-of-cores-it-gives-circular-shape-of-the-cable-and-it-also-provides-bedding-for-the-armoring-is1554-permits-following-two-methods-of-applying-the-inner-sheath-of-thermoplastic-material-ie-pvc-polyethylene-etc-which-is-not-harder-than-insulation-inner-sheath-is-provided-by-extrusion-of-thermoplastic-over-the-laid-up-of-cores-inner-sheath-is-provided-by-wrapping-at-thermoplastic-tape-all-multi-core-cables-have-either-extruded-pvc-inner-sheath-or-thermoplastic-wrapped-inner-sheath-which-is-compatible-to-insulation-material-and-removable-without-any-damage-to-insulation-single-core-cables-have-no-inner-sheath-7-water-blocking-taps-water-blocking-is-used-to-prevent-moisture-migration-water-blocking-tapes-or-swelling-powder-should-be-applied-between-the-conductor-strands-to-block-the-ingress-of-water-inside-the-cable-conductor-if-required-water-blocking-methods-to-be-considered-are-as-follows-powders-swell-able-powders-are-used-as-longitudinal-water-blocks-in-cables-to-prevent-longitudinal-water-penetration-these-powders-swell-and-expand-sufficiently-upon-contact-with-water-to-form-a-gel-like-material-to-block-the-flow-of-water-water-blocking-tapes-a-water-blocking-tape-is-usually-a-nonwoven-synthetic-textile-tape-impregnated-with-or-otherwise-containing-a-swell-able-powder-sealed-overlap-to-ensure-a-seal-of-the-overlap-hot-melt-adhesives-can-be-used-these-adhesives-can-be-extruded-or-pumped-into-the-overlap-seam-of-a-longitudinally-formed-metallic-tape-before-the-seam-is-closed-during-cable-manufacture-8-metallic-screen-code-is-7098-iec60502-bs6622-bs7835-material-nonmagnetic-metallic-materials-copper-wire-tape-or-aluminum-wire-strip-used-for-mv-hv-cables-purpose-medium-voltage-high-voltage-cables-have-an-earthed-metallic-screen-over-the-insulation-of-each-core-this-screen-consists-one-or-multi-layers-of-a-lapped-conductive-copper-wires-copper-tape-or-metallic-foil-lead-aluminum-helically-with-overlap-over-insulation-screen-the-metallic-shield-needs-to-be-electrically-continuous-over-a-cable-length-to-adequately-perform-its-functions-of-electrostatic-protection-electromagnetic-protection-and-protection-from-transients-such-as-lightning-and-surge-or-fault-currents-1-shield-electromagnetic-radiation-a-metallic-sheath-is-used-as-a-shield-to-keep-electromagnetic-radiation-in-the-cable-the-main-function-of-the-metallic-screen-is-to-nullify-the-electric-field-outside-of-the-cable-it-acts-as-a-second-electrode-of-the-capacitor-formed-by-the-cable-the-screen-needs-to-connect-to-earth-at-least-at-one-point-along-the-route-the-capacitive-charging-current-and-induced-circulating-currents-which-are-generated-under-normal-operating-conditions-will-be-drained-away-through-the-screen-2-earth-path-it-also-provides-a-path-for-fault-and-leakage-currents-sheaths-are-earthed-at-one-cable-end-the-screen-also-drains-the-zero-sequence-short-circuit-currents-under-fault-conditions-this-function-is-used-to-determine-the-required-size-of-the-metallic-screen-lead-sheaths-are-heavier-and-potentially-more-difficult-to-terminate-than-copper-tape-but-generally-provide-better-earth-fault-capacity-3-water-blocking-the-other-function-of-metallic-sheaths-is-to-water-block-and-form-a-radial-barrier-to-prevent-humidity-from-penetrating-the-cab 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https://eedemy.com/cable-construction-cable-selection-part1-cable-construction-parts-of-cable-1-conductor-for-lvmvht-cables-2-conductor-screen-for-mvht-cables-3-filler-binding-tapes-for-lvmvht-cables-4-insulation-for-lvmvht-cables-5-insulation-screen-for-mvht-cables-6-separation-tape-for-mvht-cables-7-bedding-inner-sheath-8-metallic-sheen-for-mvht-cables-9-armor-for-lvmvht-cables-10-outer-sheath-for-lvmvht-cables-11-water-blocking-tapes-optional-for-mvht-cables-12-insulation-tapesoptional-for-mvht-cables-untitled-1-conductors-code-is8130-iec-60228-bs-6360-material-class-2-annealed-plain-tinned-copper-aluminum-used-for-lv-mv-hv-cables-purpose-usually-stranded-copper-cu-or-aluminum-al-is-used-copper-is-denser-and-heavier-but-more-conductive-than-aluminum-electrically-equivalent-aluminum-conductors-have-a-cross-sectional-area-approximately-16-times-larger-than-copper-but-half-the-weight-the-size-of-the-copper-aluminum-conductor-forming-one-of-the-cores-of-a-cable-is-expressed-in-square-millimeters-mm2-and-the-current-rating-of-the-cable-is-dependent-upon-the-cross-sectional-area-of-each-core-multi-core-aluminum-or-copper-conductor-are-produced-by-two-shapes-circular-conductor-multi-layers-of-stranded-wires-are-assembled-together-to-make-circular-shape-to-achieve-a-circular-conductor-the-number-of-strands-follows-a-particular-progression-3-7-19-37-61-and-127-etc-the-diameter-of-each-strand-being-chosen-to-achieve-the-desired-cross-sectional-area-of-whole-conductor-circular-shape-conductor-is-normally-available-used-up-to-200mm2-segment-conductor-five-segments-of-compacted-conductor-in-triangle-shape-of-72-degree-are-assembled-together-with-separation-of-non-metallic-tapes-to-reduce-the-skin-effect-which-reduce-the-ac-conductor-resistance-larger-sizes-have-conductors-with-the-strands-laid-up-in-a-segmental-formation-this-cables-achieves-a-better-space-factor-and-reduces-the-overall-diameter-of-the-cable-it-also-reduces-the-inductance-of-the-cable-due-to-decreased-spacing-between-phases-segmental-conductor-is-normally-available-from-1000-mm2-and-above-2-conductor-screen-semi-conductor-screen-code-is7098iec60502-bs6622bs7835-material-extruded-thermo-set-semi-conducting-compound-carbon-paper-and-carbon-loaded-polymer-used-for-cable-from-6-to-30kv-mv-hv-cables-purpose-this-screen-consists-of-a-lapped-copper-tape-or-metallic-foil-usually-less-than-10mm-in-thickness-which-is-the-interface-between-the-conductor-and-the-insulation-pvc-xlpe-the-main-purpose-of-conductor-screen-is-to-maintain-a-uniformly-divergent-electric-field-and-to-contain-the-electric-field-within-the-cable-core-conductor-screen-is-semi-conducting-material-because-semi-conducting-materials-do-not-conduct-electricity-well-enough-to-be-a-conductor-but-will-not-hold-back-voltage-it-smoothes-out-the-surface-irregularities-of-the-conductor-the-conductor-shield-makes-the-voltage-on-the-inside-of-the-insulation-the-same-semiconducting-screening-materials-are-based-on-carbon-black-that-is-dispersed-within-a-polymer-matrix-the-concentration-of-carbon-black-needs-to-be-sufficiently-high-to-ensure-an-adequate-and-consistent-conductivity-the-incorporation-must-be-optimized-to-provide-a-smooth-interface-between-the-conducting-and-insulating-portions-of-the-cable-the-smooth-surface-is-important-as-it-decreases-the-occurrence-of-regions-of-high-electrical-stress-control-electrical-field-conductor-screen-is-control-the-electric-field-within-the-insulation-and-thus-the-same-voltage-gradient-across-it-it-also-avoids-any-interaction-of-the-electric-stresses-due-to-the-voltages-on-different-phase-conductors-within-the-same-cable-reduce-voltage-stress-conductor-screen-helps-to-reduce-voltage-stress-at-the-interface-between-the-conducting-and-insulating-components-a-typical-construction-for-a-medium-voltage-cable-consists-of-an-aluminum-conductor-covered-by-a-screening-layer-then-by-a-polyethylene-or-ethylene-propylene-rubber-insulation-followed-by-a-further-screening-layer-the-coefficient-of-expansion-of-the-insulation-layer-is-typically-ten-times-greater-than-that-of-the-aluminum-and-when-the-cable-is-at-its-maximum-operating-temperature-of-90c-a-large-enough-gap-can-formed-to-allow-electrical-discharges-to-occur-the-semi-conducting-layer-then-serves-to-even-out-the-stresses-associated-with-these-discharges-which-would-otherwise-attack-the-insulation-at-specific-points-e-uniform-electrical-field-a-black-semi-conducting-tape-is-used-to-maintain-a-uniform-electric-field-and-minimize-electrostatic-stresses-in-mv 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https://eedemy.com/cable-tray-size-as-per-national-electrical-code-2002-article-392-i-no-of-multi-core-cables-less-than-2000-volts-in-the-cable-tray-a-40-awgkcmill-120-sqmm-cable-or-larger-cables-the-ladder-cable-tray-tray-must-have-an-inside-available-width-equal-to-or-greater-than-the-sum-of-the-diameters-of-the-cables-which-installed-in-a-single-layer-solid-bottom-cable-tray-the-sum-of-the-cable-diameters-is-not-to-exceed-90-of-the-available-cable-tray-width-b-cables-smaller-than-40-awgkcmill-120-sqmm-ladder-type-cable-tray-the-total-sum-of-the-cross-sectional-areas-of-all-the-cables-to-be-installed-in-the-cable-tray-must-be-equal-to-or-less-than-the-allowable-cable-area-for-the-tray-width-as-per-following-table-solid-bottom-cable-tray-the-allowable-cable-area-is-reduced-by-22-inside-width-of-cable-tray-allowable-cable-area-sqinch-sqmm-6-inch-1525mm-7-sqinch-4516-sqmm-9-inch-2286mm-10-sqinch-6451-sqmm-12-inch-3048mm-14-sqinch-9032-sqmm-18-inch-4572mm-21-sqinch-13548-sqmm-24-inch-6096mm-28sqinch-18064-sqmm-c-40-awg-120-sqmm-or-larger-cables-installed-with-cables-smaller-than-40-awg-120-sqmm-ladder-type-cable-tray-the-ladder-cable-tray-needs-to-be-divided-into-two-zones-a-barrier-or-divider-is-not-required-but-one-can-be-used-if-desired-so-that-the-no-40-and-larger-cables-have-a-dedicated-zone-as-they-are-to-be-placed-in-a-single-layer-a-direct-method-to-determine-the-correct-cable-tray-width-is-to-figure-the-cable-tray-widths-required-for-each-of-the-cable-combinations-per-steps-2-3-then-add-the-widths-in-order-to-select-the-proper-cable-tray-width-d-multi-conductor-control-and-signal-cables-only-ladder-type-cable-tray-a-ladder-cable-tray-containing-only-control-andor-signal-cables-may-have-50-of-its-total-available-cable-area-filled-with-cable-solid-bottom-cable-tray-when-using-solid-bottom-cable-tray-the-allowable-cable-area-is-reduced-from-50-to-40-ii-no-of-single-conductor-cables-2000-volts-in-the-cable-tray-nec-39212-all-single-conductor-cables-to-be-installed-in-the-cable-tray-must-be-larger-than-10-awg-535-sqmm-and-not-to-be-installed-with-solid-cable-tray-a-1000-kcmill-500-sqmm-or-larger-cables-the-sum-of-the-diameters-sd-for-all-single-conductor-cables-to-be-installed-shall-not-exceed-the-cable-tray-width-as-per-following-table-inside-width-of-cable-tray-allowable-cable-area-sqinch-sqmm-6-inch-1525mm-65sqinch-4194-sqmm-9-inch-2286mm-95-sqinch-6129-sqmm-12-inch-3048mm-13-sqinch-8387-sqmm-18-inch-4572mm-19-sqinch-12258-sqmm-24-inch-6096mm-26sqinch-16774-sqmm-30-inch-762mm-325sqinch-20968-sqmm-36-inch-9145mm-39sqinch-25161sqmm-2-250-kcmil-120-sqmm-to-1000-kcmil-500-sqmm-cables-the-total-sum-of-the-cross-sectional-areas-of-all-the-single-conductor-cables-to-be-installed-in-the-cable-tray-must-be-equal-to-or-less-than-the-allowable-cable-area-for-the-tray-width-as-given-in-following-table-inside-width-of-cable-tray-allowable-cable-area-sqinch-sqmm-6-inch-1525mm-65sqinch-4194-sqmm-9-inch-2286mm-95-sqinch-6129-sqmm-12-inch-3048mm-13-sqinch-8387-sqmm-18-inch-4572mm-19-sqinch-12258-sqmm-24-inch-6096mm-26sqinch-16774-sqmm-30-inch-762mm-325sqinch-20968-sqmm-36-inch-9145mm-39sqinch-25161sqmm-3-1000-kcmil-500-sqmm-or-larger-cables-installed-with-cables-smaller-than-1000-kcmil-500-sqmm-the-total-sum-of-the-cross-sectional-areas-of-all-the-single-conductor-cables-to-be-installed-in-the-cable-tray-must-be-equal-to-or-less-than-the-allowable-cable-area-for-the-tray-width-as-given-in-following-table-inside-width-of-cable-tray-allowable-cable-area-sqinch-sqmm-6-inch-1525mm-65sqinch-4194-sqmm-9-inch-2286mm-95-sqinch-6129-sqmm-12-inch-3048mm-13-sqinch-8387-sqmm-18-inch-4572mm-19-sqinch-12258-sqmm-24-inch-6096mm-26sqinch-16774-sqmm-30-inch-762mm-325sqinch-20968-sqmm-36-inch-9145mm-39sqinch-25161sqmm-4-single-conductor-cables-10-50sqmm-to-40-120sqmm-these-single-conductors-must-be-installed-in-a-single-layer-note-it-is-the-opinion-of-some-that-this-practice-may-cause-problems-with-to-avoid-these-potential-problems-due-to-unbalanced-voltages-the-individual-conductors-for-this-type-of-cable-tray-wiring-system-should-be-bundled-with-ties-the-bundle-should-contain-all-of-the-three-phase-conductors-with-the-neutral-if-used-single-conductor-size-cable-tray-width-152mm-228mm-304mm-457mm-609mm-10awg-50sqmm-10-15-20-31-20awg-70sqmm-9-14-19-29-30awg-9550sqmm-8-13-17-26-40awg-120sqmm-8-12-16-250kcmill-120sqmm-11-18-24-350kcmill-185sqmm-9-14-19-500kcmill-240sqmm-7-11-14-750kcmill-400sqmm-5-8-10-1000kcmill-500sqmm-4-6-8-iii-no-of-cable 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/difference-between-unearthed-cable-earthed-cables-introduction-in-ht-electrical-distribution-the-system-can-be-earthed-or-unearthed-the-selection-of-earthedunearthed-cable-will-depend-on-system-if-distribution-system-is-earthed-then-we-have-to-use-cable-which-is-manufactured-for-earthed-system-which-the-manufacturer-specifies-if-the-system-is-unearthed-then-we-need-to-use-cable-which-is-manufactured-for-unearthed-system-the-unearthed-system-requires-high-insulation-level-compared-to-earthed-system-for-earthed-and-unearthed-xlpe-cables-the-is-7098-part2-1985-does-not-give-any-difference-in-specification-the-insulation-level-for-cable-for-unearthed-system-has-to-be-more-earthed-system-earlier-the-generators-and-transformers-were-of-small-capacities-and-hence-the-fault-current-was-less-the-star-point-was-solidly-grounded-this-is-called-earthed-system-in-three-phases-earthed-system-phase-to-earth-voltage-is-1732-times-less-than-phase-to-phase-voltage-therefore-voltage-stress-on-cable-to-armor-is-1732-times-less-than-voltage-stress-between-conductors-to-conductor-where-in-unearthed-system-if-system-neutral-is-not-grounded-phase-to-ground-voltage-can-be-equal-to-phase-to-phase-voltage-in-such-case-the-insulation-level-of-conductor-to-armor-should-be-equal-to-insulation-level-of-conductor-to-conductor-in-an-earthed-cable-the-three-phase-of-cable-are-earthed-to-a-ground-each-of-the-phases-of-system-is-grounded-to-earth-examples-1933-kv-3866-kv-system-unearthed-system-today-generators-of-500mva-capacities-are-used-and-therefore-the-fault-level-has-increased-in-case-of-an-earth-fault-heavy-current-flows-into-the-fault-and-this-lead-to-damage-of-generators-and-transformers-to-reduce-the-fault-current-the-star-point-is-connected-to-earth-through-a-resistance-if-an-earth-fault-occurs-on-one-phase-the-voltage-of-the-faulty-phase-with-respect-to-earth-appears-across-the-resistance-therefore-the-voltage-of-the-other-two-healthy-phases-with-respect-to-earth-rises-by-17-times-if-the-insulation-of-these-phases-is-not-designed-for-these-increased-voltages-they-may-develop-earth-fault-this-is-called-unearthed-system-in-an-unearth-system-the-phases-are-not-grounded-to-earth-as-a-result-of-which-there-are-chances-of-getting-shock-by-personnel-who-are-operating-it-examples-6666-kv-3333-kv-system-unearthed-cable-has-more-insulation-strength-as-compared-to-earthed-cable-when-fault-occur-phase-to-ground-voltage-is-3-time-the-normal-phase-to-ground-voltage-so-if-we-used-earthed-cable-in-unearthed-system-it-may-be-chances-of-insulation-puncture-so-unearthed-cable-are-used-such-type-of-cable-is-used-in-66-kv-systems-where-resistance-type-earthing-is-used-nomenclature-in-simple-logic-the-11-kv-earthed-cable-is-suitable-for-use-in-66-kv-unearthed-system-the-process-of-manufacture-of-cable-is-same-the-size-of-cable-will-depend-on-current-rating-and-voltage-level-voltage-grade-uou-where-uo-is-phase-to-earth-voltage-u-is-phase-to-phase-voltage-earthed-system-has-insulation-grade-of-kv-175-x-kv-for-earthed-system-uou-1933-kv-3866-kv-63511-kv-12722-kv-and-1933-kv-unearthed-system-has-insulation-grade-of-kv-kv-for-unearthed-system-uou-3333-kv-and-1111-kv-3-phase-3-wire-system-has-normally-unearthed-grade-cables-and-3-phase-4-wire-systems-can-be-used-earthed-grade-cables-insulation-used-is-less-and-cost-is-less-thumb-rule-as-a-thumb-rule-we-can-say-that-66kv-unearthed-cable-is-equal-to-11k-earthed-cable-ie-6666kv-unearthed-cable-can-be-used-for-6611kv-earthed-system-because-each-core-of-cable-have-the-insulation-level-to-withstand-66kv-so-between-core-to-core-insulation-level-will-be-66kv66kv-11kv-for-transmission-of-ht-earthed-cable-will-be-more-economical-due-to-low-cost-where-as-unearthed-cables-are-not-economical-but-insulation-will-be-good-generally-66-kv-and-11kv-systems-are-earthed-through-a-neutral-grounding-resistor-and-the-shield-and-armor-are-also-earthed-especially-in-industrial-power-distribution-applications-such-a-case-is-similar-to-an-unearthed-application-but-with-earthed-shield-some-times-called-solid-bonding-in-such-cases-unearthed-cables-may-be-used-so-that-the-core-insulation-will-have-enough-strength-but-current-rating-is-de-rated-to-the-value-of-earthed-cables-but-it-is-always-better-to-mention-the-type-of-system-earthing-in-the-cable-specification-when-ordering-the-cables-so-that-the-cable-manufacturer-will-take-care-of-insulation-strength-and-de-rating 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/type-of-gland-cable-glands-a-device-designed-to-permit-the-entry-of-cable-in-to-electrical-equipment-which-provide-sealing-retention-and-earthing-bonding-grounding-insulation-strain-relief-or-combination-of-all-these-gland-should-maintain-overall-integrity-of-enclosure-in-to-which-it-is-to-be-fitted-gland-selection-gland-should-be-selected-on-following-points-1-type-of-cable-2-gland-size-3-entry-typethread-specification-of-application-4-ingress-protection-required-5-material-type-of-cable-unarmored-unarmored-cable-will-require-outer-seal-within-gland-to-not-only-provide-ingress-protection-but-also-degree-of-retention-armored-gland-that-required-clamping-mechanism-to-terminate-the-armored-both-mechanically-and-electrically-the-gland-will-usually-be-required-to-provide-ingress-protection-by-sealing-outer-sheath-and-retention-by-clamping-amour-type-of-glands-1-brass-indoor-type-gland-2-brass-outdoor-type-gland-3-brass-straitening-unarmored-cable-gland-4-brass-weather-proof-gland-5-pg-threaded-gland-6-industrial-type-gland-1-brass-indoor-type-gland-this-gland-is-quite-handy-in-use-with-various-types-of-cable-whether-plastic-rubberized-metal-or-any-other-application-dry-indoor-for-use-with-all-type-of-swa-cables-plastic-or-rubber-sheathed-cable-brass-indoor-gland-suitable-for-single-wire-armored-plastic-or-rubber-sheathed-cable-recommended-to-use-with-shroud-for-additional-ingress-protection-cable-type-steel-wire-amour-amour-clamping-two-part-amour-lock-2-brass-outdoor-type-gland-this-come-in-stunning-high-quality-material-for-use-in-outdoor-or-indoor-application-with-various-types-of-cables-sheathed-or-unsheathed-brass-indoor-and-outdoor-gland-popularly-used-with-single-wire-armored-plastic-or-rubber-sheathed-cable-terminates-and-secure-cable-armoring-and-outer-seal-grips-sheath-of-cable-thus-ensuring-mechanical-strength-and-earth-continuity-cw-brass-glands-are-also-supplied-with-integral-earth-facilities-recommended-to-use-pvc-shroud-for-additional-ingress-protection-application-a-outdoor-or-indoor-for-use-with-all-type-of-swa-cables-plastic-or-rubber-sheathed-cable-b-most-suitable-for-swa-plastic-of-rubber-elastomeric-sheathed-cables-c-used-in-dry-indoor-conditions-d-no-loose-parts-and-easy-to-install-e-save-times-money-gland-size-20-mm-to-75-mm-s-l-accessories-earth-tag-pvc-shroud-neo-prime-rubber-lsf-rubber-pvc-washer-brass-lock-nut-cable-type-wire-braid-armor-armor-clamping-three-parts-with-lock-nut-3-brass-straitening-unarmored-cable-gland-nickel-plated-or-natural-brass-a2-type-cable-glands-are-used-with-variety-of-unarmored-or-rubber-sheathed-cables-brass-indoor-and-outdoor-cable-gland-suitable-for-all-types-of-unarmored-cables-plastic-or-rubber-sheathed-cables-application-1-for-use-with-unarmored-elastomeric-and-plastic-insulated-cables-2-indoor-outdoor-whenever-it-is-required-to-provide-sealing-on-cable-outer-sheath-size-metric-20mm-to-75mm-sl-accessories-earth-tag-pvc-shroud-neo-prime-rubber-lsf-rubber-pvc-washer-brass-lock-nut-cable-type-unarmored-4-brass-weather-proof-gland-unlike-other-types-of-cable-glands-this-type-cable-gland-is-used-precisely-with-single-armored-various-types-of-swa-cables-whether-plastic-or-rubber-sheathed-ones-this-type-cable-gland-is-known-for-its-uninterrupted-services-once-the-gland-is-fixed-to-the-desired-wires-and-wire-components-suitable-for-swa-or-rubber-sheathed-cables-outer-seal-grips-bedding-layer-of-cable-for-use-in-most-climatic-conditions-weather-proof-and-water-proof-design-has-separate-armor-lock-rings-can-be-supplied-with-integral-earth-facility-gland-size-20-mm-to-75-mm-s-l-application-1-outdoor-or-indoor-for-use-with-single-armored-all-type-of-swa-cable-plastic-or-rubber-sheathed-cable-2-e1w-gland-is-weatherproof-waterproof-cable-gland-cable-type-steel-wire-armour-armour-clamping-three-part-armour-lock-sealing-technique-compression-displacement-type-sealing-areas-inner-outer-sheath-5-pg-threaded-gland-nickel-chrome-plated-pg-threaded-cable-gland-is-a-custom-made-threaded-gland-to-meet-the-needs-from-the-meet-industries-apart-from-the-round-headed-pg-threaded-cable-gland-we-also-offer-hexagonal-gland-or-any-other-like-spherical-rectangular-or-any-other-dimensional-pg-threaded-cable-gland-as-per-the-specification-of-the-customer 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/ehv-xlpe-current-rating-ehv-xlpe-cable-38-66-kv66-kv-earthed-single-core-alcopper-cond-xlpe-insulated-cables-as-per-is7098-part-ii-cross-sectional-area-sq-mm-armoured-cable-overall-diameter-mm-normal-current-rating-in-amps-short-circuit-current-rating-for-1secduration-in-k-amps-aluminum-conductor-copper-conductor-aluminum-copper-ground-duct-air-ground-duct-air-1cx25-23-100-90-120-130-115-155-235-358-1cx-35-24-120-105-145-155-140-185-329-500-1cx50-25-140-125-170-185-160-220-470-715-1cx70-27-175-155-215-225-195-275-658-1001-1cx-95-28-205-180-260-265-235-340-893-1359-1cx120-30-235-205-305-300-265-390-1128-1716-1cx150-32-260-230-345-335-295-440-1410-2145-1cx185-34-295-260-395-380-330-510-1739-2646-1cx240-37-340-300-470-435-380-600-2256-3432-1cx300-39-385-335-540-490-425-680-2820-4290-1cx400-44-057-440-380-630-550-480-790-3760-1cx-500-47-060-495-430-730-610-530-910-4700-1cx-630-51-067-560-480-840-680-580-1030-5922-1cx800-57-076-620-530-960-740-630-1140-7520-1cx1000-61-082-680-580-1070-790-670-1250-9400-38-66-kv66-kv-earthed-three-core-alcopper-cond-xlpe-insulated-cables-as-per-is7098-part-ii-cross-sectional-area-sq-mm-armoured-cable-overall-diameter-mm-normal-current-rating-in-amps-short-circuit-current-rating-for-1secduration-in-k-amps-aluminum-conductor-copper-conductor-aluminum-copper-ground-duct-air-ground-duct-air-3cx-25-40-95-82-105-120-105-135-235-358-3cx-35-42-115-97-125-145-125-165-329-501-3cx-50-45-130-115-150-170-150-195-470-715-3cx-70-49-160-140-190-210-180-240-658-1001-3cx-95-54-190-165-230-250-215-295-893-1359-3cx-120-58-220-190-260-280-240-335-1128-1716-3cx-150-61-245-210-295-310-270-380-1410-2145-3cx-185-65-275-240-335-350-305-430-1739-2646-3cx-240-72-315-275-395-400-350-500-2256-3432-3cx-300-77-355-310-450-445-390-570-2820-4290-3cx-400-88-400-350-520-500-440-650-3760-5720-66-11-kv-66kv-un-earthed-11-kv-earthed-single-core-alcopper-cond-xlpe-insulated-cables-as-per-is7098-part-ii-cross-sectional-area-sq-mm-armoured-cable-overall-diameter-mm-normal-current-rating-in-amps-short-circuit-current-rating-for-1secduration-in-k-amps-aluminum-conductor-copper-conductor-aluminum-copper-ground-duct-air-ground-duct-air-1cx25-24-100-90-120-130-115-155-235-358-1cx-35-25-120-105-145-155-140-185-329-500-1cx50-26-140-125-170-185-160-220-470-715-1cx70-28-175-155-215-225-195-275-658-1001-1cx-95-30-205-180-260-265-235-340-893-1359-1cx120-32-235-205-305-300-265-390-1128-1716-1cx150-33-260-230-345-335-295-440-1410-2145-1cx185-36-295-260-395-380-330-510-1739-2646-1cx240-39-340-300-470-435-380-600-2256-3432-1cx300-41-385-335-540-490-425-680-2820-4290-1cx400-44-440-380-630-550-480-790-3760-5720-1cx-500-47-495-430-730-610-530-910-4700-7150-1cx-630-51-560-480-840-680-580-1030-5922-9010-1cx800-57-620-530-960-740-630-1140-7520-11440-1cx1000-61-680-580-1070-790-670-1250-9400-14300-66-11-kv-66kv-un-earthed-11-kv-earthed-three-core-alcopper-cond-xlpe-insulated-cables-as-per-is7098-part-ii-cross-sectional-area-sq-mm-armoured-cable-overall-diameter-mm-normal-current-rating-in-amps-short-circuit-current-rating-for-1secduration-in-k-amps-aluminum-conductor-copper-conductor-aluminum-copper-ground-duct-air-ground-duct-air-3cx-25-43-95-82-105-120-105-135-235-358-3cx-35-46-115-97-125-145-125-165-329-501-3cx-50-50-130-115-150-170-150-195-470-715-3cx-70-54-160-140-190-210-180-240-658-1001-3cx-95-58-190-165-230-250-215-295-893-1359-3cx-120-62-220-190-260-280-240-335-1128-1716-3cx-150-65-245-210-295-310-270-380-1410-2145-3cx-185-70-275-240-335-350-305-430-1739-2646-3cx-240-76-315-275-395-400-350-500-2256-3432-3cx-300-80-355-310-450-445-390-570-2820-4290-3cx-400-90-400-350-520-500-440-650-3760-5720-11-kv11-kv-un-earthed-single-core-alcopper-cond-xlpe-insulated-cables-as-per-is7098-part-ii-cross-sectional-area-sq-mm-armoured-cable-overall-diameter-mm-normal-current-rating-in-amps-short-circuit-current-rating-for-1secduration-in-k-amps-aluminum-conductor-copper-conductor-aluminum-copper-ground-duct-air-ground-duct-air-1cx25-28-100-90-120-130-115-155-235-358-1cx-35-29-120-105-145-155-140-185-329-500-1cx50-31-140-125-170-185-160-220-470-715-1cx70-33-175-155-215-225-195-275-658-1001-1cx-95-34-205-180-260-265-235-340-893-1359-1cx120-37-235-205-305-300-265-390-1128-1716-1cx150-38-260-230-345-335-295-440-1410-2145-1cx185-40-295-260-395-380-330-510-1739-2646-1cx240-43-340-300-470-435-380-600-2256-3432-1cx300-44-385-335-540-490-425-680-2820-4290-1cx400-48-440-380-630-550-480-790-3760-5720-1cx-500-53-495-430-730-610-530-910-4700-7150-1cx-630-56-560-480-840-680-580-1030-5922-9010-1cx800-61-620-530-960-740-630-1140-7520-11440-1cx1000-65-680-580-1070-790-670-1250 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 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2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/pcv-cable-current-rating-flexible-pvc-insulated-cable-pvc-insulated-1-core-unsheathed-sheathed-flexible-cord-with-copper-conductor-11kv-as-per-is694-1990-nominal-conductor-area-sqmm-un-sheathed-sheathed-maximum-conductor-resistance-at-20c-ohmkm-current-carrying-capacity-amp-nominal-thickness-of-insulation-mm-maximum-overall-diameter-mm-approx-weight-kg100m-nominal-thickness-of-insulation-mm-nominal-thickness-of-sheath-mm-maximum-overall-diameter-mm-approx-weight-kg100m-1cx05-06-23-09-06-09-45-26-39-4-1cx075-06-25-12-06-09-47-3-26-7-1cx1-06-27-15-06-09-49-34-195-11-1cx15-06-3-2-06-09-54-43-133-15-1cx25-07-37-32-07-1-62-6-798-19-1cx4-08-44-49-08-1-7-82-495-26-1cx6-08-5-7-08-1-74-103-33-35-1cx10-1-7-119-1-1-77-13-191-46-1cx16-1-9-201-1-1-98-218-121-62-1cx25-12-10-274-12-11-12-321-078-80-1cx35-12-114-367-12-11-13-427-0554-102-1cx50-14-135-525-14-12-15-597-0386-138-1cx70-14-16-723-14-12-178-806-0272-214-1cx95-16-18-961-16-14-207-1081-0206-254-1cx120-16-205-1203-16-14-222-1325-0161-300-pvc-insulated-and-pvc-sheathed-2-core-flexible-cord-with-copper-conductor-11kv-as-per-is694-1990-nominal-conductor-area-sqmm-nominal-thickness-of-insulation-mm-nominal-thickness-of-sheath-mm-2-core-circular-2-core-flat-maximum-conductor-resistance-at-20c-ohmkm-current-carrying-capacity-amp-maximum-overall-diameter-mm-approx-weight-kg100m-maximum-overall-diameter-mm-approx-weight-kg100m-2cx05-06-09-72-55-4972-47-39-4-2cx075-06-09-78-65-5278-55-26-7-2cx1-06-09-8-75-5480-63-195-11-2cx15-06-09-86-92-5686-8-133-15-2cx25-07-1-105-135-66105-112-798-19-2cx4-08-1-12-19-72120-158-495-26-pvc-insulated-and-pvc-sheathed-3-core-flexible-cord-with-copper-conductor-11kv-as-per-is694-1990-nominal-conductor-area-sqmm-nominal-thickness-of-insulation-mm-nominal-thickness-of-sheath-mm-3-core-circular-3-core-flat-maximum-conductor-resistance-at-20c-ohmkm-current-carrying-capacity-amp-maximum-overall-diameter-mm-approx-weight-kg100m-maximum-overall-diameter-mm-approx-weight-kg100m-3cx05-06-09-76-64-09-51-39-4-3cx075-06-09-82-76-09-61-26-7-3cx1-06-09-92-109-09-71-195-11-3cx15-06-09-92-109-09-87-133-15-3cx25-07-1-11-162-1-13-798-19-3cx4-08-1-125-237-1-186-495-26-pvc-insulated-armored-unarmored-cables-11-kv-single-core-alcopper-cond-pvc-insulated-cables-as-per-is1554-part-i-cross-sectional-area-sq-mm-un-armoured-cable-overall-diameter-mm-normal-current-rating-in-amps-short-circuit-current-rating-for-1secduration-in-k-amps-aluminums-conductor-copper-conductor-aluminum-copper-ground-duct-air-ground-duct-air-1cx4-8-39-38-35-0304-0460-1cx-6-9-39-37-35-49-48-44-0456-0690-1cx10-10-51-51-47-65-64-60-0760-1150-1cx16-11-66-65-64-85-83-82-1220-184-1cx25-13-86-84-84-110-110-110-1900-288-1cx-35-14-100-100-105-130-125-130-2660-403-1cx50-16-120-115-130-155-150-165-3800-575-1cx70-17-140-135-155-190-175-205-5320-805-1cx-95-19-175-155-190-220-200-245-7220-1090-1cx120-21-195-170-220-250-220-280-9120-1380-1cx150-23-220-190-250-280-245-320-1140-1730-1cx185-25-240-210-290-305-260-370-1410-2130-1cx240-28-270-225-335-345-285-425-1820-2730-1cx300-30-295-245-380-375-310-475-2280-3450-1cx400-35-325-275-435-400-335-550-3040-4600-1cx-500-38-345-295-480-425-355-590-3800-5750-1cx-630-43-390-320-550-470-375-660-4790-7250-1cx800-48-450-380-610-530-425-725-6080-9200-1cx1000-52-500-415-680-590-740-870-7600-11500-11-kv-single-core-alcopper-cond-pvc-insulated-cables-as-per-is1554-part-i-cross-sectional-area-sq-mm-armoured-cable-overall-diameter-mm-normal-current-rating-in-amps-short-circuit-current-rating-for-1secduration-in-k-amps-aluminums-conductor-copper-conductor-aluminums-copper-ground-duct-air-ground-duct-air-1cx4-11-31-30-27-39-38-35-0304-0460-1cx-6-12-39-37-35-49-48-44-0456-0690-1cx10-13-51-51-47-65-64-60-0760-1150-1cx16-14-66-65-64-85-83-82-1220-1840-1cx25-15-86-84-84-110-110-110-1900-2880-1cx-35-16-100-100-105-130-125-130-2660-4030-1cx50-18-120-115-130-155-150-165-3800-5750-1cx70-20-140-135-155-190-175-205-5320-8050-1cx-95-22-175-155-190-220-200-245-7220-1090-1cx120-24-195-170-220-250-220-280-9120-1380-1cx150-26-220-190-250-280-245-320-11400-1730-1cx185-29-240-210-290-305-260-370-14100-2130-1cx240-32-270-225-335-345-285-425-18200-2760-1cx300-33-295-245-380-375-310-475-22800-3450 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/ehvhv-cable-sheath-earthing-ehvhv-cable-sheath-earthing-introduction-in-urban-areas-high-voltage-underground-cables-are-commonly-used-for-the-transmission-and-distribution-of-electricity-such-high-voltage-cables-have-metallic-sheaths-or-screens-surrounding-the-conductors-andor-armour-and-metallic-wires-surrounding-the-cables-during-earth-faults-applied-to-directly-earthed-systems-these-metallic-paths-are-expected-to-carry-a-substantial-proportion-of-the-total-fault-current-which-would-otherwise-flow-through-the-general-mass-of-earth-while-returning-to-system-neutrals-these-alternative-return-paths-must-be-considered-when-determining-the-extent-of-the-grid-potential-rise-at-an-electrical-plant-due-to-earth-faults-for-safety-and-reliable-operation-the-shields-and-metallic-sheaths-of-power-cables-must-be-grounded-without-grounding-shields-would-operate-at-a-potential-considerably-above-ground-thus-they-would-be-hazardous-to-touch-and-would-cause-rapid-degradation-of-the-jacket-or-other-material-intervening-between-shield-and-ground-this-is-caused-by-the-capacitive-charging-current-of-the-cable-insulation-that-is-on-the-order-of-1-maft-of-conductor-length-this-current-normally-flows-at-power-frequency-between-the-conductor-and-the-earth-electrode-of-the-cable-normally-the-shield-in-addition-the-shield-or-metallic-sheath-provides-a-fault-return-path-in-the-event-of-insulation-failure-permitting-rapid-operation-of-the-protection-devices-in-order-to-reduce-circulating-current-and-electric-potential-difference-between-the-sheathings-of-single-core-three-phase-cables-the-sheathing-is-grounded-and-bonded-at-one-or-both-ends-of-the-cables-if-the-cable-is-long-double-bonding-has-to-be-carried-out-which-leads-to-circulating-currents-and-increased-total-power-loss-raising-the-sheaths-resistance-by-decreasing-its-cross-section-and-increasing-its-resistivity-can-reduce-this-almost-to-the-level-of-the-core-losses-however-in-case-of-an-earth-fault-a-considerable-portion-of-the-fault-current-flows-through-the-increased-sheath-resistance-creating-much-higher-power-in-the-sheaths-than-in-the-faulty-core-a-simple-solution-a-conductor-rod-buried-into-the-soil-above-or-under-the-cable-can-divert-this-power-from-the-sheaths-cable-screen-1-purpose-of-cable-screen-cable-screen-controls-the-electric-field-stress-in-the-cable-insulation-cable-screen-provides-return-path-for-cable-neutral-and-fault-current-if-the-screen-is-earthed-at-two-ends-than-it-provides-shielding-for-electromagnetic-radiation-enclosing-dangerous-high-voltage-with-earth-potential-for-safety-2-purpose-of-bonding-cable-screens-at-both-ends-the-electric-power-losses-in-a-cable-circuit-are-dependent-on-the-currents-flowing-in-the-metallic-sheaths-of-the-cables-so-by-reducing-the-current-flows-in-metallic-sheath-by-different-methods-of-bonding-we-can-increases-the-load-current-carrying-capacity-ampacity-of-the-cable-it-provides-low-impedance-fault-current-return-path-and-provides-neutral-point-for-the-circuit-it-provides-shielding-of-electromagnetic-field-3-induced-voltage-circulating-circulating-current-in-cable-screen-electromagnetic-coupling-between-the-core-and-screen-electromagnetic-screen-if-the-cable-screen-is-single-point-bonded-no-electrical-continuity-and-mmf-generates-a-voltage-if-the-cable-screen-is-bonded-at-both-ends-the-mmf-will-cause-circulating-current-to-flow-if-there-is-electrical-continuity-the-circulating-current-produces-an-opposing-magnetic-field-suitable-bonding-method-should-be-employed-to-meet-the-standing-voltage-limit-and-keep-circulating-current-to-an-acceptable-level-laying-method-of-cable-the-three-single-core-cables-in-a-3-phase-circuit-can-be-placed-in-different-formations-typical-formations-include-trefoil-triangular-and-flat-formations-1-trefoil-formation-to-minimize-the-electromechanical-forces-between-the-cables-under-short-circuit-conditions-and-to-avoid-eddy-current-heating-in-nearby-steelwork-due-to-magnetic-fields-set-up-by-load-currents-the-three-single-core-cables-comprising-the-three-phases-of-a-3-phase-circuit-are-always-run-clamped-in-trefoil-formation-advantage-1-this-type-of-formation-minimizes-the-sheath-circulating-currents-induced-by-the-magnetic-flux-linking-the-cable-conductors-and-metallic-sheath-or-copper-wire-screens-2-this-configuration-is-generally-used-for-cables-of-lower-voltages-33-to-132kv-and-of-smaller-conductor-sizes-disadvantages-1-the-trefoil-formation-is-not-appropriate-for-heat-dissipation-because-there-is-an-appreciable-mutual-he 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/low-voltage-and-high-voltage-cable-testing-low-voltage-and-high-voltage-cable-testing-low-voltage-xlpe-distribution-cables-insulation-resistance-cables-shall-be-tested-for-insulation-resistance-with-an-insulation-tester-ie-megger-at-1000-volts-for-1-minute-the-minimum-insulation-resistance-to-earth-or-between-phases-shall-be-100-meg-ohms-the-instrument-used-for-this-measurement-shall-have-a-minimum-resolution-of-10-meg-ohms-on-the-0-to-500-meg-ohm-range-at-the-conclusion-of-lv-insulation-resistance-testing-the-neutrals-must-be-connected-to-the-earth-stakes-phasing-test-the-correct-phasing-of-all-lv-circuits-shall-be-checked-at-all-positions-where-the-lv-cables-are-terminated-into-fuse-bases-and-where-any-lv-cable-is-run-from-point-to-point-this-test-shall-be-performed-with-an-instrument-designed-for-the-purpose-mains-frequency-voltage-of-240-volts-is-not-acceptable-for-this-test-the-neutral-conductor-shall-be-connected-to-the-earth-stake-for-this-test-continuity-test-resistance-of-bolted-connections-for-loop-lv-systems-a-continuity-test-shall-be-carried-out-on-each-lv-circuit-to-ensure-that-all-bolted-connections-are-complete-and-adequate-the-test-shall-be-carried-out-as-follows-1-at-the-transformer-firmly-bond-all-4-conductors-together-2-undertake-a-continuity-test-at-every-point-where-there-is-a-service-provision-or-open-point-in-a-fused-service-pillar-the-bottom-row-of-fuses-bases-must-be-the-point-at-which-the-test-is-undertaken-as-that-is-the-furthest-extent-of-the-network-the-difference-between-the-readings-of-each-phase-conductor-and-the-neutral-for-each-individual-test-shall-not-be-greater-than-10-of-each-other-any-difference-greater-than-this-may-indicate-a-loose-or-dirty-connection-and-will-require-further-investigation-the-instrument-used-for-this-measurement-should-have-a-resolution-to-the-second-decimal-point-in-the-0-to-5-ohm-range-a-typical-instrument-would-be-the-earth-megger-type-and-taking-into-account-the-resistance-values-of-the-test-leads-earth-resistance-test-in-any-overhead-or-underground-network-the-earth-resistance-at-any-point-along-the-length-of-a-lv-feeder-is-to-have-a-maximum-resistance-of-10-ohms-prior-to-connection-to-the-existing-network-in-any-overhead-or-underground-network-the-overall-resistance-to-earth-shall-be-less-than-1-ohm-prior-to-connection-to-the-existing-network-11-kv-and-33-kv-xlpe-cables-phasing-test-the-correct-phasing-of-all-hv-circuits-shall-be-checked-at-all-positions-where-the-hv-cables-have-been-terminated-this-test-shall-be-performed-with-an-instrument-designed-for-the-purpose-240-volt-mains-frequency-is-not-acceptable-for-the-performance-of-this-test-the-test-may-be-conducted-on-either-the-wire-screens-or-the-aluminum-conductors-where-the-test-is-performed-on-the-wire-screens-they-shall-be-disconnected-from-earth-outer-sheath-insulation-resistance-screen-wire-test-the-purpose-of-the-test-is-to-determine-soundness-of-the-outer-polyethylene-sheath-against-water-ingress-mechanical-damage-and-termite-attack-values-below-05-meg-ohms-500-k-can-indicate-sheath-damage-values-between-10-and-10-meg-ohms-may-not-indicate-damage-in-a-single-location-fault-finding-can-often-be-very-difficult-in-new-cables-values-of-greater-than-100-mega-ohms-are-required-the-integrity-of-the-outer-sheath-shall-be-checked-after-cables-have-been-buried-by-an-insulation-tester-megger-at-1000-volts-the-test-shall-be-conducted-for-1-minute-between-each-wire-screen-and-earth-after-the-cable-has-been-jointed-and-terminations-installed-for-cables-after-repairs-the-resistance-must-not-be-less-than-10-meg-ohms-where-hv-cable-circuits-are-cut-and-joined-to-new-circuits-sheath-testing-must-be-carried-out-on-the-existing-old-circuit-prior-to-joining-to-the-new-cable-hv-test-on-xlpe-cables-already-in-service-or-previously-energized-except-for-new-cables-testing-at-voltage-greater-than-50kv-is-not-permitted-studies-carried-out-on-dc-high-voltage-testing-of-xlpe-cables-now-conclude-that-dc-testing-above-5kv-of-field-aged-xlpe-cables-generally-increases-water-tree-growth-and-reduces-service-life-5kv-is-not-considered-a-high-voltage-dc-test-the-test-voltages-for-tests-on-xlpe-cables-is-now-limited-to-5kv-after-in-service-repairs-and-10kv-for-new-installations-a-5kv-megger-is-suitable-for-a-5kv-test-on-cables-after-repairs-the-changes-to-this-section-will-also-make-it-possible-for-a-repaired-cable-to-be-tested-by-repair-crews-and-made-available-for-immediate-return-to-service-application-test-voltage-criteria-after-repairs-sheath-1kv-megger-1-minute-10-meg-ohms-min-after-repairs-insulation-5kv-megger-1-minute-1000-meg-ohms-min-after-repairs-insulation-5kv-dc-1-minute-50-a-micro-amps-max-hv-test-on-new-xlpe-cable 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/hipot-testing-what-is-hipot-testing-dielectric-strength-test-hipot-test-is-short-name-of-high-potential-high-voltage-teat-and-it-also-known-as-dielectric-withstand-test-a-hipot-test-checks-for-good-isolation-hipot-test-makes-surety-of-no-current-will-flow-from-one-point-to-another-point-hipot-test-is-the-opposite-of-a-continuity-test-continuity-test-checks-surety-of-current-flows-easily-from-one-point-to-another-point-while-hipot-test-checks-surety-of-current-would-not-flow-from-one-point-to-another-point-and-turn-up-the-voltage-really-high-just-to-make-sure-no-current-will-flow-importance-of-hipot-testing-the-hipot-test-is-a-nondestructive-test-that-determines-the-adequacy-of-electrical-insulation-for-the-normally-occurring-over-voltage-transient-this-is-a-high-voltage-test-that-is-applied-to-all-devices-for-a-specific-time-in-order-to-ensure-that-the-insulation-is-not-marginal-hipot-tests-are-helpful-in-finding-nicked-or-crushed-insulation-stray-wire-strands-or-braided-shielding-conductive-or-corrosive-contaminants-around-the-conductors-terminal-spacing-problems-and-tolerance-errors-in-cables-inadequate-creepage-and-clearance-distances-introduced-during-the-manufacturing-process-hipot-test-is-applied-after-tests-such-as-fault-condition-humidity-and-vibration-to-determine-whether-any-degradation-has-taken-place-the-production-line-hipot-test-however-is-a-test-of-the-manufacturing-process-to-determine-whether-the-construction-of-a-production-unit-is-about-the-same-as-the-construction-of-the-unit-that-was-subjected-to-type-testing-some-of-the-process-failures-that-can-be-detected-by-a-production-line-hipot-test-include-for-example-a-transformer-wound-in-such-a-way-that-creepage-and-clearance-have-been-reduced-such-a-failure-could-result-from-a-new-operator-in-the-winding-department-other-examples-include-identifying-a-pinhole-defect-in-insulation-or-finding-an-enlarged-solder-footprint-as-per-iec-60950-the-basic-test-voltage-for-hipot-test-is-the-2x-operating-voltage-1000-v-the-reason-for-using-1000-v-as-part-of-the-basic-formula-is-that-the-insulation-in-any-product-can-be-subjected-to-normal-day-to-day-transient-over-voltages-experiments-and-research-have-shown-that-these-over-voltages-can-be-as-high-as-1000-v-test-method-for-hipot-test-hipot-testers-usually-connect-one-side-of-the-supply-to-safety-ground-earth-ground-the-other-side-of-the-supply-is-connected-to-the-conductor-being-tested-with-the-supply-connected-like-this-there-are-two-places-a-given-conductor-can-be-connected-high-voltage-or-ground-when-you-have-more-than-two-contacts-to-be-hipot-tested-you-connect-one-contact-to-high-voltage-and-connect-all-other-contacts-to-ground-testing-a-contact-in-this-fashion-makes-sure-it-is-isolated-from-all-other-contacts-if-the-insulation-between-the-two-is-adequate-then-the-application-of-a-large-voltage-difference-between-the-two-conductors-separated-by-the-insulator-would-result-in-the-flow-of-a-very-small-current-although-this-small-current-is-acceptable-no-breakdown-of-either-the-air-insulation-or-the-solid-insulation-should-take-place-therefore-the-current-of-interest-is-the-current-that-is-the-result-of-a-partial-discharge-or-breakdown-rather-than-the-current-due-to-capacitive-coupling-time-duration-for-hipot-test-the-test-duration-must-be-in-accordance-with-the-safety-standard-being-used-the-test-time-for-most-standards-including-products-covered-under-iec-60950-is-1-minute-a-typical-rule-of-thumb-is-110-to-120-of-2u-1000-v-for-12-seconds-current-setting-for-hipot-test-most-modern-hipot-testers-allow-the-user-to-set-the-current-limit-however-if-the-actual-leakage-current-of-the-product-is-known-then-the-hipot-test-current-can-be-predicted-the-best-way-to-identify-the-trip-level-is-to-test-some-product-samples-and-establish-an-average-hipot-current-once-this-has-been-achieved-then-the-leakage-current-trip-level-should-be-set-to-a-slightly-higher-value-than-the-average-figure-another-method-of-establishing-the-current-trip-level-would-be-to-use-the-following-mathematical-formula-ehipot-eleakage-ihipot-2xileakage-the-hipot-tester-current-trip-level-should-be-set-high-enough-to-avoid-nuisance-failure-related-to-leakage-current-and-at-the-same-time-low-enough-not-to-overlook-a-true-breakdown-in-insulation-test-voltage-for-hipot-test-the-majority-of-safety-standards-allow-the-use-of-either-ac-or-dc-voltage-for-a-hipot-test-when-using-ac-test-voltage-the-insulation-in-question-is-being-stressed-most-when-the-voltage-is-at-its-peak-ie-either-at-the-positive-or-negative-peak-of-the-sine-wave-therefore-if-we-use-dc-test-voltage-we-ensure-that-the-dc-test-voltage-is-u 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/type-of-cable-tray-introduction-today-cable-trays-have-become-a-necessary-part-of-industrial-and-commercial-construction-by-offering-quick-economical-and-flexible-solutions-to-these-problems-cable-trays-are-capable-of-supporting-all-types-of-wiring-1-high-voltage-power-lines-2-power-distribution-cables-3-sensitive-control-wiring-4-telecommunication-wiring-5-optical-cables-cable-tray-materials-most-cable-tray-systems-are-fabricated-from-a-corrosion-resistant-metal-low-carbon-steel-stainless-steel-or-an-aluminium-alloy-or-from-a-metal-with-a-corrosion-resistant-finish-zinc-or-epoxy-the-choice-of-material-for-any-particular-installation-depends-on-the-installation-environment-corrosion-and-electrical-considerations-and-cost-1-aluminium-cable-trays-fabricated-of-extruded-aluminium-are-often-used-for-their-high-strength-to-weight-ratio-superior-resistance-to-certain-corrosive-environments-and-ease-of-installation-they-also-offer-the-advantages-of-being-light-weight-approximately-50-that-of-a-steel-tray-and-maintenance-free-and-since-aluminium-cable-trays-are-non-magnetic-electrical-losses-are-reduced-to-a-minimum-cable-tray-products-are-formed-from-the-6063-series-alloys-which-by-design-are-copper-free-alloys-for-marine-applications-these-alloys-contain-silicon-and-magnesium-in-appropriate-proportions-to-form-magnesium-silicate-allowing-them-to-be-heat-treated-these-magnesium-silicon-alloys-possess-good-formability-and-structural-properties-as-well-as-excellent-corrosion-resistance-the-unusual-resistance-to-corrosion-including-weathering-exhibited-by-aluminium-is-due-to-the-self-healing-aluminium-oxide-film-that-protects-the-surface-aluminiums-resistance-to-chemicals-in-the-application-environment-should-be-tested-before-installation-2-steel-steel-cable-trays-are-fabricated-from-structural-quality-steels-using-a-continuous-roll-formed-process-forming-and-extrusions-increase-the-mechanical-strength-the-main-benefits-of-steel-cable-tray-are-its-high-strength-and-low-cost-disadvantages-include-high-weight-low-electrical-conductivity-and-relatively-poor-corrosion-resistance-the-rate-of-corrosion-will-vary-depending-on-many-factors-such-as-the-environment-coating-or-protection-applied-and-the-composition-of-the-steel-tb-offers-finishes-and-coatings-to-improve-the-corrosion-resistance-of-steel-these-include-pre-galvanized-hot-dip-galvanized-after-fabrication-epoxy-and-special-paints-3-stainless-steel-stainless-steel-offers-high-yield-strength-and-high-creep-strength-at-high-ambient-temperatures-stainless-steel-cable-tray-is-roll-formed-from-aisi-type-316-stainless-steel-stainless-steel-is-resistant-to-dyestuffs-organic-chemicals-and-inorganic-chemicals-at-elevated-temperatures-higher-levels-of-chromium-and-nickel-and-a-reduced-level-of-carbon-serve-to-increase-corrosion-resistance-and-facilitate-welding-type-316-includes-molybdenum-to-increase-high-temperature-strength-and-improve-corrosion-resistance-especially-to-chloride-and-sulfuric-acid-carbon-content-is-reduced-to-facilitate-welding-finishing-of-cable-tray-1-galvanized-coatings-the-most-widely-used-coating-for-cable-tray-is-galvanizing-it-is-cost-effective-protects-against-a-wide-variety-of-environ-mental-chemicals-and-is-self-healing-if-an-area-becomes-unprotected-through-cuts-or-scratches-steel-is-coated-with-zinc-through-electrolysis-by-dipping-steel-into-a-bath-of-zinc-salts-a-combination-of-carbonates-hydroxides-and-zinc-oxides-forms-a-protective-film-to-protect-the-zinc-itself-resistance-to-corrosion-is-directly-related-to-the-thickness-of-the-coating-and-the-harshness-of-the-environ-ment-2-pre-galvanized-pre-galvanized-also-known-as-mill-galvanized-or-hot-dip-mill-galvanized-is-produced-in-a-rolling-mill-by-passing-steel-coils-through-molten-zinc-these-coils-are-then-slit-to-size-and-fabricated-areas-not-normally-coated-during-fabrication-such-as-cuts-and-welds-are-protected-by-neighboring-zinc-which-works-as-a-sacrificial-anode-during-welding-a-small-area-directly-affected-by-heat-is-also-left-bare-but-the-same-self-healing-process-occurs-g90-requires-a-coating-of-90-ounces-of-zinc-per-square-foot-of-steel-or-32-ounces-per-square-foot-on-each-side-of-the-metal-sheet-in-accordance-with-a653a653m-06a-pre-galvanized-steel-is-not-generally-recommended-for-outdoor-use-or-in-industrial-environments-3-hot-dip-galvanized-after-the-steel-cable-tray-has-been-manufactured-and-assem-bled-the-entire-tray-is-immersed-in-a-bath-of-molten-zinc-resulting-in-a-coating-of-all-surfaces-as-well-as-all-edges-holes-and-welds-coating-thickness-is-determined-by-the-length-of-time-each-part-is-immersed-in-the-bath-and-the-speed-of-removal-hot-dip-galvanizing-after-fabrication-creates-a-much-thicker-coating 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https://eedemy.com/method-for-installation-of-cable-tray-part-1-1-purpose-this-method-explains-the-procedures-or-sequence-of-activity-for-safely-installation-and-testing-of-cable-tray-and-its-accessories-as-per-the-standard-practice-and-code-2-general-equipment-tools-the-equipment-that-will-be-engaged-for-installation-of-cable-tray-will-be-tool-box-with-screwdriver-pliers-spanner-hammer-drilling-machine-with-various-bits-grinding-cutting-machine-electrical-tester-continuity-tester-multi-meter-cutter-blower-knockout-punch-and-flat-file-galvanizing-paint-marker-measuring-tape-level-gauge-spirit-level-ladder-scaffolding-mobile-scaffold-chain-block-and-pipe-wrench-portable-lights-removable-barricades-3-storage-material-handling-the-storage-area-must-be-free-from-dust-and-water-leakages-seepages-manufacturer-recommendation-shall-always-be-followed-in-loadingunloading-and-storing-of-material-material-and-its-accessories-shall-be-unloaded-handle-with-care-in-designated-area-of-the-store-do-not-directly-drop-to-ground-to-avoid-any-damages-materials-shall-be-stored-in-a-dry-place-which-is-free-from-water-or-from-weather-effects-and-protection-should-be-given-to-the-material-by-means-of-covering-the-material-with-tarpaulin-sheet-the-material-will-be-stacked-unload-in-the-site-store-on-a-proper-stand-on-wooden-loft-on-a-flat-surface-at-a-sufficient-height-from-ground-if-material-are-dispatch-in-packs-or-pallets-each-pack-or-pallet-shall-be-lifted-individually-with-suitable-lifting-equipment-the-material-shall-be-transported-shifted-in-their-original-packing-to-site-location-the-material-should-be-visually-inspected-for-damage-which-may-have-occurred-during-transport-when-bringing-down-materials-they-should-be-handled-with-care-and-lowered-carefully-to-the-ground-they-should-not-be-dropped-to-prevent-damage-to-cable-tray-never-pull-cable-tray-from-a-truck-trailer-by-chaining-to-the-bottom-rung-and-dragging-cable-tray-out-of-the-trailer-if-the-material-is-found-defective-it-shall-not-be-installed-and-the-cable-shall-be-returned-to-the-supplier-for-replacement-cable-tray-and-its-accessories-pre-galvanized-hot-dipped-galvanized-shall-be-stored-in-a-dry-place-fully-enclosed-ventilated-store-4-inspection-of-materials-check-the-material-according-to-its-type-size-make-visual-inspection-type-of-cable-tray-type-of-cable-tray-material-type-of-cable-tray-coating-standard-width-of-cable-tray-standard-length-of-cable-tray-cable-tray-thickness-flange-height-of-cable-trays-proper-painting-galvanization-and-identification-numbers-of-the-cable-trays-physical-damages-inspection-damage-on-trays-and-ladders-damage-on-galvanizing-fittings-and-accessories-are-of-proprietary-type-testing-of-galvanizing-uniformity-of-coating-thickness-test-electrical-continuity-of-connection-trs-not-more-than-five-year-old-from-date-of-purchase-order-shall-be-reviewed-for-acceptance-otherwise-test-shall-be-carried-out-bs-en-iso-1461-table-1-control-sample-size-related-to-lot-size-number-of-lot-min-sample-1-to-3-all-4-to-500-3-501-to-1200-5-1021-to-3200-8-3201-to-10000-13-10000-20-inspection-lot-single-order-or-single-delivery-order-iso-14612009-table-3-minimum-coating-thickness-and-mass-on-samples-that-are-not-centrifuged-article-and-its-thickness-local-coating-thickness-minimumm-local-coating-mass-minimumgm2-mean-coating-thickness-minimumm-mean-coating-mass-minimumgm2-steel-6-mm-70-505-85-610-steel-3-mm-to-6-mm-55-395-70-505-steel-15-mm-to-3-mm-45-325-55-395-steel-15-mm-35-250-45-325-casting-6-mm-70-505-80-575-castings-6-mm-60-430-70-505-note-this-table-is-for-general-use-individual-product-standards-may-include-different-requirements-including-different-categories-of-thickness-local-coating-mass-and-mean-coating-mass-requirements-are-set-out-in-this-table-for-reference-in-such-cases-of-dispute-5-sequence-of-cable-tray-installation-works-a-installation-of-cable-tray-i-shifting-of-cable-tray-on-site-cable-tray-shall-be-carefully-unloaded-or-shifted-to-the-site-by-using-cranehydra-or-by-sufficient-manpower-and-moved-to-a-defined-installation-location-remove-the-packing-and-ensure-that-the-cable-tray-is-free-from-transportation-damages-check-and-ensure-that-approved-drawings-the-correct-size-and-type-of-cable-trays-trunking-accessories-are-ready-for-installation-ensure-that-cable-traystrunking-and-accessories-received-from-site-store-for-the-installation-are-free-of-rusty-parts-and-damages-ii-marking-the-route-mark-the-route-of-cable-tray-and-trunking 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https://eedemy.com/method-for-installation-of-cable-tray-part-2-horizon-tee-support-nema-standard-supports-for-horizontal-tee-fittings-should-be-located-at-a-distance-no-greater-than-610-mm-24-from-each-end-of-the-fitting-on-the-attached-ladder-fitting-should-also-be-supported-once-on-each-side-rail-for-305-mm-12-radius-tees-place-supports-no-greater-than-610-mm-24-from-each-end-of-the-fitting-on-the-attached-ladder-1-horizon-cross-support-nema-standard-supports-for-horizontal-cross-fittings-should-be-located-at-a-distance-no-greater-than-610-mm-24-from-each-end-of-the-fitting-on-the-attached-ladder-fitting-should-also-be-supported-once-on-each-side-rail-for-305-mm-12-radius-cross-place-supports-no-greater-than-610-mm-24-from-each-end-of-the-fitting-on-the-attached-ladder-2-reducer-support-nema-standard-place-horizontal-supports-2-at-a-distance-no-greater-than-610-mm-24-from-each-end-3-horizontal-y-support-nema-standard-place-horizontal-supports-at-a-distance-no-greater-than-610-mm-24-from-each-of-the-three-openings-and-at-the-midpoint-of-the-fitting-at-225-4-vertical-inside-outside-support-nema-standard-vertical-cable-tray-elbows-at-the-top-of-runs-should-be-supported-at-each-end-at-the-bottom-of-runs-they-should-be-supported-at-the-top-of-the-elbow-and-within-610-mm-24-of-the-lower-extremity-of-the-elbows-both-inside-and-outside-fittings-should-be-additionally-supported-at-a-distance-no-greater-than-24-from-each-end-5-offset-reducing-connection-tray-to-box-floor-connection-6-iv-cable-tray-installation-ensure-that-the-cable-trays-dimension-elevation-and-other-fittings-are-properly-leveled-and-that-they-are-coordinated-to-the-other-services-fixtures-the-width-of-cable-traytrunkingladder-should-have-sufficient-width-to-take-the-cable-without-crowding-and-shall-allow-for-future-25-space-the-cables-should-not-be-stacked-together-if-the-conductors-carried-by-trays-or-ladders-are-of-various-systems-the-elv-and-data-processing-or-different-insulation-the-cable-ladder-or-trays-should-be-separate-use-insulating-barriers-where-it-is-necessary-however-approval-from-the-engineer-is-required-earth-continuity-shall-be-ensured-throughout-the-length-of-the-trays-and-trunking-cable-tray-installation-on-roof-floor-cable-tray-should-not-be-laid-directly-on-the-floor-or-roof-cable-trays-installed-on-roof-shall-be-supported-using-gl-brackets-or-concrete-blocks-it-should-be-mounted-far-enough-off-the-floor-or-roof-to-allow-drainage-of-water-the-cables-to-exit-through-the-bottom-of-the-cable-tray-where-cable-trays-are-installed-in-roof-or-exposed-to-sunlight-factory-made-cover-shall-be-fixed-to-protect-the-cables-from-direct-sunlight-cable-trunking-runs-shall-be-arranged-so-that-the-lid-is-always-on-top-or-side-lid-shall-be-fixed-to-the-trunking-using-factory-made-quick-fix-type-clips-open-ends-of-the-trays-trunkings-shall-be-capped-with-purpose-made-end-caps-cable-tray-accessories-where-cutting-of-the-trays-is-needed-circular-saws-will-be-used-cable-tray-cut-edges-will-be-rasped-or-welded-if-it-is-necessary-galvanized-points-will-be-cleaned-then-it-will-be-sprayed-with-galvanizing-spray-immediately-cut-portion-of-trays-and-trunking-shall-be-made-free-of-sharp-edges-by-filing-and-coated-with-zinc-rich-and-top-coat-and-jointed-using-fish-plates-with-bolts-and-nuts-any-cutting-on-the-cable-tray-to-be-done-along-the-solid-area-and-not-across-the-perforation-of-the-cable-tray-burrs-needs-to-be-removed-and-cuts-need-to-be-protected-with-anti-rust-galvanized-paint-to-prevent-rust-the-minimum-radius-of-cable-tray-should-equal-the-minimum-bending-radius-of-the-cables-depending-on-the-number-of-cables-to-be-placed-in-the-system-it-may-be-advantageous-to-use-the-next-highest-radius-installation-of-splice-connectors-splice-connectors-shall-be-located-as-recommended-by-the-manufacturers-splice-joints-should-be-designed-and-placed-so-as-to-maximize-the-rigidity-of-the-cable-tray-splice-connectors-shall-be-attached-by-round-hexa-head-bolts-with-the-nuts-and-washers-located-on-the-outside-of-the-tray-or-ladder-unless-otherwise-specified-by-the-manufacturer-thermal-expansion-splices-shall-be-installed-wherever-expansion-joints-occur-7-all-straight-joints-bends-and-offset-connections-shall-be-made-neatly-using-standard-fittings-fish-plate-and-coupler-only-when-these-are-inappropriate-fabricated-bendsoffsets-shall-be-used-5-cleaning-of-work-area-there-should-be-a-visual-inspection-of-the-trunking-from-inside-side-after-installation-this-is-to-be-sure-that-it-is-free-from-debris-burrs-and-waste-materials-there-are-no-sharp-edges-that-could-cause-damage-to-the-cables-during-installment-galvanized-coating-damaged-by-excessively-rough-tr 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https://eedemy.com/method-for-installation-of-cable-wire-part-2-a-cable-laying-in-excavated-ground-a-formation-of-cable-trench-check-the-area-of-excavation-by-referring-as-built-drawing-to-find-out-crossing-of-any-underground-services-ie-gas-line-water-line-or-other-cable-check-the-indication-marks-signs-manholes-nearby-area-and-find-out-the-path-of-old-services-if-there-are-structures-adjacent-to-the-work-area-proper-temporary-supports-shall-be-provided-to-the-adjacent-structure-prior-to-start-excavation-excavation-near-the-existing-electrical-cables-instrumentation-and-control-cables-sewer-line-gas-lines-and-any-other-service-line-shall-take-all-necessary-precautions-to-protect-the-services-with-proper-supports-covers-ensure-the-working-area-at-any-confined-space-is-free-from-any-hazardous-gas-by-proper-gas-testing-using-the-gas-testing-instrument-required-sign-boards-such-as-deep-excavation-men-working-danger-and-warning-boards-will-be-placed-to-indicate-the-excavation-work-the-area-of-excavation-will-be-cordoned-by-using-safety-barricading-to-stop-trespassers-in-open-areas-the-excavation-shall-be-carried-out-by-using-the-machineries-if-the-excavation-level-is-below-the-local-water-table-level-suitable-dewatering-system-shall-be-designed-and-installed-in-such-a-way-that-alterations-and-extensions-to-the-system-during-operations-are-possible-the-width-of-the-excavated-cable-trench-shall-be-as-per-specification-or-as-per-approved-drawings-the-trench-shall-be-excavated-up-to-the-required-depth-of-076-meter-from-the-existing-ground-level-or-as-per-specification-or-as-per-approved-drawing-the-cable-trench-shall-be-kept-dry-during-cable-installation-operation-the-contractor-shall-deal-with-the-dispose-of-water-so-as-to-prevent-any-risk-to-the-cables-and-other-materials-debris-rocks-and-unusable-materials-shall-be-removed-from-excavated-trench-on-daily-basis-and-it-will-dump-at-the-approved-dumping-location-of-from-the-site-b-first-layer-of-sand-the-bottom-of-the-trench-shall-be-backfilled-with-a-layer-of-clean-and-fine-sand-bedding-of-100mm-thickness-or-as-per-the-approved-drawing-the-fill-material-shall-be-tamped-any-hard-material-which-could-damage-the-cable-will-be-removed-inspection-of-sand-bed-will-be-carried-out-prior-to-commencement-of-cable-pulling-c-cable-laying-cables-are-laid-over-the-clean-and-fine-first-layer-of-sand-bedding-rollers-must-be-used-where-cables-are-installed-in-an-open-trench-using-a-pulling-rope-and-eye-cable-rollers-are-to-be-used-at-frequent-intervals-to-support-the-cables-and-must-never-be-more-than-3-meters-apart-care-must-be-taken-to-ensure-that-the-cable-does-not-enter-or-leave-the-rollers-at-an-angle-that-exceeds-the-bending-radius-of-the-cable-the-pulling-rope-must-be-attached-to-the-cable-by-a-stocking-grip-with-pulling-eye-the-cable-shall-be-drawn-into-the-trench-manually-before-the-pull-commences-to-prevent-the-winch-to-move-along-with-the-cable-the-cable-shall-be-drawn-into-the-trench-smoothly-with-a-minimum-of-stops-and-at-an-average-speed-of-between-9-to-12-meters-per-minute-to-avoid-irregular-movement-cables-shall-be-arranged-properly-to-minimize-crossovers-twists-all-cable-shall-be-laying-parallel-to-each-other-and-cable-dressing-should-be-done-properly-cable-identification-tags-shall-be-installed-on-both-end-of-cable-after-the-cable-pulling-d-second-layer-of-sand-the-cables-shall-be-backfilled-with-approved-clean-and-fine-sand-backfill-material-of-100mm-thickness-or-as-per-the-approved-drawing-the-fill-material-shall-be-tamped-any-hard-material-which-could-damage-the-cable-will-be-removed-inspection-of-sand-bed-will-be-carried-out-prior-to-commencement-of-cable-protection-layer-e-cable-protection-cable-protection-tiles-bricks-warning-taps-are-laid-above-the-second-layer-of-dune-sand-filling-f-back-filling-backfilling-materials-shall-be-free-from-stones-or-rocks-larger-than-50-mm-fossil-content-vegetation-and-its-roots-waste-materials-material-containing-gypsum-or-other-soluble-salts-greater-than-the-allowable-limits-which-might-prevent-proper-compaction-or-cause-to-inadequately-of-performance-backfilling-area-shall-be-backfilled-with-approved-material-compacted-in-layers-by-suitable-equipment-like-plate-compactors-vibratory-roller-compactors-etc-until-the-specified-density-has-been-obtained-sufficient-water-is-poured-to-match-the-required-moisture-content-intermediate-cable-markers-to-be-firmly-attached-to-the-cables-the-thickness-of-fill-material-shall-not-exceed-150-mm-where-manual-compaction-methods-are-adopted-b-cable-laying-in-cable-tray-trunking-before-laying-of-cable-cable-tray-work-should-be-completed-form-the-one-end-to-other-end-of-the-cable-route-the-cable-tray-must-be-cleaned-and 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https://eedemy.com/method-for-installation-of-cable-wire-part-1-purpose-the-method-explains-the-procedures-or-activity-for-safely-installation-and-testing-of-mv-cable-in-directly-buries-in-ground-in-trenches-in-to-cable-trays-or-in-underground-ducts-as-per-the-standard-practice-and-code-general-equipment-tools-testing-equipment-for-cable-lv-hv-insulation-resistance-tester-250v-to-5kv-multi-meter-continuity-tester-ac-high-voltage-test-kit-storage-material-handling-the-storage-area-must-be-free-from-dust-and-water-leakages-seepages-manufacturer-recommendation-shall-always-be-followed-in-loadingunloading-and-storing-of-material-material-and-its-accessories-shall-be-unloaded-handle-with-care-in-designated-area-of-the-store-do-not-directly-drop-to-ground-to-avoid-any-damages-materials-shall-be-stored-in-a-dry-place-which-is-free-from-water-or-from-weather-effects-and-protection-should-be-given-to-the-material-by-means-of-covering-the-material-with-tarpaulin-sheet-the-material-will-be-stacked-unload-in-the-site-store-on-a-proper-stand-on-wooden-loft-on-a-flat-surface-at-a-sufficient-height-from-ground-if-material-are-dispatch-in-packs-or-pallets-each-pack-or-pallet-shall-be-lifted-individually-with-suitable-lifting-equipment-the-material-shall-be-transported-shifted-in-their-original-packing-to-site-location-the-cable-drums-shall-be-off-loaded-at-the-site-locations-the-cable-drum-should-be-visually-inspected-for-damage-which-may-have-occurred-during-transport-during-storage-periodical-rolling-of-drums-once-in-3-months-done-rolling-shall-be-done-in-the-direction-of-the-arrow-marked-on-the-drum-it-should-be-ensured-that-both-ends-of-the-cable-are-properly-sealed-to-prevent-ingressabsorption-of-moisture-by-the-insulation-protection-from-rain-and-sun-shall-be-ensured-sufficient-ventilation-between-cable-drums-should-be-ensured-during-storage-the-drums-shall-always-be-rested-on-the-flanges-and-not-on-the-flat-sides-f-damaged-battens-of-drums-etc-should-be-replaced-if-necessary-when-cable-drums-have-to-be-moved-over-short-distances-they-should-be-rolled-in-the-direction-of-the-arrow-marked-on-the-drum-while-transferring-cable-from-one-drum-to-another-the-barrel-of-the-new-drum-shall-have-a-diameter-not-less-than-that-of-the-original-drum-the-manufacturers-seal-on-the-inner-and-outer-cable-ends-should-be-examined-and-the-condition-of-the-sheath-inspected-for-mechanical-damage-if-the-cable-is-found-defective-it-shall-not-be-installed-and-the-cable-shall-be-returned-to-the-supplier-for-replacement-inspection-of-materials-check-the-material-according-to-its-type-size-make-inspection-of-cable-type-of-cable-ht-mv-lv-cable-operating-voltage-no-of-cable-core-1-core2core3-core-35-core4-core-type-of-cable-core-cu-alu-type-of-cable-material-pvcxlpe-size-of-cable-length-of-cable-physical-damages-inspection-damage-on-cable-drum-damage-on-insulation-of-cable-in-case-of-any-damages-observed-during-inspection-the-concern-report-will-be-issued-and-material-shall-be-returned-to-the-supplier-for-replacement-testing-and-of-cable-1-insulation-resistance-test-following-insulation-resistance-test-will-be-carried-out-by-approved-calibrated-equipment-at-the-time-of-cable-drum-receiving-at-the-store-before-installation-of-cable-on-site-after-installation-of-cable-on-site-the-insulation-resistance-values-will-be-noted-for-core-to-core-and-armor-by-dc-high-voltage-tester-megger-before-following-activities-voltage-class-test-instrument-acceptance-value-lv-cable-1000-vdc-20-mega-ohm-mv-cable-5000-vdc-100-mega-ohm-control-instrumentation-communication-cable-250-vdc-1-mega-ohm-the-cables-and-conductors-must-discharged-after-insulation-resistnce-test-2-the-continuity-test-the-continuity-test-would-be-carried-out-between-phase-to-phase-phase-to-neutral-phase-to-earth-and-neutral-to-earth-the-results-would-be-recorded-for-records-and-future-reference-after-the-test-the-end-of-the-cable-shall-be-sealed-to-prevent-the-ingress-of-moisture-general-steps-for-cabling-laying-shifting-of-cable-drum-at-working-location-if-a-crane-is-used-to-unload-shift-cable-a-shaft-through-the-arbor-hole-or-a-cradle-supporting-both-reel-flanges-should-be-used-forklifts-must-lift-the-reel-by-contacting-both-flanges-check-and-ensure-that-approved-drawings-the-correct-size-and-type-of-cable-accessories-are-ready-for-installation-ensure-that-cable-and-accessories-received-from-site-store-for-the-installation-are-free-of-rusty-parts-and-damages-installation-of-cable-drum-on-jacks-check-and-ensure-that-the-correct-size-and-type-of-cable-drum-and-accessories-are-transported-at-the-site-loca 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https://eedemy.com/reasons-for-hv-cable-termination-kit-failure-part-1-introduction-high-voltage-cables-are-used-in-electrical-network-for-power-transmission-and-distribution-cable-termination-failure-faults-are-major-problem-in-electrical-networks-power-cable-joints-and-terminations-are-the-weakest-link-in-electrical-network-the-higher-the-voltage-the-more-complexity-in-the-cable-joints-and-terminations-hence-more-difficult-to-control-thermal-and-electrical-stresses-there-are-many-reasons-that-cause-breakdown-in-cable-termination-like-poor-termination-poor-preparation-of-semiconductive-layer-moisture-partial-discharge-excessive-bending-not-following-instruction-of-cable-termination-kits-manufacture-main-reason-for-ht-termination-failure-a-workmanship-error-assembly-errors-1-excessive-bending-of-cable-2-crossing-of-cable-core-to-each-other-3-sharp-corners-4-not-proper-heating-of-heat-shrinkable-sleeves-5-excess-heating-of-heat-shrinkable-sleeves-6-loose-connections-7-poor-installation-of-mastic-tapes-8-not-following-manufactures-instruction-b-poor-earthing-of-cable-1-poor-termination-of-steel-wire-armored-2-poor-earthing-of-cable-c-poor-preparation-of-semi-conductive-layer-1-damaged-of-xlpe-insulation-2-damaged-of-semi-conductive-insulation-3-incomplete-removal-of-semi-conductive-layer-4-not-radial-edge-of-semi-conductive-layer-5-wrong-cutback-length-of-insulation-semi-conductive-layer-6-not-proper-installation-of-stress-control-tubes-7-extreme-rough-surface-of-xlpe-insulation-8-not-proper-cleaning-of-xlpe-insulation-surface-d-damage-of-cable-1-damaged-of-cable-during-cable-termination-process-e-worse-environment-condition-1-contamination-of-salt-dust-ash-on-cable-a-workmanship-error-assembly-errors-1-excessive-bending-of-cable-excessive-bending-of-the-cable-creates-stress-on-the-entire-cable-core-from-the-conductor-to-the-shielding-end-this-stress-can-cause-micro-voids-in-the-insulator-which-become-larger-as-stress-is-increased-and-lead-to-an-eventual-corona-failure-or-dielectric-breakdown-a-2-cross-over-cable-core-not-proper-distance-between-each-core-cable-entry-points-through-the-cable-gland-plate-to-cable-termination-should-be-centralized-straight-crossing-of-cores-to-each-other-will-increase-stress-over-insulation-and-partial-discharge-will-occur-at-the-crossed-cores-of-the-hv-cable-causing-failure-of-the-cable-termination-if-cores-are-too-close-and-cross-to-each-other-at-unscreened-area-results-in-the-air-breaking-down-at-approximately-4kv-on-an-11kv-cable-6kv-on-a-24kv-cable-and-9kv-on-36kv-cable-the-anti-track-heat-shrink-material-then-begins-to-erode-due-to-the-ionisation-of-the-air-which-over-time-will-inevitably-cause-failure-of-the-cable-termination-required-to-use-proper-phase-out-the-cable-sections-in-the-box-b-3-sharp-corners-at-armor-or-at-lugs-sharp-corners-generate-highly-stressed-area-which-will-be-subjected-to-electrical-discharge-normally-sharp-edge-will-occur-at-armour-bending-or-at-location-of-lugs-crimping-4-not-proper-application-of-heat-on-heat-shrinkable-sleeves-proper-amount-heat-and-direction-of-applied-heat-is-very-important-during-installation-of-heat-shrinkable-sleeve-some-sleeve-need-to-be-heated-from-central-to-both-up-and-down-direction-while-in-some-sleeve-heat-should-be-applied-from-bottom-of-sleeve-to-end-termination-direction-heating-process-firmly-joint-one-layers-silicon-rubber-to-the-others-layer-xlpe-semiconductor-and-etc-c-if-during-heating-voids-remain-between-the-layers-the-voids-may-contain-air-wet-or-contaminations-which-change-equivalent-circuit-and-formation-of-electric-field-distribution-electric-field-increases-in-the-void-or-the-layer-of-air-and-makes-a-high-potential-difference-between-both-sides-of-the-void-insulation-endurance-weakness-in-the-layer-of-air-causes-partial-discharge-pd-and-breakdown-make-sure-that-the-tubes-are-shrunk-free-from-wrinkles-5-excess-heat-on-heat-shrinkable-sleeves-excessive-heat-may-damage-the-heat-shrinkable-sleeve-6-loose-connections-20-to-25-of-electrical-failures-due-to-poor-termination-and-loose-connections-the-poor-termination-loose-connection-in-an-electrical-system-causes-overheating-at-the-joints-which-further-leads-to-failure-loose-connection-is-mostly-raised-due-to-using-improperly-crimped-tool-die-for-the-cables-lugs-of-higher-than-recommended-size-used-for-termination-will-also-in-results-of-loose-cable-to-lug-joint-7-poor-installation-of-mastic-tapes-anti-tracking-mastic-sealing-tape-is-used-in-hv-and-mv-terminations-for-providing-a-water-tight-seal-between-heat-shrink-components-and-the-cable-parts-wrapping-mastic-tape-around-crotch-and-under-lead-cut-on-core-to-eliminate-air-and-moisture-any-improper-w 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https://eedemy.com/reasons-for-hv-cable-termination-kit-failure-part-2-c-poor-preparation-of-semi-conductive-layer-1-damage-of-xlpe-insulation-when-unguarded-knife-or-glass-is-used-for-removing-semiconductor-layer-there-is-a-significant-risk-of-cutting-into-the-insulation-at-the-screen-edge-deep-and-dirty-cuts-and-burrs-in-the-insulation-causing-the-xlpe-insulation-to-be-over-stressed-and-this-was-ultimately-caused-the-insulation-failure-a-knife-cut-may-be-invisible-but-will-certainly-become-a-future-failure-possibly-immediately-the-cable-system-is-energised-but-certainly-after-several-months-or-years-the-knife-cut-will-likely-be-a-point-of-partial-discharge-activity-which-leads-to-cable-frailer-installers-must-be-aware-of-this-and-pay-great-attention-to-this-stage-of-the-accessory-installation-process-never-use-an-unguarded-knife-this-includes-broken-glass-and-any-other-object-with-a-sharp-unguarded-edge-1-make-sure-that-there-are-no-deep-dents-formed-on-xlpe-insulation-2-damaged-semi-conductive-layer-when-unguarded-knife-or-glass-is-used-for-removing-insulation-layer-there-is-a-significant-risk-of-cutting-of-semiconductive-layer-of-the-cable-2-3-incomplete-removal-of-semi-conductive-layer-correct-proper-removal-of-the-black-conductive-semi-conductive-screen-layer-covering-the-insulation-is-a-critically-and-important-stage-in-the-preparation-of-cables-termination-this-is-most-important-factor-controlling-the-service-life-of-a-cable-joint-or-termination-the-cable-jointer-should-carefully-examine-the-surface-of-the-mv-hv-cable-insulation-to-ensure-all-black-particles-are-removed-the-semi-con-screen-layer-of-mv-hv-cable-construction-provides-a-smooth-transition-from-the-cable-insulation-to-the-metallic-screen-this-semi-conductive-screen-layer-is-extruded-together-with-the-insulation-and-the-inner-conductor-screen-its-thickness-is-generally-between-03-mm-and-06-mm-here-in-figure-the-semi-conductive-layer-has-been-left-not-properly-removed-on-the-11kv-xlpe-insulation-which-can-cause-surface-tracking-and-eventual-flash-over-this-occurred-on-2-out-5-cable-termination-breakdowns-3-irregularities-in-removal-of-semi-conductive-screen-can-cause-surface-tracking-raise-electric-stress-and-eventual-flash-over-the-cable-4-irregular-sharp-not-radial-edge-of-semiconductor-layer-the-quality-of-the-screen-edge-is-very-important-for-the-performance-of-mv-cable-in-service-sharp-edges-in-the-insulation-screen-are-a-common-error-the-transition-between-the-screen-and-the-insulation-must-be-smooth-achieved-by-a-straight-final-cut-irregularities-of-semi-conductive-edge-on-the-insulation-are-raised-electric-stress-which-will-result-of-cable-failure-4-non-radial-rough-and-jagged-semi-conductive-screens-with-protruding-points-at-the-cutback-will-cause-cable-termination-or-joint-failure-5-wrong-cutback-length-of-insulation-semi-conductive-layer-the-most-common-issue-for-cable-termination-failure-is-the-incorrect-insulation-semi-conductive-cutback-dimensions-the-semi-conductive-cutback-is-the-point-of-highest-electrical-stress-in-the-termination-jointer-should-strictly-follow-the-manufacturers-instructions-manual-for-dimension-of-cutback-length-from-the-end-of-the-insulation-to-the-semi-conductive-layer-if-this-length-is-either-more-or-less-caused-the-termination-kits-electrical-stress-control-tube-and-void-filling-compound-to-fall-well-below-the-semi-conductive-cutback-5-6-not-proper-installation-of-stress-control-tubes-stress-control-tube-is-used-to-achieve-more-uniform-distribution-of-the-electrical-field-lines-it-should-be-installed-at-correct-location-of-cut-back-as-per-instruction-manual-of-termination-kits-manufacture-any-deviation-in-location-would-lead-to-cable-termination-frailer-7-rough-surface-of-xlpe-insulation-the-xlpe-insulation-surface-must-be-smooth-to-avoid-sir-gaps-where-partial-discharge-can-occur-use-long-and-thin-strips-of-grinding-paper-perform-carefully-and-do-not-extremely-grind-the-insulation-screen-it-is-good-practice-to-smooth-any-minor-surface-roughness-using-abrasive-cloth-preferably-aluminum-oxide-type-6-8-not-proper-cleaning-of-xlpe-insulation-surface-insulation-layers-should-be-cleaned-during-installation-because-any-conductive-particles-to-spread-all-over-the-insulation-causing-partial-discharges-wet-or-polluted-surface-of-xlpe-insulation-may-cause-a-fault-in-cable-terminations-the-jointer-should-move-the-cables-wipe-away-from-the-cable-end-towards-the-semi-con-screen-to-remove-fine-particles-on-the-edge-of-the-cable-screen-not-on-the-insulation-otherwise-conductive-particles-or-dirt-could-be-dragged-to-the-insulation-and-cause-discharge-never-use-the-same-side-of-a-cleaning-tissue-twice-the-insulation-must-be-clean-of-conductive-par 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https://eedemy.com/hv-cable-termination-method-and-precaution-part-1-introduction-power-cable-is-most-important-part-of-power-transmission-and-distribution-systems-terminations-and-joints-are-the-essential-part-for-the-power-cables-it-makes-connections-between-cable-or-between-cable-and-electrical-apparatus-cable-terminations-make-physical-and-electrical-connections-between-the-cable-and-the-equipment-to-flow-electricity-in-the-desired-manner-cable-terminations-are-weak-parts-for-electrical-system-and-most-of-the-cable-faults-happen-at-this-section-hence-the-quality-of-cable-terminations-directly-affects-the-safe-operation-of-the-cable-lines-the-mistake-will-cause-troubles-widespread-power-outages-and-cause-great-loss-of-finance-the-peoples-life-and-property-there-are-three-types-of-cable-terminations-it-can-be-heat-shrink-type-cold-shrink-type-or-pre-moulded-push-on-type-cable-terminations-type-of-cable-termination-there-are-various-types-of-high-medium-voltage-cable-termination-for-substation-switchgears-transformer-poles-and-cable-boxes-termination-kit-are-classified-by-its-application-it-can-be-pre-molded-push-on-cold-shrink-or-heat-shrinkable-type-selecting-the-appropriate-termination-method-is-essential-for-maintaining-the-mechanical-integrity-of-the-cable-and-it-depends-on-the-cable-types-operating-parameters-voltage-applications-and-site-conditions-each-technology-has-specific-advantages-depending-on-the-needs-of-the-user-heat-shrinkable-terminations-it-names-suggests-that-it-required-heat-and-have-shrinkable-type-tubing-when-we-applied-heat-with-an-electric-or-gas-heat-gun-to-shrink-tube-it-expanded-shrinkable-tubes-to-the-size-of-the-substrate-beneath-and-enabling-quick-and-easy-installation-material-heat-shrinkable-products-are-usually-made-from-polyolefin-type-plastics-which-have-been-modified-to-give-additional-properties-such-as-improved-weathering-and-enhanced-insulation-levels-heat-shrink-is-resistant-to-most-chemicals-it-will-become-rigid-once-it-has-been-recovered-and-making-it-a-good-option-for-mechanical-protection-application-use-on-low-and-medium-voltage-cables-heat-shrink-termination-kits-can-be-used-for-xlpe-cable-in-both-indoor-and-outdoor-applications-even-for-extreme-hazardous-atmospheric-conditions-the-cable-terminations-provide-non-tracking-stress-control-connections-for-medium-to-high-voltage-cables-with-water-uv-erosion-and-corrosion-resistant-performance-advantage-when-stored-correctly-there-is-unlimited-shelf-life-for-the-product-drawback-the-material-rigidity-prevents-flexing-with-the-cable-during-normal-operation-hence-an-effective-environmental-seal-cannot-be-maintained-without-the-mastic-tapes-cold-shrink-terminations-it-names-suggests-that-it-does-not-require-heat-they-can-be-used-for-medium-high-cable-installations-which-do-not-require-naked-flame-or-heat-source-to-install-especially-in-explosive-atmospheres-by-removing-the-supporting-cord-during-the-installation-process-causes-the-tube-to-shrink-so-that-it-fits-onto-the-desired-place-the-cold-shrinkable-cable-terminal-offers-excellent-insulation-and-high-resilience-material-cold-shrinkable-products-are-made-from-elastomeric-materials-such-as-silicon-or-epdm-rubbers-which-are-pre-stretched-onto-a-tubular-hold-out-made-from-plastic-tape-in-a-tight-spiral-by-unwinding-the-spiral-tube-the-material-recovers-to-its-original-size-application-the-cold-shrinkable-cable-joints-are-especially-suitable-for-installation-in-hazardous-environment-such-as-coal-mine-oil-field-etc-where-fire-is-strictly-prohibited-advantage-the-cold-shrink-eliminate-any-heat-source-required-for-installation-the-rubber-material-will-follow-the-normal-expansion-and-contraction-of-cables-without-need-for-additional-adhesives-or-mastics-disadvantage-care-is-needed-to-store-product-and-there-is-a-finite-shelf-life-push-on-type-termination-similar-to-cold-shrink-these-are-made-from-elastomeric-material-and-are-not-expanded-before-installation-the-product-is-applied-by-sliding-onto-cable-cores-with-the-use-of-silicone-grease-as-a-lubricant-it-has-similar-benefits-to-cold-shrink-but-with-restricted-application-diameter-range-parts-of-termination-kit-a-environment-sealing-shrinkable-tubes-breakout-boot-anti-tracking-heat-shrink-sleeve-tubes-stress-control-tubes-lug-sealing-tubes-rain-sheds-b-mastic-taps-stress-control-yellow-mastic-red-sealing-mastic-black-sealing-mastic-pvc-insulation-tape-c-earthing-worm-clips-tinned-copper-braid-copper-binding-wire-small-copper-braid-d-cleaning-accessories-cleaning-solvent-aluminum-oxide-tape-silicon-grease-e-other-lugs-nylon-thread-1-heat-shrinkable-breakout-boot-purpose-breakouts-boot-is-used-t 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https://eedemy.com/hv-cable-termination-method-and-precaution-part-2-basic-structure-of-high-voltage-cables-high-voltage-cables-generally-consist-of-nine-layers-aaa-the-basic-structure-of-high-voltage-cables-is-1-outer-sheath-it-protects-cable-from-the-moisture-and-environment-it-also-provides-protection-against-mechanical-impact-on-cable-outer-sheath-material-is-mostly-polyethylene-2-armor-layer-armor-provides-mechanical-strength-to-the-cable-certain-resistance-to-external-force-and-prevents-animal-bite-external-mechanical-impact-on-cable-3-inner-sheath-inner-protective-sheath-can-keep-cable-xlpe-insulation-layer-away-from-water-air-and-other-objects-avoiding-moisture-and-mechanical-injury-on-internal-insulation-layer-it-protects-the-cable-core-inner-sheath-material-is-same-as-outer-sheath-material-mostly-polyethylene-4-package-and-filler-layer-it-helps-to-organizes-several-cable-cores-into-circular-shape-for-the-convenience-of-packaging-and-cabling-it-also-provides-protection-to-the-cable-core-5-copper-shielding-screen-the-main-function-of-copper-screen-is-to-equalize-the-electric-field-and-help-improve-the-electric-field-distribution-the-other-function-is-to-ground-the-short-circuit-current-when-cable-is-charged-its-produced-strong-electrical-filed-around-the-core-copper-shielding-equalize-this-electrical-filed-and-improve-uniformity-of-electrical-field-distribution-surrounding-the-core-which-restrict-the-interference-of-strong-electric-field-around-on-core-in-the-cable-hence-if-copper-shielding-layer-in-cable-doesnt-exist-then-insulation-breakdown-between-core-and-core-will-be-damaged-6-semi-conductive-layer-outer-semi-con-layer-there-may-be-small-clearance-or-air-gap-between-in-xlpe-insulation-and-copper-shielding-screen-which-is-one-of-the-main-factors-causing-partial-discharge-semi-conductive-material-have-good-contact-properties-hence-semiconductive-layer-is-provided-between-xlpe-insulation-and-copper-screen-to-avoid-the-partial-discharge-between-insulation-layer-and-protective-layer-7-xlpe-insulation-layer-the-cable-insulation-provides-electrical-insulation-to-the-conductor-at-voltage-from-the-outer-screens-at-ground-potential-the-insulation-will-be-of-sufficient-thickness-to-withstand-the-electric-field-under-the-rated-and-transient-operating-conditions-xlpe-cross-linked-polyethylene-is-good-insulating-materials-xlpe-has-high-breakdown-strength-high-insulation-resistance-low-dielectric-loss-excellent-tree-discharge-resistance-performance-and-long-insulation-performance-period-etc-8-conductor-shielding-layer-inner-semi-con-layer-conductor-shielding-layer-can-improve-the-electric-field-distribution-this-layer-reduces-the-probability-of-occurrence-of-partial-discharge-the-cable-conductor-is-made-stranding-of-wires-hence-it-surface-is-not-smooth-which-creates-air-gap-between-insulation-layer-and-conductor-this-will-cause-the-concentration-of-electric-field-conductor-is-covered-by-inner-conductor-shielding-layer-of-semiconductor-materials-on-the-surface-of-the-conductor-for-good-contact-with-insulation-layer-hv-cable-termination-procedure-general-instructions-use-a-propane-gas-torch-with-a-soft-yellow-flame-for-shrinking-components-avoid-a-pencil-type-flame-which-is-caused-by-unregulated-supply-keep-the-flame-on-the-moving-direction-to-ensure-even-shrinkage-of-all-the-materials-and-also-helps-to-reduce-scorching-ensure-that-all-components-are-kept-clean-and-grease-free-during-installation-allow-to-cool-before-applying-any-mechanical-strain-read-the-instructions-carefully-before-starting-clean-and-degrease-all-parts-which-will-be-in-contact-with-tapes-and-adhesives-personnel-should-be-proficient-and-knowledgeable-for-preparing-and-installing-medium-voltage-terminations-1-remove-outer-cable-insulation-sheath-calculate-approximate-terminate-length-of-cable-from-following-table-2-voltage-indoor-l-outdoor-l-x-72kv-650mm-700mm-length-0f-lugs-5mm-12kv-650mm-700mm-175kv-650mm-700mm-24kv-700mm-800mm-36kv-800mm-900mm-the-l-dimension-should-not-be-longer-than-the-distance-between-bushing-centers-and-base-plate-3-strip-of-and-removed-outer-sheath-of-cable-for-length-l-removed-armored-from-length-l-make-smooth-edge-of-sharp-armour-bend-fold-armour-up-to-50mm-bind-armour-on-the-outer-sheath-with-use-of-copper-wire-clamp-2-remove-inner-cable-insulation-sheath-removed-inner-cable-sheath-10mm-length-from-armour-with-the-help-of-knife-removed-extra-parts-of-cable-which-used-to-make-cable-round-ie-filler-binding-rope-strip-4-3-earthing-arrangement-of-copper-screen-marking-with-the-help-of-tape-from100mm-length-from-inner-sheath-on-cu-screen-removed-extra-copper-screen-from-this-marking-tap-t 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https://eedemy.com/difference-between-pvc-lsf-lshf-fr-frls-frlsh-cables-part-1-introduction-due-to-lack-of-standardization-and-lack-of-awareness-while-selecting-of-cable-there-is-a-lot-of-confusion-and-misunderstanding-regarding-the-terminology-associated-with-cables-in-terms-of-lsf-ls-low-smoke-lszh-lshf-low-smoke-halogen-free-fr-fire-retardantfr-fire-resistance-frls-fire-resistant-low-smoke-frlszh-fire-retardant-halogen-free-cable-wire-terminology-according-to-type-of-insulation-material-around-the-conductor-we-can-classify-cables-wire-in-three-main-categories-pvc-zero-halogen-and-fire-retardant-according-to-application-we-can-mainly-classified-in-to-two-categories-a-non-fire-rated-cable-1-pvc-polyvinyl-chloride-2-ls-lsf-low-smoke-low-smoke-fume-3-lshf-lszh-lsnh-low-smoke-halogen-free-low-smoke-zero-no-halogen-4-lh-hf-low-halogen-halogen-free-b-fire-rated-cable-5-fr-fire-retardant-6-fr-fire-resistance-7-frls-fire-resistant-low-smoke-8-frlsh-fire-resistant-low-smoke-low-halogen-9-frlszh-nhfr-zhfr-hffr-fire-retardant-low-smoke-zero-halogen-non-zero-halogen-free-fire-retardant-10-hrfrheat-resistance-fire-retardant-pvc-frls-and-fp-cables-have-conductors-and-insulation-to-manage-the-electrical-current-and-voltage-some-also-have-extra-physical-protection-like-steel-wire-armour-pvc-and-frlsh-cables-are-different-insulating-materials-around-conductors-for-different-application-and-performance-the-properties-that-distinguish-one-electrical-insulation-from-the-other-are-1-dielectric-strength-or-break-down-voltage-2-maximum-permissible-temperature-3-dielectric-loss-4-permittivity-and-some-special-properties-to-suit-the-application-frls-frlf-is-the-quality-of-insulating-material-it-may-be-pvc-or-xlpe-a-non-fire-rated-cable-1-pvc-cable-pvc-polyvinyl-chloride-cables-is-usually-made-up-of-a-pvc-compound-as-an-insulating-material-pvc-insulation-has-a-temperature-limit-of-about-70c-from-the-point-of-view-of-maximum-permissible-temperature-it-belongs-to-the-lowest-class-of-insulation-yet-it-serves-the-purpose-as-the-voltages-and-power-ratings-involved-are-relatively-low-while-burring-of-pvc-in-case-of-fire-produces-dense-of-black-smoke-and-produce-large-amount-of-toxic-gas-and-cocktail-of-harmful-chemicals-smoke-burning-pvc-has-been-reduced-visibility-in-the-surrounding-area-by-50-within-10-minutes-after-30-minutes-visibility-can-be-reduced-by-as-90-this-reduced-visibility-could-make-it-very-difficult-to-escape-a-burning-area-building-the-smoke-and-fumes-produced-during-a-fire-can-be-more-dangerous-to-people-than-the-fire-itself-toxic-chemicals-burning-pvc-produces-a-number-of-toxic-chemicals-but-the-most-problematic-is-hydrogen-chloride-hci-pvc-emits-approximately-28-of-hydrogen-chloride-hci-in-natural-state-hcl-is-a-pungent-almost-colorless-gas-which-forms-into-white-vapor-clouds-on-contact-with-air-furthermore-when-mixed-with-water-it-changes-state-yet-again-to-form-hydrochloric-acid-whether-its-in-gaseous-vaporized-or-liquid-state-its-a-highly-toxic-and-corrosive-substance-there-are-numerous-harmful-effects-that-hcl-can-have-on-a-person-if-inhaled-the-lining-of-the-throat-can-be-irritated-to-such-an-extent-that-it-swells-making-breathing-extremely-difficult-contact-with-the-eyes-can-be-responsible-for-anything-from-severe-irritation-to-permanent-damage-to-the-corneas-similarly-lips-and-mucous-membranes-may-be-burned-or-even-ulcerated-the-severity-dependent-on-the-concentration-of-hcl-and-length-of-exposure-taking-into-account-the-combined-effects-on-someone-of-the-smoke-and-hcl-produced-during-the-burning-process-its-difficult-to-see-and-the-victims-have-been-rendered-unconscious-long-before-the-flames-have-reached-them-some-extent-fire-retardant-property-pvc-is-resistant-to-fire-ignition-pvc-polyvinyl-chloride-is-naturally-fire-retardant-due-to-chlorine-base-it-contains-a-large-number-of-chlorine-ions-in-the-molecular-structure-and-these-are-particularly-difficult-to-break-off-when-exposed-to-heat-if-it-does-catch-fire-pvc-has-a-particularly-slow-spread-of-flame-pvc-has-one-of-the-lowest-flames-spread-ratings-meaning-that-it-wont-typically-contribute-to-the-spread-of-a-fire-the-temperature-required-to-ignite-rigid-pvc-is-more-than-150-deg-c-higher-than-that-required-to-ignite-wood-the-ignition-resistance-of-common-flexible-pvc-formulations-is-lower-but-with-specialized-formulations-it-may-be-significantly-increased-the-fire-in-the-gets-extinguished-immediately-on-removal-of-the-fire-source-in-the-plant-or-building-pvc-cables-are-bunched-in-the-cable-shaft-or-on-cable-trays-in-case-of-fire-in-these-cables-the-fire-becomes-self-sustaining-moreover-due-to-the 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https://eedemy.com/difference-between-pvc-lsf-lshf-fr-frls-frlsh-cables-part-2-b-fire-rated-cable-retardant-resistance-cable-fire-is-one-of-the-biggest-risks-in-factories-public-place-and-a-majority-of-them-occur-due-to-electrical-faults-the-terms-fire-resistant-and-fire-retardant-both-are-commonly-referred-to-as-fr-terms-are-very-similar-and-misused-or-confusing-a-lot-both-are-different-in-structure-in-materials-in-application-and-react-even-differently-in-the-event-of-a-fire-if-we-required-one-but-select-other-can-lead-the-problem-1-fire-retardant-cables-insulating-material-of-fire-retardant-cable-is-chemically-treated-to-retard-or-slowdown-ignition-or-burning-of-fire-hence-slow-down-the-spreading-of-fire-it-also-actually-self-extinguishes-when-exposed-to-an-open-flame-flame-retardant-cable-is-characterized-by-delaying-the-spread-of-flame-along-the-cable-so-that-the-fire-does-not-expand-fire-resistant-cables-and-flame-retardant-cables-are-different-in-structure-and-materials-the-basic-structure-of-the-flame-retardant-cable-is-the-insulation-layer-uses-flame-retardant-the-inner-sheath-and-outer-sheath-are-made-of-flame-retardant-the-tape-and-filling-use-of-flame-retardant-material-11-advantage-low-cost-compared-to-fire-resistance-cable-produce-low-smoke-disadvantage-by-adding-fire-retardant-material-filler-in-pvc-it-decreases-insulation-property-at-least-10-compare-to-normal-pvc-however-its-conductor-temperature-withstanding-capability-during-overload-remains-only-at-70-deg-c-same-as-ordinary-pvc-cables-applications-control-wiring-of-building-fire-alarm-circuit-2-fire-resistant-cables-the-fire-resistance-materials-non-flammable-are-designed-to-prevent-resist-the-spread-of-fire-self-extinguishing-and-will-not-melt-or-drip-when-in-close-proximity-to-a-flame-because-it-self-extinguishes-once-the-source-of-ignition-is-removed-and-does-not-melt-or-drip-fire-resistant-cables-can-maintain-normal-operation-for-a-certain-period-under-flame-burning-conditions-and-maintain-the-circuit-integrity-and-continue-to-work-for-a-specified-period-of-time-under-defined-conditions-hence-improving-the-chances-of-escape-and-survival-because-of-fire-resistant-fabrics-are-not-usually-made-from-100-flame-resistant-materials-they-will-burn-but-will-do-so-very-very-slowly-and-are-often-self-extinguishing-a-fire-resistant-cable-is-a-cable-that-can-maintain-safe-operation-for-a-certain-period-under-flame-burning-conditions-fire-resistant-wires-are-widely-used-in-high-rise-buildings-subways-underground-shopping-malls-power-stations-and-important-industrial-and-mining-enterprises-related-to-fire-safety-and-fire-rescue-for-example-power-supply-wires-and-control-wires-for-firefighting-facilities-fire-resistant-cable-is-divided-into-class-a-and-class-b-class-b-class-b-cable-can-be-in-750-to-800-flame-and-rated-voltage-to-withstand-burning-for-at-least-90min-and-the-cable-is-not-broken-in-the-refractory-layer-to-improve-the-manufacturing-process-and-increase-the-refractory-layer-and-other-methods-based-on-class-a-class-a-fire-rated-cable-can-be-950-to-1-000-flame-and-rated-voltage-to-withstand-burning-for-at-least-90min-and-the-cable-is-not-punctured-class-a-fire-resistant-cable-fire-performance-is-better-than-class-b-mineral-insulated-cable-mi-mineral-insulated-cable-is-a-better-performance-of-fire-resistant-cables-made-of-copper-core-copper-sheath-magnesium-oxide-insulation-material-processing-referred-to-as-mi-mineral-insulated-cables-cable-mi-cable-has-good-fire-resistance-characteristics-and-can-work-for-a-long-time-under-250-high-temperature-but-also-explosion-proof-strong-corrosion-resistance-high-flow-rate-radiation-resistance-high-mechanical-strength-small-size-lightweight-long-life-and-smokeless-however-the-price-is-high-the-process-is-complicated-the-construction-is-difficult-in-the-oil-irrigation-area-important-public-buildings-high-temperature-places-and-other-fire-resistant-requirements-and-the-economy-can-accept-the-occasion-and-use-fire-resistant-cable-22-advantage-produce-low-smoke-compared-to-fire-retardant-cable-disadvantage-high-cost-compared-to-fire-resistance-cable-by-adding-fire-retardant-material-filler-in-pvc-it-decrease-insulation-property-at-least-10-compare-to-normal-pvc-however-its-conductor-temperature-withstanding-capability-during-overload-remains-only-at-70-deg-c-same-as-ordinary-pvc-cables-applications-in-fire-fighting-system-in-fire-alarm-circuit-3-frls-fire-retardant-low-smoke-to-overcome-these-deficiencies-of-fr-cable-frls-cable-was-developed-frls-has-special-flame-retardant-low-smoke-emitting-and-toxic-fumes-suppressing-properties-in-frls-cable-inner-sheath-andor-outer-sheath-is-made-material 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https://eedemy.com/which-class-of-wire-need-to-be-used-for-house-wiring-november-9-2025-leave-a-comment-different-class-of-conductor-as-per-iec-60228-electrical-wirescables-are-classified-into-different-classes-according-to-the-conductors-flexibility-conductor-hardness-thermal-effects-there-are-four-classes-of-flexibility-for-electrical-cables-class-1-solid-conductor-ideal-conductors-for-permanent-installations-class-2-stranded-conductor-conductors-designed-for-fixed-installation-class-5-flexible-conductor-preferred-to-used-where-flexibility-is-required-for-movable-equipment-where-there-is-vibration-in-equipment-class-6-very-flexible-conductor-highly-flexible-conductors-used-in-robotics-flexible-codes-classes-3-and-4-are-not-described-in-iec-60228-the-most-basic-type-of-conductor-is-a-single-solid-wire-class-1-it-provides-a-smaller-diameter-the-largest-cross-sectional-area-csa-and-the-clearest-signal-it-is-mechanically-fragile-and-susceptible-to-breakage-after-repeated-bending-cycles-to-improve-flexibility-wires-are-stranded-together-class-2-class-5-class-6-class-2-is-a-multi-wired-conductor-while-classes-5-and-6-are-fine-or-ultra-fine-wired-conductors-the-iec-standard-specifies-values-such-as-the-maximum-diameter-and-maximum-resistance-for-the-individual-wires-the-more-wires-that-are-stranded-together-to-make-a-given-size-the-more-flexible-the-conductor-will-be-this-indicates-that-a-higher-class-corresponds-to-a-greater-number-of-strands-within-the-conductor-additionally-stranded-wires-are-significantly-easier-to-manipulate-and-bend-during-installation-compared-to-a-single-wire-of-equivalent-cross-section-classes-1-and-2-are-intended-for-use-in-cables-for-fixed-installations-on-the-other-hand-classes-5-and-6-are-designed-for-use-in-flexible-cables-and-cords-but-may-also-be-used-for-fixed-installations-a-class-1-solid-conductors-construction-single-conductor-solid-copper-wire-flexibility-rigid-and-non-flexible-the-cable-should-not-be-bent-more-than-about-four-times-its-diameter-characteristics-high-electrical-conductivity-and-resistance-to-corrosion-but-less-suitable-for-environments-requiring-flexibility-advantages-less-expensive-than-cables-with-multiple-wires-disadvantages-less-suitable-for-applications-involving-movement-heat-and-losses-class-1-wires-are-more-efficient-for-fixed-wiring-due-to-lower-resistance-and-heat-generation-applications-typically-used-in-permanent-stationary-installations-house-wiring-where-the-conductor-will-not-be-subject-to-frequent-movement-or-low-flexibility-is-not-a-problem-such-as-in-building-wiring-and-power-distribution-they-are-often-used-when-cables-with-larger-cross-sections-are-required-for-fixed-installations-they-are-not-suitable-for-very-flexible-cables-which-are-used-for-example-in-continuously-moving-objects-such-as-robotic-arms-in-industrial-production-b-class-2-stranded-conductors-construction-composed-of-multiple-smaller-copper-wires-twisted-or-braided-together-to-form-a-single-conductor-flexibility-more-flexible-than-class-1-allowing-for-some-movement-without-breaking-or-damaging-the-wire-characteristics-offers-a-balance-of-flexibility-and-durability-but-may-not-be-as-conductive-as-a-solid-conductor-of-the-same-gauge-advantageslower-electrical-resistance-and-less-heat-buildup-under-load-disadvantagesless-suitable-for-applications-involving-movement-heat-and-lossesclass-2-wires-are-more-efficient-for-fixed-wiring-due-to-lower-resistance-and-heat-generation-applications-primarily-used-for-fixed-installations-like-permanent-building-and-house-wiring-and-for-industrial-applications-with-increased-cable-flexibility-requirements-c-class-5-flexible-conductors-construction-consists-of-many-fine-copper-wires-often-tinned-for-corrosion-resistance-twisted-together-making-the-conductor-highly-flexible-flexibility-extremely-flexible-designed-for-applications-where-the-conductor-needs-to-withstand-frequent-movement-bending-or-vibration-without-damage-characteristics-high-flexibility-durable-against-wear-and-tear-but-may-have-slightly-lower-conductivity-compared-to-solid-conductors-due-to-the-finer-strands-advantagessuperior-flexibility-disadvantageshigher-electrical-resistance-which-can-result-in-greater-heat-loss-and-voltage-drops-heat-and-lossesclass-5-wires-are-not-efficient-for-fixed-wiring-due-to-higher-resistance-and-heat-generation-compared-to-class-2-applications-used-in-situations-where-more-flexibility-is-required-such-as-in-circuits-that-may-need-to-be-bent-coiled-or-moved-occasionally-ideal-for-portable-appliances-and-equipment-that-move-constantly-like-portable-cords-flexible-cables-and-power-tools-that-require-a-durable 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https://eedemy.com/automatic-power-factor-correction-what-is-power-factor-power-factor-definition-power-factor-is-the-ratio-between-the-kw-and-the-kva-drawn-by-an-electrical-load-where-the-kw-is-the-actual-load-power-and-the-kva-is-the-apparent-load-power-it-is-a-measure-of-how-effectively-the-current-is-being-converted-into-useful-work-output-and-more-particularly-is-a-good-indicator-of-the-effect-of-the-load-current-on-the-efficiency-of-the-supply-system-all-current-flow-causes-losses-both-in-the-supply-and-distribution-system-a-load-with-a-power-factor-of-10-results-in-the-most-efficient-loading-of-the-supply-a-load-with-a-power-factor-of-say-08-results-in-much-higher-losses-in-the-supply-system-and-a-higher-bill-for-the-consumer-a-comparatively-small-improvement-in-power-factor-can-bring-about-a-significant-reduction-in-losses-since-losses-are-proportional-to-the-square-of-the-current-when-the-power-factor-is-less-than-one-the-missing-power-is-known-as-reactive-power-which-unfortunately-is-necessary-to-provide-a-magnetizing-field-required-by-motors-and-other-inductive-loads-to-perform-their-desired-functions-reactive-power-can-also-be-interpreted-as-wattles-magnetizing-or-wasted-power-and-it-represents-an-extra-burden-on-the-electricity-supply-system-and-on-the-consumers-bill-a-poor-power-factor-is-usually-the-result-of-a-significant-phase-difference-between-the-voltage-and-current-at-the-load-terminals-or-it-can-be-due-to-a-high-harmonic-content-or-a-distorted-current-waveform-a-poor-power-factor-is-generally-the-result-of-an-inductive-load-such-as-an-induction-motor-a-power-transformer-and-ballast-in-a-luminary-a-welding-set-or-an-induction-furnace-a-distorted-current-waveform-can-be-the-result-of-a-rectifier-an-inverter-a-variable-speed-drive-a-switched-mode-power-supply-discharge-lighting-or-other-electronic-loads-a-poor-power-factor-due-to-inductive-loads-can-be-improved-by-the-addition-of-power-factor-correction-equipment-but-a-poor-power-factor-due-to-a-distorted-current-waveform-requires-a-change-in-equipment-design-or-the-addition-of-harmonic-filters-some-inverters-are-quoted-as-having-a-power-factor-of-better-than-095-when-in-reality-the-true-power-factor-is-between-05-and-075-the-figure-of-095-is-based-on-the-cosine-of-the-angle-between-the-voltage-and-current-but-does-not-take-into-account-that-the-current-waveform-is-discontinuous-and-therefore-contributes-to-increased-losses-an-inductive-load-requires-a-magnetic-field-to-operate-and-in-creating-such-a-magnetic-field-causes-the-current-to-be-out-of-phase-with-the-voltage-the-current-lags-the-voltage-power-factor-correction-is-the-process-of-compensating-for-the-lagging-current-by-creating-a-leading-current-by-connecting-capacitors-to-the-supply-pf-cos-kw-kva-or-pf-cos-true-power-apparent-power-kw-is-working-power-also-called-actual-power-or-active-power-or-real-power-it-is-the-power-that-actually-powers-the-equipment-and-performs-useful-work-kvar-is-reactive-power-it-is-the-power-that-magnetic-equipment-transformer-motor-and-relayneeds-to-produce-the-magnetizing-flux-kva-is-apparent-power-it-is-the-vectorial-summation-of-kvar-and-kw-displacement-power-factor-correction-an-induction-motor-draws-current-from-the-supply-that-is-made-up-of-resistive-components-and-inductive-components-the-resistive-components-are-1-load-current-2-loss-current-and-the-inductive-components-are-3-leakage-reactance-4-magnetizing-current-the-current-due-to-the-leakage-reactance-is-dependent-on-the-total-current-drawn-by-the-motor-but-the-magnetizing-current-is-independent-of-the-load-on-the-motor-the-magnetizing-current-will-typically-be-between-20-and-60-of-the-rated-full-load-current-of-the-motor-the-magnetizing-current-is-the-current-that-establishes-the-flux-in-the-iron-and-is-very-necessary-if-the-motor-is-going-to-operate-the-magnetizing-current-does-not-actually-contribute-to-the-actual-work-output-of-the-motor-it-is-the-catalyst-that-allows-the-motor-to-work-properly-the-magnetizing-current-and-the-leakage-reactance-can-be-considered-passenger-components-of-current-that-will-not-affect-the-power-drawn-by-the-motor-but-will-contribute-to-the-power-dissipated-in-the-supply-and-distribution-system-take-for-example-a-motor-with-a-current-draw-of-100-amps-and-a-power-factor-of-075-the-resistive-component-of-the-current-is-75-amps-and-this-is-what-the-kwh-meter-measures-the-higher-current-will-result-in-an-increase-in-the-distribution-losses-of-100-x-100-75-x-75-1777-or-a-78-increase-in-the-supply-losses-in-the-interest-of-reducing-the-losses-in-the-distribution-system-power-factor-correction-is-added-to-neutralize-a-portion-of-the-magnetizing-current-of-th 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/harmonics-and-its-effects-what-is-harmonics-harmonics-are-sinusoidal-voltages-or-currents-having-frequencies-that-are-whole-multiples-of-the-frequency-at-which-the-supply-system-is-designed-to-operate-eg-50hz-or-60-hz-harmonics-are-simply-a-technique-to-analyze-the-current-drawn-by-computers-electronic-ballasts-variable-frequency-drives-and-other-equipment-which-have-modem-transformer-less-power-supplies-there-are-two-important-concepts-to-bear-in-mind-with-regard-to-power-system-harmonics-the-first-is-the-nature-of-harmonic-current-producing-loads-non-linear-loads-and-the-second-is-the-way-in-which-harmonic-currents-flow-and-how-the-resulting-harmonic-voltages-develop-there-is-a-law-in-electrical-engineering-called-ohms-law-this-basic-law-states-that-when-a-voltage-is-applied-across-a-resistance-current-will-flow-this-is-how-all-electrical-equipment-operates-the-voltage-we-apply-across-our-equipment-is-a-sine-wave-which-operates-60-hertz-cycles-per-second-to-gene 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/vibration-damper-in-transmission-line-vibration-damper-in-transmission-line-wind-induced-vibration-of-overhead-conductors-is-common-worldwide-and-can-cause-conductor-fatigue-near-a-hardware-attachment-as-the-need-for-transmission-of-communication-signals-increase-many-optical-ground-wiresopwg-are-replacing-traditional-ground-wires-in-the-last-twenty-years-all-aluminum-alloy-conductors-aaac-have-been-a-popular-choice-for-overhead-conductors-due-to-advantages-in-both-electrical-and-mechanical-characteristics-unfortunately-aaac-is-known-to-be-prone-to-aeolian-vibration-vibration-dampers-are-widely-used-to-control-aeolian-vibration-of-the-conductors-and-earth-wires-including-optical-ground-wires-opgw-in-recent-years-aaac-conductor-has-been-a-popular-choice-for-transmission-lines-due-to-its-high-electrical-carrying-capacity-and-high-mechanical-tension-to-mass-ratio-the-high-tension-to-mass-ratio-allows-aaac-conductors-to-be-strung-at-a-higher-tension-and-longer-spans-than-traditional-acsr-aluminum-conductor-steel-reinforced-conductors-unfortunately-the-self-damping-of-conductor-decreases-as-tension-increases-the-wind-power-into-the-conductor-increases-with-span-length-hence-aaac-conductors-are-likely-to-experience-more-severe-vibration-than-acsr-what-is-aeolian-vibration-wind-induced-vibration-or-aeolian-vibration-of-transmission-line-conductors-is-a-common-phenomenon-under-smooth-wind-conditions-the-cause-of-vibration-is-that-the-vortexes-shed-alternatively-from-the-top-and-bottom-of-the-conductor-at-the-leeward-side-of-the-conductor-the-vortex-shedding-action-creates-an-alternating-pressure-imbalance-inducing-the-conductor-to-move-up-and-down-at-right-angles-to-the-direction-of-airflow-the-conductor-vibration-results-in-cyclic-bending-of-the-conductor-near-hardware-attachments-such-as-suspension-clamps-and-consequently-causes-conductor-fatigue-and-strand-breakage-when-a-smooth-stream-of-air-passes-across-a-cylindrical-shape-such-as-a-conductor-or-ohsw-vortices-eddies-are-formed-on-the-back-side-these-vortices-alternate-from-the-top-and-bottom-surfaces-and-create-alternating-pressures-that-tend-to-produce-movement-at-right-angles-to-the-direction-of-the-air-flow-this-is-the-mechanism-that-causes-aeolian-vibration-the-term-smooth-was-used-in-the-above-description-because-unsmooth-air-ie-air-with-turbulence-will-not-generate-the-vortices-and-associated-pressures-the-degree-of-turbulence-in-the-wind-is-affected-both-by-the-terrain-over-which-it-passes-and-the-wind-velocity-itself-it-is-for-these-reasons-that-aeolian-vibration-is-generally-produced-by-wind-velocities-below-15-miles-per-hour-mph-winds-higher-than-15-mph-usually-contain-a-considerable-amount-of-turbulence-except-for-special-cases-such-as-open-bodies-of-water-or-canyons-where-the-effect-of-the-terrain-is-minimal-the-frequency-at-which-the-vortices-alternate-from-the-top-to-bottom-surfaces-of-conductors-and-shield-wires-can-be-closely-approximated-by-the-following-relationship-that-is-based-on-the-strouhal-number-2-vortex-frequency-hertz-326-v-d-where-v-is-the-wind-velocity-component-normal-to-the-conductor-or-ohsw-in-miles-per-hour-d-is-the-conductor-or-ohsw-diameter-in-inches-326-is-an-empirical-aerodynamic-constant-one-thing-that-is-clear-from-the-above-equation-is-that-the-frequency-at-which-the-vortices-alternate-is-inversely-proportional-to-the-diameter-of-the-conductor-or-ohsw-the-self-damping-characteristics-of-a-conductor-or-ohsw-are-basically-related-to-the-freedom-of-movement-or-looseness-between-the-individual-strands-or-layers-of-the-overall-construction-in-standard-conductors-the-freedom-of-movement-self-damping-will-be-reduced-as-the-tension-is-increased-it-is-for-this-reason-that-vibration-activity-is-most-severe-in-the-coldest-months-of-the-year-when-the-tensions-are-the-highest-aeolian-vibrations-mostly-occur-at-steady-wind-velocities-from-1-to-7-ms-with-increasing-wind-turbulence-the-wind-power-input-to-the-conductor-will-decrease-the-intensity-to-induce-vibrations-depends-on-several-parameters-such-as-type-of-conductors-and-clamps-tension-span-length-topography-in-the-surrounding-height-and-direction-of-the-line-as-well-as-the-frequency-of-occurrence-of-the-vibration-induced-wind-streams-hence-the-smaller-the-conductor-the-higher-the-frequency-ranges-of-vibration-of-the-conductor-the-vibration-damper-should-meet-the-requirement-of-frequency-or-wind-velocity-range-and-also-have-mechanical-impedance-closely-matched-to-that-of-the-conductor-the-vibration-dampers-also-need-to-be-installed-at-suitable-positions-to-ensure-effectiveness-across-the-frequency-range-effect-of-aeolian-vibration-it-should-be-understood-that-the-existence-of-aeolian-vibration-on-a-transmission-or-distribution-line-doesnt-ne 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/total-losses-in-power-distribution-and-transmission-lines-part-2-2-non-technical-commercial-losses-non-technical-losses-are-at-166-and-related-to-meter-reading-defective-meter-and-error-in-meter-reading-billing-of-customer-energy-consumption-lack-of-administration-financial-constraints-and-estimating-unmetered-supply-of-energy-as-well-as-energy-thefts-main-reasons-for-non-technical-losses-1-power-theft-theft-of-power-is-energy-delivered-to-customers-that-is-not-measured-by-the-energy-meter-for-the-customer-customer-tempers-the-meter-by-mechanical-jerks-placement-of-powerful-magnets-or-disturbing-the-disc-rotation-with-foreign-matters-stopping-the-meters-by-remote-control-2-metering-inaccuracies-losses-due-to-metering-inaccuracies-are-defined-as-the-difference-between-the-amount-of-energy-actually-delivered-through-the-meters-and-the-amount-registered-by-the-meters-all-energy-meters-have-some-level-of-error-which-requires-that-standards-be-established-measurement-canada-formerly-industry-canada-is-responsible-for-regulating-energy-meter-accuracy-statutory-requirements5-are-for-meters-to-be-within-an-accuracy-range-of-25-and-35-old-technology-meters-normally-started-life-with-negligible-errors-but-as-their-mechanisms-aged-they-slowed-down-resulting-in-under-recording-modern-electronic-meters-do-not-under-record-with-age-in-this-way-consequently-with-the-introduction-of-electronic-meters-there-should-have-been-a-progressive-reduction-in-meter-errors-increasing-the-rate-of-replacement-of-mechanical-meters-should-accele 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/total-losses-in-power-distribution-transmission-lines-part-1-introduction-power-generated-in-power-stations-pass-through-large-complex-networks-like-transformers-overhead-lines-cables-other-equipments-and-reaches-at-the-end-users-it-is-fact-that-the-unit-of-electric-energy-generated-by-power-station-does-not-match-with-the-units-distributed-to-the-consumers-some-percentage-of-the-units-is-lost-in-the-distribution-network-this-difference-in-the-generated-distributed-units-is-known-as-transmission-and-distribution-loss-transmission-and-distribution-loss-are-the-amounts-that-are-not-paid-for-by-users-td-losses-energy-input-to-feederkwh-billed-energy-to-consumerkwh-energy-input-kwh-x100-distribution-sector-considered-as-the-weakest-link-in-the-entire-power-sector-transmission-losses-is-approximate-17-while-distribution-losses-is-approximate-50-there-are-two-types-of-transmission-and-distribution-losses-1-technical-losses-2-non-technical-losses-commercial-losses-1-technical-losses-the-technical-losses-are-due-to-energy-dissipated-in-the-conductors-equipment-used-for-transmission-line-transformer-sub-transmission-line-and-distribution-line-and-magnetic-losses-in-transformers-technical-losses-are-normally-225-and-directly-depend-on-the-network-characteristics-and-the-mode-of-operation-the-major-amount-of-losses-in-a-power-system-is-in-primary-and-secondary-distribution-lines-while-transmission-and-sub-transmission-lines-account-for-only-about-30-of-the-total-losses-therefore-the-primary-and-secondary-distribution-systems-must-be-properly-planned-to-ensure-within-limits-the-unexpected-load-increase-was-reflected-in-the-increase-of-technical-losses-above-the-normal-level-losses-are-inherent-to-the-distribution-of-electricity-and-cannot-be-eliminated-there-are-two-type-of-technical-losses-a-permanent-fixed-technical-losses-fixed-losses-do-not-vary-according-to-current-these-losses-take-the-form-of-heat-and-noise-and-occur-as-long-as-a-transformer-is-energized-between-14-and-13-of-technical-losses-on-distribution-networks-are-fixed-losses-fixed-losses-on-a-network-can-be-influenced-in-the-ways-set-out-below-corona-losses-leakage-current-losses-dielectric-losses-open-circuit-losses-losses-caused-by-continuous-load-of-measuring-elements-losses-caused-by-continuous-load-of-control-elements-b-variable-technical-losses-variable-losses-vary-with-the-amount-of-electricity-distributed-and-are-more-precisely-proportional-to-the-square-of-the-current-consequently-a-1-increase-in-current-leads-to-an-increase-in-losses-of-more-than-1-between-23-and-34-of-technical-or-physical-losses-on-distribution-networks-are-variable-losses-by-increasing-the-cross-sectional-area-of-lines-and-cables-for-a-given-load-losses-will-fall-this-leads-to-a-direct-trade-off-between-cost-of-losses-and-cost-of-capital-expenditure-it-has-been-suggested-that-optimal-average-utilization-rate-on-a-distribution-network-that-considers-the-cost-of-losses-in-its-design-could-be-as-low-as-30-per-cent-joule-losses-in-lines-in-each-voltage-level-impedance-losses-losses-caused-by-contact-resistance-main-reasons-for-technical-losses-1-lengthy-distribution-lines-in-practically-11-kv-and-415-volts-lines-in-rural-areas-are-extended-over-long-distances-to-feed-loads-scattered-over-large-areas-thus-the-primary-and-secondary-distributions-lines-in-rural-areas-are-largely-radial-laid-usually-extend-over-long-distances-this-results-in-high-line-resistance-and-therefore-high-i2r-losses-in-the-line-haphazard-growths-of-sub-transmission-and-distribution-system-in-to-new-areas-large-scale-rural-electrification-through-long-11kv-and-lt-lines-2-inadequate-size-of-conductors-of-distribution-lines-the-size-of-the-conductors-should-be-selected-on-the-basis-of-kva-x-km-capacity-of-standard-conductor-for-a-required-voltage-regulation-but-rural-loads-are-usually-scattered-and-generally-fed-by-radial-feeders-the-conductor-size-of-these-feeders-should-be-adequate-3-installation-of-distribution-transformers-away-from-load-centers-distribution-transformers-are-not-located-at-load-center-on-the-secondary-distribution-system-in-most-of-case-distribution-transformers-are-not-located-centrally-with-respect-to-consumers-consequently-the-farthest-consumers-obtain-an-extremity-low-voltage-even-though-a-good-voltage-levels-maintained-at-the-transformers-secondary-this-again-leads-to-higher-line-losses-the-reason-for-the-line-losses-increasing-as-a-result-of-decreased-voltage-at-the-consumers-end-therefore-in-order-to-reduce-the-voltage-drop-in-the-line-to-the-farthest-consumers-the-distribution-transformer-should-be-located-at-the-load-center-to-keep-voltage-drop-within-permissible-limits-4-low-power 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https://eedemy.com/size-and-location-of-capacitor-in-electrical-system-part-2-size-of-circuit-breaker-fuse-and-conductor-of-capacitor-bank-a-thermal-and-magnetic-setting-of-a-circuit-breaker-1-size-of-circuit-breaker-13-to-15x-capacitor-current-in-for-standard-dutyheavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-131in-for-heavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-with-56-detuned-reactortuning-factor-43-119in-for-heavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-with-7-detuned-reactortuning-factor-38-112in-for-heavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-with-14-detuned-reactortuning-factor-27-note-restrictions-in-thermal-settings-of-system-with-detuned-reactors-are-due-to-limitation-of-imp-maximum-permissible-current-of-the-detuned-reactor-2-thermal-setting-of-circuit-breaker-15x-capacitor-current-in-for-standard-dutyheavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-3-magnetic-setting-of-circuit-breaker-5-to10-x-capacitor-current-in-for-standard-dutyheavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-example-150kvar400v-50hz-capacitor-us-400v-qs-150kvarun-400v-qn-150kvar-in-1500004003-216a-circuit-breaker-rating-216-x-15-324a-select-a-400a-circuit-breaker-circuit-breaker-thermal-setting-216-x-15-324-amp-conclusion-select-a-circuit-breaker-of-400a-with-thermal-setting-at-324a-and-magnetic-setting-short-circuit-at-3240a-b-fuse-selection-the-rating-must-be-chosen-to-allow-the-thermal-protection-to-be-set-to-15-to-20-x-capacitor-current-in-for-standard-dutyheavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-135in-for-heavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-with-57-detuned-reactor-tuning-factor-43-12in-for-heavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-with-7-detuned-reactor-tuning-factor-38-115in-for-heavy-dutyenergy-capacitors-with-14-detuned-reactortuning-factor-27-for-star-solidly-grounded-systems-fuse-135-of-rated-capacitor-current-includes-overvoltage-capacitor-tolerances-and-harmonics-for-star-ungrounded-systems-fuse-125-of-rated-capacitor-current-includes-overvoltage-capacitor-tolerances-and-harmonics-care-should-be-taken-when-using-nema-type-t-and-k-tin-links-which-are-rated-150-in-this-case-the-divide-the-fuse-rating-by-150-example-1-150kvar400v-50hz-capacitor-us-400v-qs-150kvar-un-400v-qn-150kvar-capacitor-current-1501000400-375-amp-to-determine-line-current-we-must-divide-the-375-amps-by-3-in-line-current-3753-216a-hrc-fuse-rating-216-x165-356a-to-hrc-fuse-rating-216-x-20-432a-so-select-fuse-size-400-amp-problems-with-fusing-of-small-ungrounded-banks-example-1247-kv-1500-kvar-capacitor-bank-made-of-three-3-nos-of-500-kvar-single-phase-units-nominal-capacitor-current1500173212476944-amp-size-of-fuse156944-104-amp-100-amp-fuse-if-a-capacitor-fails-we-say-that-it-may-approximately-take-3x-line-current-3-x-6944-a-20832-a-it-will-take-a-100-a-fuse-approximately-500-seconds-to-clear-this-fault-3-x-6944-a-20832-a-the-capacitor-case-will-rupture-long-before-the-fuse-clears-the-fault-the-solution-is-using-smaller-units-with-individual-fusing-consider-5-nos-of-100-kvar-capacitors-per-phase-each-with-a-25-a-fuse-the-clear-time-for-a-25-a-fuse-20832-a-is-below-the-published-capacitor-rupture-curve-c-size-of-conductor-for-capacitor-connections-size-of-capacitor-circuit-conductors-should-be-at-least-135-of-the-rated-capacitor-current-in-accordance-with-nec-article-4608-2005-edition-size-of-capacitor-for-transformer-no-load-compensation-fixed-compensation-the-transformer-works-on-the-principle-of-mutual-induction-the-transformer-will-consume-reactive-power-for-magnetizing-purpose-following-size-of-capacitor-bank-is-required-to-reduce-reactive-component-no-load-losses-of-transformer-selection-of-capacitor-for-transformer-no-load-compensation-kva-rating-of-the-transformer-kvar-required-for-compensation-up-to-and-including-315-kva-5-of-kva-transformer-rating-315-to-1000-kva-6-of-kva-transformer-rating-above-1000-kva-8-of-kva-transformer-rating-sizing-of-capacitor-for-motor-compensation-the-capacitor-provides-a-local-source-of-reactive-current-with-respect-to-inductive-motor-load-this-reactive-power-is-the-magnetizing-or-no-load-currentwhich-the-motor-requires-to-operate-a-capacitor-is-properly-sized-when-its-full-load-current-rating-is-90-of-the-no-load-current-of-the-motor-this-90-rating-avoids-over-correction-and-the-accompanying-problems-such-as-over-voltages-1if-no-load-current-is-known-the-most-accurate-method-of-selecting-a-capacitor-is-to-take-the-no-load-current-of-the-motor-and-multiply-by-090-90-example-size-a-capacitor-for-a-100hp-460v-3-phase-motor-which-has-a-full-load-current-of-124-amps-and-a-no-load-current-of-37-amps-size-of-capacitor-no-load-amps37-amp-x-90-33-kvar-if-the-no-load-current 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https://eedemy.com/size-and-location-of-capacitor-in-electrical-system-part1-type-of-capacitor-bank-as-per-its-application-1-fixed-type-capacitor-banks-the-reactive-power-supplied-by-the-fixed-capacitor-bank-is-constant-irrespective-of-any-variations-in-the-power-factor-and-the-load-of-the-receivers-these-capacitor-banks-are-switched-on-either-manually-circuit-breaker-switch-or-semi-automatically-by-a-remote-controlled-contactor-this-arrangement-uses-one-or-more-capacitor-to-provide-a-constant-level-of-compensation-these-capacitors-are-applied-at-the-terminals-of-inductive-loads-mainly-motors-at-bus-bars-disadvantage-manual-onoff-operation-not-meet-the-require-kvar-under-varying-loads-penalty-by-electricity-authority-power-factor-also-varies-as-a-function-of-the-load-requirements-so-it-is-difficult-to-maintain-a-consistent-power-factor-by-use-of-fixed-compensation-ie-fixed-capacitors-fixed-capacitor-may-provide-leading-power-factor-under-light-load-conditions-due-to-this-result-in-over-voltages-saturation-of-transformers-mal-operation-of-diesel-generating-sets-penalties-by-electric-supply-authorities-application-where-the-load-factor-is-reasonably-constant-electrical-installations-with-constant-load-operating-24-hours-a-day-reactive-compensation-of-transformers-individual-compensation-of-motors-where-the-kvar-rating-of-the-capacitors-is-less-than-or-equal-to-15-of-the-supply-transformer-rating-a-fixed-value-of-compensation-is-appropriate-size-of-fixed-capacitor-bank-qc-15-kva-transformer-2-automatic-type-capacitor-banks-the-reactive-power-supplied-by-the-capacitor-bank-can-be-adjusted-according-to-variations-in-the-power-factor-and-the-load-of-the-receivers-these-capacitor-banks-are-made-up-of-a-combination-of-capacitor-steps-step-capacitor-contactor-connected-in-parallel-switching-on-and-off-of-all-or-part-of-the-capacitor-bank-is-controlled-by-an-integrated-power-factor-controller-the-equipment-is-applied-at-points-in-an-installation-where-the-active-power-or-reactive-power-variations-are-relatively-large-for-example-at-the-bus-bars-of-a-main-distribution-switch-board-at-the-terminals-of-a-heavily-loaded-feeder-cable-where-the-kvar-rating-of-the-capacitors-is-less-than-or-equal-to-15-of-the-supply-transformer-rating-a-fixed-value-of-compensation-is-appropriate-above-the-15-level-it-is-advisable-to-install-an-automatically-controlled-bank-of-capacitors-control-is-usually-provided-by-contactors-for-compensation-of-highly-fluctuating-loads-fast-and-highly-repetitive-connection-of-capacitors-is-necessary-and-static-switches-must-be-used-types-of-apfc-automatic-power-factor-correction-equipment-is-divided-into-three-major-categories-1standard-capacitor-fuse-contactor-controller-2de-tuned-capacitor-de-tuning-reactor-fuse-contactor-controller-3filtered-capacitor-filter-reactor-fuse-contactor-controller-advantage-consistently-high-power-factor-under-fluctuating-loads-prevention-of-leading-power-factor-eliminate-power-factor-penalty-lower-energy-consumption-by-reducing-losses-continuously-sense-and-monitor-load-automatically-switch-onoff-relevant-capacitors-steps-for-consistent-power-factor-ensures-easy-user-interface-automatically-variation-without-manual-intervention-the-compensation-to-suit-the-load-requirements-application-variable-load-electrical-installations-compensation-of-main-lv-distribution-boards-or-major-outgoing-lines-above-the-15-level-it-is-advisable-to-install-an-automatically-controlled-bank-of-capacitors-size-of-automatic-capacitor-bank-qc-15-kva-transformer-method-advantages-disadvantages-individual-capacitors-most-technically-efficient-most-flexible-higher-installation-maintenance-cost-fixed-bank-most-economical-fewer-installations-less-flexible-requires-switches-andor-circuit-breakers-automatic-bank-best-for-variable-loads-prevents-over-voltages-low-installation-cost-higher-equipment-cost-combination-most-practical-for-larger-numbers-of-motors-least-flexible-type-of-capacitor-as-per-construction-1-standard-duty-capacitor-construction-rectangular-cylindricalresin-filled-resin-coated-dry-application-steady-inductive-load-non-linear-up-to-10-for-agriculture-duty-2-heavy-duty-construction-rectangular-cylindrical-resin-filled-resin-coated-dryoilgas-application-suitable-for-fluctuating-load-non-linear-up-to-20-suitable-for-apfc-panel-harmonic-filtering-3-lt-capacitor-application-suitable-for-fluctuating-load-non-linear-up-to-20-suitable-for-apfc-panel-harmonic-filter-application-selecting-size-of-capacitor-bank-the-size-of-the-inductive-load-is-large-enough-to-select-the-minimum-size-of-capacitors-th 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https://eedemy.com/impact-of-floating-neutral-in-power-distribution-introduction-if-the-neutral-conductor-opens-break-or-loose-at-either-its-source-side-distribution-transformer-generator-or-at-load-side-distribution-panel-of-consumer-the-distribution-systems-neutral-conductor-will-float-or-lose-its-reference-ground-point-the-floating-neutral-condition-can-cause-voltages-to-float-to-a-maximum-of-its-phase-volts-rms-relative-to-ground-subjecting-to-its-unbalancing-load-condition-floating-neutral-conditions-in-the-power-network-have-different-impact-depending-on-the-type-of-supply-type-of-installation-and-load-balancing-in-the-distribution-broken-neutral-or-loose-neutral-would-damage-to-the-connected-load-or-create-hazardous-touch-voltage-at-equipment-body-here-we-are-trying-to-understand-the-floating-neutral-condition-in-t-t-distribution-system-what-is-floating-neutral-if-the-star-point-of-unbalanced-load-is-not-joined-to-the-star-point-of-its-power-source-distribution-transformer-or-generator-then-phase-voltage-do-not-remain-same-across-each-phase-but-its-vary-according-to-the-unbalanced-of-the-load-as-the-potential-of-such-an-isolated-star-point-or-neutral-point-is-always-changing-and-not-fixed-so-its-called-floating-neutral-normal-power-condition-floating-neutral-condition-normal-power-condition-on-3-phase-systems-there-is-a-tendency-for-the-star-point-and-phases-to-want-to-balance-out-based-on-the-ratio-of-leakage-on-each-phase-to-earth-the-star-point-will-remain-close-to-0v-depending-on-the-distribution-of-the-load-and-subsequent-leakage-higher-load-on-a-phase-usually-means-higher-leakage-three-phase-systems-may-or-may-not-have-a-neutral-wire-a-neutral-wire-allows-the-three-phase-system-to-use-a-higher-voltage-while-still-supporting-lower-voltage-single-phase-appliances-in-high-voltage-distribution-situations-it-is-common-not-to-have-a-neutral-wire-as-the-loads-can-simply-be-connected-between-phases-phase-phase-connection-3-phase-3-wire-system-three-phases-has-properties-that-make-it-very-desirable-in-electric-power-systems-firstly-the-phase-currents-tend-to-cancel-one-another-summing-to-zero-in-the-case-of-a-linear-balanced-load-this-makes-it-possible-to-eliminate-the-neutral-conductor-on-some-lines-secondly-power-transfer-into-a-linear-balanced-load-is-constant-3-phase-4-wire-system-for-mix-load-most-domestic-loads-are-single-phase-generally-three-phase-power-either-does-not-enter-domestic-houses-or-it-is-split-out-at-the-main-distribution-board-kirchhoffs-current-law-states-that-the-signed-sum-of-the-currents-entering-a-node-is-zero-if-the-neutral-point-is-the-node-then-in-a-balanced-system-one-phase-matches-the-other-two-phases-resulting-in-no-current-through-neutral-any-imbalance-of-load-will-result-in-a-current-flow-on-neutral-so-that-the-sum-of-zero-is-maintained-for-instance-in-a-balanced-system-current-entering-the-neutral-node-from-one-phase-side-is-considered-positive-and-the-current-entering-actually-leaving-the-neutral-node-from-the-other-side-is-considered-negative-this-gets-more-complicated-in-three-phase-power-because-now-we-have-to-consider-phase-angle-but-the-concept-is-exactly-the-same-if-we-are-connected-in-star-connection-with-a-neutral-then-the-neutral-conductor-will-have-zero-current-on-it-only-if-the-three-phases-have-the-same-current-on-each-if-we-do-vector-analysis-on-this-adding-up-sinx-sinx120-and-sinx240-we-get-zero-the-same-thing-happens-when-we-are-delta-connected-without-a-neutral-but-then-the-imbalance-occurs-out-in-the-distribution-system-beyond-the-service-transformers-because-the-distribution-system-is-generally-a-star-connected-the-neutral-should-never-be-connected-to-a-ground-except-at-the-point-at-the-service-where-the-neutral-is-initially-grounded-at-distribution-transformer-this-can-set-up-the-ground-as-a-path-for-current-to-travel-back-to-the-service-any-break-in-the-ground-path-would-then-expose-a-voltage-potential-grounding-the-neutral-in-a-3-phase-system-helps-stabilize-phase-voltages-a-non-grounded-neutral-is-sometimes-referred-to-as-a-floating-neutral-and-has-a-few-limited-applications-floating-neutral-condition-power-flows-in-and-out-of-customers-premises-from-the-distribution-network-entering-via-the-phase-and-leaving-via-the-neutral-if-there-is-a-break-in-the-neutral-return-path-electricity-may-then-travel-by-a-different-path-power-flow-entering-in-one-phase-returns-through-remaining-two-phases-neutral-point-is-not-at-ground-level-but-it-float-up-to-line-voltage-this-situation-can-be-very-dangerous-and-customers-may-suffer-serious-electric-shocks-if-they-touch-something-where-electricity-is-present 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https://eedemy.com/effects-of-high-voltage-transmission-lines-on-humans-and-plants-introduction-by-increasing-population-of-the-world-towns-are-expanding-many-buildings-construct-near-high-voltage-overhead-power-transmission-lines-the-increase-of-power-demand-has-increased-the-need-for-transmitting-huge-amount-of-power-over-long-distances-large-transmission-lines-configurations-with-high-voltage-and-current-levels-generate-large-values-of-electric-and-magnetic-fields-stresses-which-affect-the-human-being-and-the-nearby-objects-located-at-ground-surfaces-this-needs-to-be-investigating-the-effects-of-electromagnetic-fields-near-the-transmission-lines-on-human-health-the-electricity-system-produces-extremely-low-frequency-electromagnetic-field-which-comes-under-non-ionizing-radiations-which-can-cause-health-effects-apart-from-human-effect-the-electrostatic-coupling-electromagnetic-interference-of-high-voltage-transmission-lines-have-impact-on-plants-and-telecommunication-equipments-mainly-operating-in-frequency-range-below-uhf-is-power-line-emf-safe-this-is-the-controversy-discussion-directly-eludes-on-government-regulation-policy-and-power-company-there-are-lots-of-supporting-documents-and-research-paper-in-favor-and-criticize-this-arguments-what-is-the-electric-and-magnetic-fields-electric-and-magnetic-fields-often-referred-to-as-electromagnetic-fields-or-emf-occur-naturally-and-as-a-result-of-the-power-generation-power-transmission-power-distribution-and-use-of-electric-power-emf-is-fields-of-force-and-is-created-by-electric-voltage-and-current-they-occur-around-electrical-devices-or-whenever-power-lines-are-energized-electric-fields-are-due-to-voltage-so-they-are-present-in-electrical-appliances-and-cords-whenever-the-electric-cord-to-an-appliance-is-plugged-into-an-outlet-even-if-the-appliance-is-turned-off-electric-fields-e-exist-whenever-a-or-electrical-charge-is-present-they-exert-forces-on-other-charges-within-the-field-any-electrical-wire-that-is-charged-will-produce-an-electric-field-ie-electric-field-produces-charging-of-bodies-discharge-currents-biological-effects-and-sparks-this-field-exists-even-when-there-is-no-current-flowing-the-higher-the-voltage-the-stronger-is-electric-field-at-any-given-distance-from-the-wire-the-strength-of-the-electric-field-is-typically-measured-in-volts-per-meter-vm-or-in-kilovolts-per-meter-kvm-electric-fields-are-weakened-by-objects-like-trees-buildings-and-vehicles-burying-power-lines-can-eliminate-human-exposure-to-electric-fields-from-this-source-magnetic-fields-result-from-the-motion-of-the-electric-charge-or-current-such-as-when-there-is-current-flowing-through-a-power-line-or-when-an-appliance-is-plugged-in-and-turned-on-appliances-which-are-plugged-in-but-not-turned-on-do-not-produce-magnetic-fields-magnetic-field-lines-run-in-circles-around-the-conductor-ie-produces-magnetic-induction-on-objects-and-induced-currents-inside-human-and-animal-or-any-other-conducting-bodies-causing-possible-health-effects-and-a-multitude-of-interference-problems-the-higher-the-current-the-greater-the-strength-of-the-magnetic-field-magnetic-fields-are-typically-measured-in-tesla-t-or-more-commonly-in-gauss-g-and-milli-gauss-mg-one-tesla-equals-10000-gauss-and-one-gauss-equals-1000-milli-gauss-the-strength-of-an-emf-decreases-significantly-with-increasing-distance-from-the-source-the-strength-of-an-electric-field-is-proportional-to-the-voltage-of-the-source-thus-the-electric-fields-beneath-high-voltage-transmission-lines-far-exceed-those-below-the-lower-voltage-distribution-lines-the-magnetic-field-strength-by-contrast-is-proportional-to-the-current-in-the-lines-so-that-a-low-voltage-distribution-line-with-a-high-current-load-may-produce-a-magnetic-field-that-is-as-high-as-those-produced-by-some-high-voltage-transmission-lines-in-fact-electric-distribution-systems-account-for-a-far-higher-proportion-of-the-populations-exposure-to-magnetic-fields-than-the-larger-and-more-visible-high-voltage-transmission-lines-electrical-field-the-part-of-the-emf-that-can-easily-be-shielded-magnetic-field-part-of-the-emf-that-can-penetrate-stone-steel-and-human-flesh-in-fact-when-it-comes-to-magnetic-fields-human-flesh-and-bone-has-the-same-penetrability-as-air-both-fields-are-invisible-and-perfectly-silent-people-who-live-in-an-area-with-electric-power-some-level-of-artificial-emf-is-surrounding-them-the-magnetic-field-strength-produced-from-a-transmission-line-is-proportional-to-load-current-phase-to-phase-spacing-and-the-inverse-square-of-the-distance-from-the-line-many-previous-works-studied-the-effect-of-different-parameters-on-the-produced-magnetic-field-such-as-the-distance-from-the-line 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/analysis-the-truth-behind-household-power-savers-introduction-a-house-hold-power-saving-devices-has-recently-received-a-lot-of-attention-from-both-consumers-and-manufacturers-it-is-generally-used-in-residential-homes-to-save-energy-and-to-reduce-electricity-bills-it-is-a-small-device-which-is-to-be-plugged-in-any-of-the-ac-sockets-in-the-house-mostly-near-energy-meter-moreover-some-of-the-companies-claim-that-their-power-savers-save-up-to-40-of-the-energy-many-people-believe-that-the-claims-made-by-the-power-saver-manufacturing-companies-are-false-almost-all-people-who-buy-power-savers-do-it-to-reduce-their-electricity-bills-many-people-who-have-used-these-power-savers-said-that-they-could-reduce-their-electricity-bills-with-the-devices-however-the-reduction-was-not-as-much-as-they-had-expected-moreover-they-could-not-figure-out-if-the-reduction-in-electricity-bills-was-due-to-the-power-savers-or-because-of-their-efforts-to-reduce-their-electrical-usage-there-have-been-several-serious-discussions-about-the-genuineness-of-the-device-in-this-note-we-will-try-to-find-the-real-truth-behind-these-power-savers-which-claim-to-save-as-much-as-40-of-energy-working-principle-of-power-saver-as-per-manufacture-a-power-saver-is-a-device-which-plugs-in-to-power-socket-apparently-just-by-keeping-the-device-connected-it-will-immediately-reduce-your-power-consumption-typical-claims-are-savings-between-25-and-40-it-is-known-that-the-electricity-that-comes-to-our-homes-is-not-stable-in-nature-there-are-many-fluctuations-raise-and-falls-and-surgesspikes-in-this-current-this-unstable-current-cannot-be-used-by-any-of-the-household-appliances-moreover-the-fluctuating-current-wastes-the-electric-current-from-the-circuit-by-converting-electrical-energy-into-heat-energy-this-heat-energy-not-only-gets-wasted-to-the-atmosphere-but-also-harms-the-appliances-and-wiring-circuit-power-saver-stores-the-electricity-inside-of-it-using-a-system-of-capacitorsand-they-release-it-in-a-smoother-way-to-normal-without-the-spikes-the-systems-also-automatically-remove-carbon-from-the-circuit-which-also-encourages-a-smoother-electrical-flow-this-means-that-we-will-have-less-power-spikes-more-of-the-electricity-flowing-around-circuit-can-be-used-to-power-appliances-than-before-basically-it-is-claimed-that-power-savers-work-on-the-principle-of-surge-protection-technology-power-savers-work-on-straightening-this-unstable-electric-current-to-provide-a-smooth-and-constant-output-the-fluctuation-in-voltage-is-unpredictable-and-cannot-be-controlled-however-the-power-savers-utilize-current-fluctuation-to-provide-a-usable-power-by-acting-like-a-filter-and-allowing-only-smooth-current-to-pass-through-the-circuit-power-savers-use-capacitors-for-this-purpose-when-there-is-a-surge-of-current-in-the-circuit-the-capacitor-of-the-power-saver-stores-the-excess-current-and-releases-it-when-there-is-a-sudden-drop-thus-only-smooth-output-current-comes-out-of-the-device-moreover-a-power-saver-also-removes-any-type-of-carbon-in-the-system-which-facilitates-further-smoother-flow-the-main-advantage-of-power-savers-is-not-that-they-provide-a-backup-system-in-times-of-low-current-but-that-it-protects-the-household-appliances-it-is-known-that-a-sudden-rise-in-the-power-can-destroy-the-electrical-appliance-thus-the-power-saver-not-only-protects-the-appliance-but-also-increases-its-life-moreover-they-also-reduce-the-energy-consumption-and-thus-the-electricity-bills-the-amount-of-power-saved-by-a-power-saver-depends-on-the-number-of-appliances-on-the-circuit-also-the-system-takes-at-least-a-week-to-adapt-itself-fully-to-the-circuit-before-it-starts-showing-its-peak-performance-the-maximum-amount-of-voltage-savings-will-be-seen-in-areas-where-in-the-current-fluctuation-is-the-highest-house-hold-power-saver-scam-review-power-factor-correction-for-residential-customers-home-owners-is-a-scam-at-most-each-unit-is-worth-as-an-investment-power-factor-correction-does-make-sense-for-some-commercial-industrial-customers-many-companies-promoting-and-advertise-that-their-power-saver-unit-are-able-to-save-domestic-residential-power-consumption-by-employing-an-active-power-factor-correction-method-on-the-supply-line-the-concept-seems-pretty-impressive-as-the-concept-is-true-and-legally-accepted-but-practically-we-will-find-that-its-not-feasible-to-support-above-statement-first-we-need-to-understand-three-terms-1-type-of-electrical-load-of-house-2-basic-power-terminology-kw-kva-kvar-3-electrical-tariff-method-of-electricity-company-for-household-consumer-and-industrial-consumer-there-are-basically-two-kinds-of-load-that-exists-in 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/types-of-neutral-earthing-in-power-distribution-types-of-neutral-earthing-in-power-distribution-introduction-in-the-early-power-systems-were-mainly-neutral-ungrounded-due-to-the-fact-that-the-first-ground-fault-did-not-require-the-tripping-of-the-system-an-unscheduled-shutdown-on-the-first-ground-fault-was-particularly-undesirable-for-continuous-process-industries-these-power-systems-required-ground-detection-systems-but-locating-the-fault-often-proved-difficult-although-achieving-the-initial-goal-the-ungrounded-system-provided-no-control-of-transient-over-voltages-a-capacitive-coupling-exists-between-the-system-conductors-and-ground-in-a-typical-distribution-system-as-a-result-this-series-resonant-l-c-circuit-can-create-over-voltages-well-in-excess-of-line-to-line-voltage-when-subjected-to-repetitive-re-strikes-of-one-phase-to-ground-this-in-turn-reduces-insulation-life-resulting-in-possible-equipment-failure-neutral-grounding-systems-are-similar-to-fuses-in-that-they-do-nothing-until-something-in-the-system-goes-wrong-then-like-fuses-they-protect-personnel-and-equipment-from-damage-damage-comes-from-two-factors-how-long-the-fault-lasts-and-how-large-the-fault-current-is-ground-relays-trip-breakers-and-limit-how-long-a-fault-lasts-and-neutral-grounding-resistors-limit-how-large-the-fault-current-is-importance-of-neutral-grounding-there-are-many-neutral-grounding-options-available-for-both-low-and-medium-voltage-power-systems-the-neutral-points-of-transformers-generators-and-rotating-machinery-to-the-earth-ground-network-provides-a-reference-point-of-zero-volts-this-protective-measure-offers-many-advantages-over-an-ungrounded-system-like-1-reduced-magnitude-of-transient-over-voltages-2-simplified-ground-fault-location-3-improved-system-and-equipment-fault-protection-4-reduced-maintenance-time-and-expense-5-greater-safety-for-personnel-6-improved-lightning-protection-7-reduction-in-frequency-of-faults-method-of-neutral-earthing-there-are-five-methods-for-neutral-earthing-1-unearthed-neutral-system-2-solid-neutral-earthed-system-3-resistance-neutral-earthing-systemresonant-neutral-earthing-system-1-low-resistance-earthing-2-high-resistance-earthing-4-resonant-earthing-system-5-earthing-transformer-earthing-1-ungrounded-neutral-systems-in-ungrounded-system-there-is-no-internal-connection-between-the-conductors-and-earth-however-as-system-a-capacitive-coupling-exists-between-the-system-conductors-and-the-adjacent-grounded-surfaces-consequently-the-ungrounded-system-is-in-reality-a-capacitive-grounded-system-by-virtue-of-the-distributed-capacitance-under-normal-operating-conditions-this-distributed-capacitance-causes-no-problems-in-fact-it-is-beneficial-because-it-establishes-in-effect-a-neutral-point-for-the-system-as-a-result-the-phase-conductors-are-stressed-at-only-line-to-neutral-voltage-above-ground-but-problems-can-rise-in-ground-fault-conditions-a-ground-fault-on-one-line-results-in-full-line-to-line-voltage-appearing-throughout-the-system-thus-a-voltage-173-times-the-normal-voltage-is-present-on-all-insulation-in-the-system-this-situation-can-often-cause-failures-in-older-motors-and-transformers-due-to-insulation-breakdown-advantage-1-after-the-first-ground-fault-assuming-it-remains-as-a-single-fault-the-circuit-may-continue-in-operation-permitting-continued-production-until-a-convenient-shut-down-for-maintenance-can-be-scheduled-disadvantages-1-the-interaction-between-the-faulted-system-and-its-distributed-capacitance-may-cause-transient-over-voltages-several-times-normal-to-appear-from-line-to-ground-during-normal-switching-of-a-circuit-having-a-line-to-ground-fault-short-these-over-voltages-may-cause-insulation-failures-at-points-other-than-the-original-fault-2-a-second-fault-on-another-phase-may-occur-before-the-first-fault-can-be-cleared-this-can-result-in-very-high-line-to-line-fault-currents-equipment-damage-and-disruption-of-both-circuits-3-the-cost-of-equipment-damage-4-complicate-for-locating-faults-involving-a-tedious-process-of-trial-and-error-first-isolating-the-correct-feeder-then-the-branch-and-finally-the-equipment-at-fault-the-result-is-unnecessarily-lengthy-and-expensive-down-downtime-2-solidly-neutral-grounded-systems-solidly-grounded-systems-are-usually-used-in-low-voltage-applications-at-600-volts-or-less-in-solidly-grounded-system-the-neutral-point-is-connected-to-earth-solidly-neutral-grounding-slightly-reduces-the-problem-of-transient-over-voltages-found-on-the-ungrounded-system-and-provided-path-for-the-ground-fault-current-is-in-the-range-of-25-to-100-of-the-system-three-phase-fault-current-however-if-the-reactance-of-the-generator-or 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https://eedemy.com/type-of-electrical-power-distribution-systems-type-of-electrical-power-distribution-systems-electrical-power-is-distribution-either-three-wires-or-four-wires-3-wire-for-phases-and-1-wire-for-neutral-voltage-between-phase-to-phase-called-line-voltage-and-voltage-between-phase-and-neutral-is-called-phase-voltage-this-forth-wire-may-or-may-not-be-distributed-in-distribution-system-and-same-way-this-neutral-may-or-may-not-be-earthed-depending-of-this-neutral-condition-earthed-not-earthed-access-not-access-there-are-various-type-of-earthing-system-the-neutral-may-be-directly-connected-to-earth-or-connected-through-a-resistor-or-a-reactor-this-system-is-called-directly-earthed-or-earthed-system-when-a-connection-has-not-been-made-between-the-neutral-point-and-earth-we-say-that-the-neutral-is-unearthed-in-a-network-the-earthing-system-plays-a-very-important-role-when-an-insulation-fault-occurs-or-a-phase-is-accidentally-earthed-the-values-taken-by-the-fault-currents-the-touch-voltages-and-over-voltages-are-closely-linked-to-the-type-of-neutral-earthing-connection-a-directly-earthed-neutral-strongly-limits-over-voltages-but-it-causes-very-high-fault-currents-here-as-an-unearthed-neutral-limits-fault-currents-to-very-low-values-but-encourages-the-occurrence-of-high-over-voltages-in-any-installation-service-continuity-in-the-event-of-an-insulation-fault-is-also-directly-related-to-the-earthing-system-an-unearthed-neutral-permits-service-continuity-during-an-insulation-fault-contrary-to-this-a-directly-earthed-neutral-or-low-impedance-earthed-neutral-causes-tripping-as-soon-as-the-first-insulation-fault-occurs-the-choice-of-earthing-system-in-both-low-voltage-and-medium-voltage-networks-depends-on-the-type-of-installation-as-well-as-the-type-of-network-it-is-also-influenced-by-the-type-of-loads-and-service-continuity-required-the-main-objectives-of-an-earthing-system-are-provide-an-alternative-path-for-the-fault-current-to-flow-so-that-it-will-not-endanger-the-user-ensure-that-all-exposed-conductive-parts-do-not-reach-a-dangerous-potential-maintain-the-voltage-at-any-part-of-an-electrical-system-at-a-known-value-and-prevent-over-current-or-excessive-voltage-on-the-appliances-or-equipment-different-earthing-systems-are-capable-of-carrying-different-amounts-of-over-current-since-the-amount-of-over-current-produced-in-different-types-of-installation-differs-from-each-other-required-type-of-earthing-will-also-differ-according-to-the-type-of-installation-so-in-order-to-ensure-that-the-installation-goes-with-the-existing-earthing-system-or-else-to-do-any-modification-accordingly-we-need-to-have-a-proper-idea-of-the-present-earthing-system-it-would-enhance-the-safety-as-well-as-the-reliability-as-per-iec-60364-3-there-are-three-types-of-systems-1-unearthed-system-it-system-2-earthed-system-tt-tn-tn-s-tn-c-tn-c-s-the-first-letter-defines-the-neutral-point-in-relation-to-earth-1-t-directly-earthed-neutral-from-the-french-word-terre-2-i-unearthed-or-high-impedance-earthed-neutral-eg-2000-the-second-letter-defines-the-exposed-conductive-parts-of-the-electrical-installation-in-relation-to-earth-1-t-directly-earthed-exposed-conductive-parts-2-n-exposed-conductive-parts-directly-connected-to-the-neutral-conductor-unearthed-system-1-it-system-unearthed-high-impedance-earthed-neutral-first-letter-i-the-neutral-is-unearthed-at-transformer-or-generator-side-second-letter-t-frame-parts-of-the-loads-are-interconnected-and-earthed-at-load-side-is-compulsory-to-install-an-over-voltage-limiter-between-the-mvlv-transformer-neutral-point-and-earth-if-the-neutral-is-not-accessible-the-overvoltage-limiter-is-installed-between-a-phase-and-earth-it-runs-off-external-over-voltages-transmitted-by-the-transformer-to-the-earth-and-protects-the-low-voltage-network-from-a-voltage-increase-due-to-flashover-between-the-transformers-medium-voltage-and-low-voltage-windings-advantages-1-system-providing-the-best-service-continuity-during-use-2-when-an-insulation-fault-occurs-the-short-circuit-current-is-very-low-3-higher-operational-safety-only-a-capacitive-current-flows-which-is-caused-by-the-system-leakage-capacitance-if-an-earth-fault-occurs-4-better-accident-prevention-the-fault-current-is-limited-by-the-body-impedance-earthing-resistance-and-the-high-impedance-of-the-earth-fault-loop-disadvantages-1-requires-presence-of-maintenance-personnel-to-monitor-and-locate-the-first-fault-during-use-2-requires-a-good-level-of-network-insulation-high-leakage-current-must-be-supplied-by-insulating-transformers-3-overvoltage-limiters-must-be-installed-4-requires-all-the-installations-exposed-conductive-parts-to-be 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/11kv415v-overhead-line-specificationrec-11kv415v-over-head-lines-specification-and-installation-rec-11kv-lightning-arrester-is-3070-pt-ii-voltage-rating-for-la-the-rated-voltage-of-lightning-arresters-shall-be-9-kv-rms-this-will-be-applicable-to-the-effectively-earthed-11-kv-systems-co-efficient-of-earth-not-exceeding-80-percent-as-per-is-4004-with-all-the-transformer-neutrals-directly-earthed-normal-discharge-current-rating-for-la-the-nominal-discharge-current-rating-of-the-lightning-arresters-shall-be-5-ka-tests-for-la-the-following-routine-and-type-tests-as-laid-down-in-is-3070-part-i-shall-be-carried-out-routine-test-dry-power-frequency-spark-over-test-type-tests-confirmation-1-voltage-withstand-tests-of-arrester-insulation-2-power-frequency-spark-over-test-3-hundred-percent-12550-microsecond-impulse-spark-over-test-4-front-of-wave-impulse-spark-over-test-5-residual-voltage-test-6-impulse-current-withstand-test-7-operating-duty-test-8-temperature-cycle-test-on-porcelain-housing-9-porosity-test-on-porcelain-components-10-galvanizing-test-on-metal-parts-11-kv-drop-out-fuse-cutouts-is-9385-part-i-to-iii-the-distribution-fuse-cutouts-shall-be-outdoor-open-drop-out-expulsion-type-fuse-cutouts-suitable-for-installation-in-50-hz-11-kv-distribution-system-the-rated-voltage-shall-be-12-kv-the-rated-current-shall-be-100-a-rated-lighting-impulse-withstands-voltage-for-fuse-to-earth-and-between-poles-75-kv-peak-across-the-isolating-distance-of-fuse-base-86-kv-peak-rated-one-minute-power-frequency-withstand-voltage-wet-dry-for-fuse-to-earth-and-between-poles-28-kv-rms-across-the-isolating-distance-32-kv-rms-temperature-rise-limit-for-fuse-copper-contacts-silver-faced-650c-terminals-500c-metal-parts-acting-as-spring-the-temperature-shall-not-reach-such-a-value-that-elasticity-of-the-metal-is-changed-rated-breaking-capacity-for-fuse-the-rated-breaking-capacity-shall-be-8-ka-asymmetrical-construction-details-for-fuse-the-cutouts-shall-be-of-single-vent-type-downward-having-a-front-connected-fuse-carrier-suitable-for-angle-mounting-all-ferrous-parts-shall-be-hot-dip-galvanized-in-accordance-with-the-latest-version-of-is-2632-nuts-and-bolts-shall-conform-to-is-1364-spring-washers-shall-be-electro-galvanized-fuse-base-top-assembly-the-top-current-carrying-parts-shall-be-made-of-a-highly-conductive-copper-alloy-and-the-contact-portion-shall-be-silver-plated-for-corrosion-resistance-and-efficient-current-flow-the-contact-shall-have-a-socket-cavity-for-latching-and-holding-firmly-the-fuse-carrier-until-the-fault-interruption-is-completed-within-the-fuse-the-top-assembly-shall-have-an-aluminum-alloy-terminal-connector-the-top-assembly-shall-be-robust-enough-to-absorb-bulk-of-the-forces-during-the-fuse-carrier-closing-and-opening-operations-and-shall-not-over-stress-the-spring-contact-it-shall-also-prohibit-accidental-opening-of-the-fuse-carrier-due-to-vibrations-or-impact-fuse-base-bottom-assembly-the-conducting-parts-shall-be-made-of-high-strength-highly-conductive-copper-alloy-and-the-contact-portion-shall-be-silver-plated-for-corrosion-resistance-and-shall-provide-a-low-resistance-current-path-from-the-bottom-fuse-carrier-contacts-to-the-bottom-terminal-connector-fuse-carrier-top-assembly-the-fuse-carrier-top-contact-shall-have-a-solid-replaceable-cap-made-from-highly-conductive-anticorrosive-copper-alloy-and-the-contact-portion-shall-be-silver-plated-to-provide-a-low-resistance-current-path-from-the-fuse-base-top-contact-to-the-fuse-link-it-shall-make-a-firm-contact-with-the-button-head-of-the-fuse-link-and-shall-provide-a-protective-enclosure-to-the-fuse-link-to-check-spreading-of-arc-during-fault-interruptions-the-fuse-carrier-shall-be-provided-with-a-cast-bronze-opening-eye-pull-ring-suitable-for-operation-with-a-hook-stick-from-the-ground-level-to-pull-out-or-close-in-the-fuse-carrier-by-manual-operation-fuse-carrier-bottom-assembly-the-fuse-carrier-bottom-assembly-shall-be-made-of-bronze-castings-with-silver-plating-at-the-contact-points-to-efficiently-transfer-current-to-fuse-base-it-shall-make-smooth-contact-with-the-fuse-base-bottom-assembly-during-closing-operation-the-bottom-assembly-shall-have-a-lifting-eye-for-the-hook-stick-for-removing-or-replacing-the-fuse-carrier-fuse-base-porcelain-the-fuse-base-shall-be-a-bird-proof-single-unit-porcelain-insulator-with-a-creepage-distance-to-earth-not-less-than-320-mm-the-top-and-bottom-assemblies-as-also-the-middle-clamping-hardware-shall-be-either-embedded-in-the-porcelain-insulator-with-sulphur-cement-or-suitably-clamped-in-position-for-embedded-components-the-pull-out-strength-should-be-such-as-to-result-in-breaking-of-the-porcelain-before 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/power-quality-power-quality-in-the-present-scenario-of-power-utilization-and-consumption-the-importance-of-power-quality-is-vital-for-a-continuous-and-effective-power-supply-the-features-of-power-quality-play-a-major-role-in-the-effective-power-utilization-along-with-the-control-improvement-measures-for-various-factors-affecting-it-power-quality-is-defined-as-the-ability-of-a-system-to-1-deliver-electric-power-service-of-sufficiently-high-quality-so-that-the-end-use-equipment-will-operate-within-their-design-specifications-and-2-it-should-be-of-sufficient-reliability-so-that-the-operator-of-end-use-equipment-will-be-continuous-in-other-words-it-may-be-defined-as-the-concept-of-powering-grounding-and-protecting-electric-equipment-in-a-manner-that-is-suitable-to-the-operation-of-that-equipment-why-is-it-a-concern-power-quality-has-been-a-problem-since-the-conception-of-electricity-but-only-over-the-last-2-decades-has-it-gotten-considerable-attention-with-the-introduction-of-large-numbers-of-computers-microprocessors-in-business-and-homes-and-the-network-revolution-and-ever-increasing-equipment-capability-and-speed-there-are-various-factors-that-really-make-us-think-about-it-1-power-quality-problems-can-cause-equipment-malfunctions-excessive-wear-or-premature-failure-of-equipment-increased-costs-increased-maintenance-repair-time-and-expense-outside-consultant-expense-2-electronic-equipments-are-more-sensitive-to-minor-fluctuations-we-rely-on-the-equipment-more-and-have-higher-expectations-new-electronic-devices-are-more-sensitive-than-the-equipment-being-replaced-as-well-power-quality-affecting-factor-many-electronic-devices-are-susceptible-to-power-quality-problems-and-a-source-of-power-quality-problems-some-of-the-important-concerns-are-1-waveform-distortions-like-harmonics-2-transients-3-voltage-fluctuations-such-as-voltage-sags-swells-4-interruptions-eg-outages-blinks-1-waveform-distortions-harmonics-due-to-substantial-increase-of-non-linear-loads-such-as-the-use-of-power-electronics-circuits-and-devices-the-ac-power-system-suffers-from-harmonic-problems-in-general-we-may-classify-sources-of-harmonics-into-three-categories-ie-1-domestic-loads-2-industrial-loads-3-control-devices-a-harmonic-is-a-sinusoidal-component-of-a-periodic-wave-or-quantity-having-a-frequency-ie-an-integral-multiple-of-fundamental-frequency-pure-or-clean-power-is-referred-as-those-without-harmonics-but-this-only-exists-in-laboratories-the-frequencies-of-the-harmonics-are-different-depending-on-the-fundamental-frequency-due-to-high-harmonic-voltage-andor-current-levels-there-are-a-number-of-equipments-that-can-have-miss-operation-or-failures-the-main-sources-of-harmonic-current-are-the-phase-angle-controlled-rectifiers-and-inverters-although-the-applied-voltage-to-a-transformer-is-sinusoidal-the-magnetization-current-related-to-the-flux-through-the-lamination-magnetization-curve-is-non-sinusoidal-these-harmonics-have-their-maximum-effect-during-the-first-hours-of-the-day-when-the-system-is-lightly-loaded-and-the-voltage-is-higher-2-transients-transients-occur-in-distribution-system-due-to-factors-like-lightning-switching-operations-and-fault-clearingbreaker-operations-etc-the-various-causes-of-transients-in-customer-system-are-lightning-arcing-devices-starting-stopping-motors-breaker-operations-and-capacitor-switching-etc-3-voltage-fluctuations-such-as-voltage-sags-swells-in-sags-voltage-falls-below-90-of-normal-but-stays-above-10-of-normal-for-any-amount-of-time-in-swells-voltage-rises-above-110-of-normal-but-below-180-of-normal-for-any-amount-of-time-if-its-long-enough-you-notice-lights-dimming-or-getting-brighter-sags-are-much-more-common-than-swells-4-interruptions-eg-outages-and-blinks-interruptions-may-be-defined-as-the-interrupts-that-hampers-the-normal-flow-of-voltage-or-power-quality-when-voltage-falls-below-10-of-normal-circuit-voltage-for-any-length-of-time-the-power-supply-is-off-the-outages-can-be-of-microseconds-to-hours-or-days-when-interruptions-occur-there-is-a-chance-of-blinking-as-well-control-improvement-of-the-system-in-order-to-overcome-the-various-affecting-factors-we-need-to-implement-some-control-and-improvement-measures-they-are-discussed-as-follows-1-harmonics-several-techniques-are-adopted-to-minimize-harmonic-effects-like-increasing-pulse-number-passive-filters-and-active-filters-by-use-of-these-techniques-we-get-higher-pulse-trap-the-harmonics-and-convert-the-non-linear-ac-line-current-into-a-sinusoidal-wave-respectively-power-quality-analysis-is-really-a-matter-of-concern-as-it-is-quite-evident-how-important-supply-of-power-is-especially-in-organizations-where-critical-loads-need-continuous-supply-of-clean-power-and 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/ferranti-effect-what-is-ferranti-effect-a-long-transmission-line-draws-a-substantial-quantity-of-charging-current-if-such-a-line-is-open-circuited-or-very-lightly-loaded-at-the-receiving-end-receiving-end-voltage-being-greater-than-sending-end-voltage-in-a-transmission-line-is-known-as-ferranti-effect-all-electrical-loads-are-inductive-in-nature-and-hence-they-consume-lot-of-reactive-power-from-the-transmission-lines-hence-there-is-voltage-drop-in-the-lines-capacitors-which-supply-reactive-power-are-connected-parallel-to-the-transmission-lines-at-the-receiving-end-so-as-to-compensate-the-reactive-power-consumed-by-the-inductive-loads-as-the-inductive-load-increases-more-of-the-capacitors-are-connected-parallel-via-electronic-switching-thus-reactive-power-consumed-by-inductive-loads-is-supplied-by-the-capacitors-thereby-reducing-the-consumption-of-reactive-power-from-transmission-line-however-when-the-inductive-loads-are-switched-off-the-capacitors-may-still-be-in-on-condition-the-reactive-power-supplied-by-the-capacitors-adds-on-to-the-transmission-lines-due-to-the-absence-of-inductance-as-a-result-voltage-at-the-receiving-end-or-consumer-end-increases-and-is-more-than-the-voltage-at-the-supply-end-this-is-known-as-ferranti-effect-why-does-voltage-rise-on-a-long-unloaded-transmission-line-the-ferranti-effect-occurs-when-current-drawn-by-the-distributed-capacitance-of-the-transmission-line-itself-is-greater-than-the-current-associated-with-the-load-at-the-receiving-end-of-the-line-therefore-the-ferranti-effect-tends-to-be-a-bigger-problem-on-lightly-loaded-lines-and-especially-on-underground-cable-circuits-where-the-shunt-capacitance-is-greater-than-with-a-corresponding-overhead-line-this-effect-is-due-to-the-voltage-drop-across-the-line-inductance-due-to-charging-current-being-in-phase-with-the-sending-end-voltages-as-this-voltage-drop-affects-the-sending-end-voltage-the-receiving-end-voltage-becomes-greater-the-ferranti-effect-will-be-more-pronounced-the-longer-the-line-and-the-higher-the-voltage-applied-the-ferranti-effect-is-not-a-problem-with-lines-that-are-loaded-because-line-capacitive-effect-is-constant-independent-of-load-while-inductance-will-vary-with-load-as-inductive-load-is-added-the-var-generated-by-the-line-capacitance-is-consumed-by-the-load-how-to-reduce-ferranti-effect-shunt-reactors-and-series-capacitors-the-need-for-large-shunt-reactors-appeared-when-long-power-transmission-lines-for-system-voltage-220-kv-higher-were-built-the-characteristic-parameters-of-a-line-are-the-series-inductance-due-to-the-magnetic-field-around-the-conductors-the-shunt-capacitance-due-to-the-electrostatic-field-to-earth-both-the-inductance-the-capacitance-are-distributed-along-the-length-of-the-line-so-are-the-series-resistance-and-the-admittance-to-earth-when-the-line-is-loaded-there-is-a-voltage-drop-along-the-line-due-to-the-series-inductance-and-the-series-resistance-when-the-line-is-energized-but-not-loaded-or-only-loaded-with-a-small-current-there-is-a-voltage-rise-along-the-line-the-ferranti-effect-in-this-situation-the-capacitance-to-earth-draws-a-current-through-the-line-which-may-be-capacitive-when-a-capacitive-current-flows-through-the-line-inductance-there-will-be-a-voltage-rise-along-the-line-to-stabilize-the-line-voltage-the-line-inductance-can-be-compensated-by-means-of-series-capacitors-and-the-line-capacitance-to-earth-by-shunt-reactors-series-capacitors-are-placed-at-different-places-along-the-line-while-shunt-reactors-are-often-installed-in-the-stations-at-the-ends-of-line-in-this-way-the-voltage-difference-between-the-ends-of-the-line-is-reduced-both-in-amplitude-and-in-phase-angle-shunt-reactors-may-also-be-connected-to-the-power-system-at-junctures-where-several-lines-meet-or-to-tertiary-windings-of-transformers-transmission-cables-have-much-higher-capacitance-to-earth-than-overhead-lines-long-submarine-cables-for-system-voltages-of-100-kv-and-more-need-shunt-reactors-the-same-goes-for-large-urban-networks-to-prevent-excessive-voltage-rise-when-a-high-load-suddenly-falls-out-due-to-a-failure-shunt-reactors-contain-the-same-components-as-power-transformers-like-windings-core-tank-bushings-and-insulating-oil-and-are-suitable-for-manufacturing-in-transformer-factories-the-main-difference-is-the-reactor-core-limbs-which-have-non-magnetic-gaps-inserted-between-packets-of-core-steel-3-phase-reactors-can-also-be-made-these-may-have-3-or-5-limbed-cores-in-a-3-limbed-core-there-is-strong-magnetic-coupling-between-the-three-phases-while-in-a-5-limbed-core-the-phases-are-magnetically-independent-due-to-the-enclosing-magnetic-frame-formed-by-the-two-yokes-and-the-two-unwound-side-limbs-the-neutral-of-shunt-reactor-may-be 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/what-is-corona-effect-introduction-one-of-the-phenomena-associated-with-all-energized-electrical-devices-including-high-voltage-transmission-lines-is-corona-the-localized-electric-field-near-a-conductor-can-be-sufficiently-concentrated-to-ionize-air-close-to-the-conductors-this-can-result-in-a-partial-discharge-of-electrical-energy-called-a-corona-discharge-or-corona-what-is-corona-electric-transmission-lines-can-generate-a-small-amount-of-sound-energy-as-a-result-of-corona-corona-is-a-phenomenon-associated-with-all-transmission-lines-under-certain-conditions-the-localized-electric-field-near-energized-components-and-conductors-can-produce-a-tiny-electric-discharge-or-corona-that-causes-the-surrounding-air-molecules-to-ionize-or-undergo-a-slight-localized-change-of-electric-charge-utility-companies-try-to-reduce-the-amount-of-corona-because-in-addition-to-the-low-levels-of-noise-that-result-corona-is-a-power-loss-and-in-extreme-cases-it-can-damage-system-components-over-time-corona-occurs-on-all-types-of-transmission-lines-but-it-becomes-more-noticeable-at-higher-voltages-345-kv-and-higher-under-fair-weather-conditions-the-audible-noise-from-corona-is-minor-and-rarely-noticed-during-wet-and-humid-conditions-water-drops-collect-on-the-conductors-and-increase-corona-activity-under-these-conditions-a-crackling-or-humming-sound-may-be-heard-in-the-immediate-vicinity-of-the-line-corona-results-in-a-power-loss-power-losses-like-corona-result-in-operating-inefficiencies-and-increase-the-cost-of-service-for-all-ratepayers-a-major-concern-in-transmission-line-design-is-the-reduction-of-losses-source-of-corona-the-amount-of-corona-produced-by-a-transmission-line-is-a-function-of-the-voltage-of-the-line-the-diameter-of-the-conductors-the-locations-of-the-conductors-in-relation-to-each-other-the-elevation-of-the-line-above-sea-level-the-condition-of-the-conductors-and-hardware-and-the-local-weather-conditions-power-flow-does-not-affect-the-amount-of-corona-produced-by-a-transmission-line-the-electric-field-gradient-is-greatest-at-the-surface-of-the-conductor-large-diameter-conductors-have-lower-electric-field-gradients-at-the-conductor-surface-and-hence-lower-corona-than-smaller-conductors-everything-else-being-equal-the-conductors-chosen-for-the-calumet-to-the-line-were-selected-to-have-large-diameters-and-to-utilize-a-two-conductor-bundle-this-reduces-the-potential-to-create-audible-noise-irregularities-such-as-nicks-and-scrapes-on-the-conductor-surface-or-sharp-edges-on-suspension-hardware-concentrate-the-electric-field-at-these-locations-and-thus-increase-the-electric-field-gradient-and-the-resulting-corona-at-these-spots-similarly-foreign-objects-on-the-conductor-surface-such-as-dust-or-insects-can-cause-irregularities-on-the-surface-that-are-a-source-for-corona-corona-also-increases-at-higher-elevations-where-the-density-of-the-atmosphere-is-less-than-at-sea-level-audible-noise-will-vary-with-elevation-an-increase-in-1000-feet-of-elevation-will-result-in-an-increase-in-audible-noise-of-approximately-1-db-a-audible-noise-at-5000-feet-in-elevation-will-5-db-a-higher-than-the-same-audible-noise-at-sea-level-all-other-things-being-equal-the-new-calumet-to-comanche-345-kv-double-circuit-line-was-modeled-with-an-elevation-of-6000-feet-raindrops-snow-fog-hoarfrost-and-condensation-accumulated-on-the-conductor-surface-are-also-sources-of-surface-irregularities-that-can-increase-corona-during-fair-weather-the-number-of-these-condensed-water-droplets-or-ice-crystals-is-usually-small-and-the-corona-effect-is-also-small-however-during-wet-weather-the-number-of-these-sources-increases-for-instance-due-to-rain-drops-standing-on-the-conductor-and-corona-effects-are-therefore-greater-during-wet-or-foul-weather-conditions-the-conductor-will-produce-the-greatest-amount-of-corona-noise-however-during-heavy-rain-the-noise-generated-by-the-falling-rain-drops-hitting-the-ground-will-typically-be-greater-than-the-noise-generated-by-corona-and-thus-will-mask-the-audible-noise-from-the-transmission-line-corona-produced-on-a-transmission-line-can-be-reduced-by-the-design-of-the-transmission-line-and-the-selection-of-hardware-and-conductors-used-for-the-construction-of-the-line-for-instance-the-use-of-conductor-hangers-that-have-rounded-rather-than-sharp-edges-and-no-protruding-bolts-with-sharp-edges-will-reduce-corona-the-conductors-themselves-can-be-made-with-larger-diameters-and-handled-so-that-they-have-smooth-surfaces-without-nicks-or-burrs-or-scrapes-in-the-conductor-strands-the-transmission-lines-proposed-here-are-designed-to-reduce-corona-generation-types-of-corona-there-are-three-types-of-corona-a-glow-discharge-occurs-at-a-gradient-of-approximately-20-kv-rmscm-glow-discharge-is-a-light-glow-off-sharp-p 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/importance-of-reactive-power-for-system-introduction-we-always-in-practice-to-reduce-reactive-power-to-improve-system-efficiency-this-are-acceptable-at-some-level-if-system-is-purely-resistively-or-capacitance-it-make-cause-some-problem-in-electrical-system-alternating-systems-supply-or-consume-two-kind-of-power-real-power-and-reactive-power-real-power-accomplishes-useful-work-while-reactive-power-supports-the-voltage-that-must-be-controlled-for-system-reliability-reactive-power-has-a-profound-effect-on-the-security-of-power-systems-because-it-affects-voltages-throughout-the-system-find-important-discussion-regarding-importance-about-reactive-power-and-how-it-is-useful-to-maintain-system-voltage-healthy-importance-of-reactive-power-voltage-control-in-an-electrical-power-system-is-important-for-proper-operation-for-electrical-power-equipment-to-prevent-damage-such-as-overheating-of-generators-and-motors-to-reduce-transmission-losses-and-to-maintain-the-ability-of-the-system-to-withstand-and-prevent-voltage-collapse-decreasing-reactive-power-causing-voltage-to-fall-while-increasing-it-causing-voltage-to-rise-a-voltage-collapse-may-be-occurs-when-the-system-try-to-serve-much-more-load-than-the-voltage-can-support-when-reactive-power-supply-lower-voltage-as-voltage-drops-current-must-increase-to-maintain-power-supplied-causing-system-to-consume-more-reactive-power-and-the-voltage-drops-further-if-the-current-increase-too-much-transmission-lines-go-off-line-overloading-other-lines-and-potentially-causing-cascading-failures-if-the-voltage-drops-too-low-some-generators-will-disconnect-automatically-to-protect-themselves-voltage-collapse-occurs-when-an-increase-in-load-or-less-generation-or-transmission-facilities-causes-dropping-voltage-which-causes-a-further-reduction-in-reactive-power-from-capacitor-and-line-charging-and-still-there-further-voltage-reductions-if-voltage-reduction-continues-these-will-cause-additional-elements-to-trip-leading-further-reduction-in-voltage-and-loss-of-the-load-the-result-in-these-entire-progressive-and-uncontrollable-declines-in-voltage-is-that-the-system-unable-to-provide-the-reactive-power-required-supplying-the-reactive-power-demands-necessary-to-control-of-voltage-and-reactive-power-voltage-control-and-reactive-power-management-are-two-aspects-of-a-single-activity-that-both-supports-reliability-and-facilitates-commercial-transactions-across-transmission-networks-on-an-alternating-current-ac-power-system-voltage-is-controlled-by-managing-production-and-absorption-of-reactive-power-there-are-three-reasons-why-it-is-necessary-to-manage-reactive-power-and-control-voltage-first-both-customer-and-power-system-equipment-are-designed-to-operate-within-a-range-of-voltages-usually-within5-of-the-nominal-voltage-at-low-voltages-many-types-of-equipment-perform-poorly-light-bulbs-provide-less-illumination-induction-motors-can-overheat-and-be-damaged-and-some-electronic-equipment-will-not-operate-at-high-voltages-can-damage-equipment-and-shorten-their-lifetimes-second-reactive-power-consumes-transmission-and-generation-resources-to-maximize-the-amount-of-real-power-that-can-be-transferred-across-a-congested-transmission-interface-reactive-power-flows-must-be-minimized-similarly-reactive-power-production-can-limit-a-generators-real-power-capability-third-moving-reactive-power-on-the-transmission-system-incurs-real-power-losses-both-capacity-and-energy-must-be-supplied-to-replace-these-losses-voltage-control-is-complicated-by-two-additional-factors-first-the-transmission-system-itself-is-a-nonlinear-consumer-of-reactive-power-depending-on-system-loading-at-very-light-loading-the-system-generates-reactive-power-that-must-be-absorbed-while-at-heavy-loading-the-system-consumes-a-large-amount-of-reactive-power-that-must-be-replaced-the-systems-reactive-power-requirements-also-depend-on-the-generation-and-transmission-configuration-consequently-system-reactive-requirements-vary-in-time-as-load-levels-and-load-and-generation-patterns-change-the-bulk-power-system-is-composed-of-many-pieces-of-equipment-any-one-of-which-can-fail-at-any-time-therefore-the-system-is-designed-to-withstand-the-loss-of-any-single-piece-of-equipment-and-to-continue-operating-without-impacting-any-customers-that-is-the-system-is-designed-to-withstand-a-single-contingency-the-loss-of-a-generator-or-a-major-transmission-line-can-have-the-compounding-effect-of-reducing-the-reactive-supply-and-at-the-same-time-reconfiguring-flows-such-that-the-system-is-consuming-additional-reactive-power-at-least-a-portion-of-the-reactive-supply-must-be-capable-of-responding-quickly-to-changing-reactive-power-demands-and-to-maintain-acceptable-voltages-throughout-the-system-thus-just-as-an-electrical-system-requires-real-powe 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/overhead-conductors-types-of-overhead-conductors-properties-of-overhead-bare-conductors-current-carrying-capacity-strength-weight-diameter-corrosion-resistance-creep-rate-thermal-coefficient-of-expansion-fatigue-strength-operating-temperature-short-circuit-currenttemperature-thermal-stability-cost-categories-of-overhead-conductors-homogeneous-conductors-copper-aac-all-aluminum-conductor-aaac-all-aluminum-alloy-conductor-the-core-consists-of-a-single-strand-identical-to-the-outer-strands-since-all-the-strands-are-the-same-diameter-one-can-show-that-the-innermost-layer-always-consists-of-6-strands-the-second-layer-of-12-strands-etc-making-conductors-having-1-7-19-37-61-91-or-128-strands-non-homogeneous-conductors-acar-aluminum-conductor-alloy-reinforced-acsr-aluminum-conductor-steel-reinforced-acss-aluminum-conductor-steel-supported-aacsr-aluminum-alloy-conductor-steel-reinforced-the-strands-in-the-core-may-or-may-not-be-of-the-same-diameter-in-a-307-acsr-conductor-the-aluminum-and-steel-strands-are-of-the-same-diameter-in-a-3019-acsr-they-are-not-within-the-core-or-within-the-outer-layers-however-the-number-of-strands-always-increases-by-6-in-each-succeeding-layer-thus-in-267-acsr-the-number-of-layers-in-the-inner-layer-of-aluminum-is-10-and-in-the-outer-layer-16-categories-of-overhead-conductors-vr-vibration-resistance-non-specular-acsr-sd-self-damping-choices-of-overhead-depend-upon-power-delivery-requirements-current-carrying-capacity-electrical-losses-line-design-requirements-distances-to-be-spanned-sag-and-clearance-requirements-environmental-considerations-ice-and-wind-loading-ambient-temperatures-1-aac-all-aluminum-conductors-aac-is-made-up-of-one-or-more-strands-of-hard-drawn-1350-aluminum-alloy-aac-has-had-limited-use-in-transmission-lines-and-rural-distribution-because-of-the-long-spans-utilized-good-conductivity-612-iacs-good-corrosion-resistance-high-conductivity-to-weight-ratio-moderate-strength-typical-application-short-spans-where-maximum-current-transfer-is-required-the-excellent-corrosion-resistance-of-aluminum-has-made-aac-a-conductor-of-choice-in-coastal-areas-because-of-its-relatively-poor-strength-to-weight-ratio-aac-has-seen-extensive-use-in-urban-areas-where-spans-are-usually-short-but-high-conductivity-is-required-these-conductors-are-used-in-low-medium-and-high-voltage-overhead-lines-2-aaac-all-aluminum-alloy-conductors-aaac-are-made-out-of-high-strength-aluminum-magnesium-silicon-alloy-aaac-with-different-variants-of-electrical-grade-alloys-type-6101-and-6201-these-conductors-are-designed-to-get-better-strength-to-weight-ratio-and-offers-improved-electrical-characteristics-excellent-sag-tension-characteristics-and-superior-corrosion-resistance-when-compared-with-acsr-equivalent-aluminum-alloy-conductors-have-approximately-the-same-ampacity-and-strength-as-their-acsr-counterparts-with-a-much-improved-strength-to-weight-ratio-and-also-exhibit-substantially-better-electrical-loss-characteristics-than-their-equivalent-single-layer-acsr-constructions-the-thermal-coefficient-of-expansion-is-greater-than-that-of-acsr-as-compared-to-conventional-acsr-lighter-weight-comparable-strength-current-carrying-capacity-lower-electrical-losses-and-superior-corrosion-resistance-have-given-aaac-a-wide-acceptance-in-the-distribution-and-transmission-lines-features-high-strength-to-weight-ratio-better-sag-characteristics-improved-electrical-properties-excellent-resistance-to-corrosion-specifications-higher-tensile-strength-excellent-corrosion-resistance-good-strength-to-weight-ratio-lower-electrical-losses-moderate-conductivity-525-iacs-typical-application-transmission-and-distribution-applications-in-corrosive-environments-acsr-replacement-3-acar-aluminum-conductor-al-alloy-reinforced-aluminum-conductor-alloy-reinforced-acar-is-formed-by-concentrically-stranded-wires-of-aluminum-1350-on-high-strength-aluminum-magnesium-silicon-almgsi-alloy-core-the-number-of-wires-of-aluminum-1350-almgsi-alloy-depends-on-the-cable-design-even-though-the-general-design-comprises-a-stranded-core-of-almgsi-alloy-strands-in-certain-cable-constructions-the-wires-of-almgsi-alloy-strands-can-be-distributed-in-layers-throughout-the-aluminum-1350-strands-acar-has-got-a-better-mechanical-and-electrical-properties-as-compared-to-an-equivalent-conductors-of-acsraac-or-aaac-a-very-good-balance-between-the-mechanical-and-electrical-properties-therefore-makes-acar-the-best-choice-where-the-ampacity-strength-and-light-weig 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/guideline-to-design-electrical-network-for-building-small-area-guideline-to-design-electrical-network-for-building-small-area-1-calculate-electrical-load-find-out-built-up-area-in-sqftof-per-flat-per-housedwelling-unit-multiply-area-in-sqft-by-loadsqft-according-to-following-table-type-of-load-loadsqft-industrial-100-wattsqft-commercial-30-wattsqft-domestic-15-wattsqft-apply-the-diversity-factor-and-compute-the-load-of-all-dwelling-units-in-the-area-type-of-load-diversity-factor-industrial-05-commercial-08-domestic-04-add-the-load-of-common-services-such-as-auditorium-street-lights-lifts-and-water-pumps-etc-for-simplicity-purpose-05kwdwelling-units-may-be-considered-as-common-load-compute-the-total-load-of-the-area-by-adding-load-observed-at-above-apply-the-power-factor-of-08-to-determine-the-load-in-kva-compute-the-load-in-kva-total-load08-take-transformer-loading-of-65-considering-the-network-arrangement-ring-main-circuit-2-decide-voltage-grade-for-electrical-load-if-load-is-equal-to-or-more-than-250mva-the-area-shall-be-fed-through-33kv-feeder-for-such-loads-the-land-space-for-3311kv-sub-station-shall-have-to-be-allocated-by-builder-society-authority-for-load-between-1-mva-to-25mva-dedicated-11kv-feeder-shall-be-preferred-for-load-below-1-mva-existing-11kv-feed-can-be-tapped-through-vcb-or-rmu-3-decide-size-of-transformer-select-tc-size-of-25-kva63-kva100-kva200-kva-or-400-kva-according-to-your-load-the-maximum-capacity-of-distribution-transformer-acceptable-is-400-kva-as-a-standard-capacity-only-two-no-of-transformer-at-one-location-shall-be-acceptable-if-there-is-more-number-of-transformers-ht-shall-be-required-to-extend-using-underground-cables-to-locate-additional-transformer-4-rmu-lt-panel-either-vcb-or-ring-main-circuit-shall-be-used-to-control-transformers-there-cables-should-have-metering-arrangement-at-11kv-the-protection-system-at-incoming-supply-shall-be-using-numerical-relays-on-lt-side-of-transformer-lt-main-feeder-pillar-shall-be-provided-the-incoming-shall-be-protected-by-mccbsfu-the-distribution-pillar-box-shall-be-connected-into-ring-main-unit-the-incomer-of-distribution-pillar-shall-have-mccb-sfu-the-outgoing-shall-have-hrc-fuses-5-the-lt-cables-from-tc-to-lt-panel-main-feeder-pillar-decide-size-of-lt-cable-from-tc-to-lt-panel-as-per-following-table-transformer-size-cable-630kva-transformers-2-no-x-1c-x-630-sq-mm-al-xlpe-cable-400kva-transformers-1-no-x-1c-x-630-sq-mm-al-xlpe-250kva-transformers-3-c-x-400-sq-mm-al-xlpe-160kva-transformers-3-c-x-300-sq-mm-al-xlpe-100kva-transformers-3-c-x-150-sq-mm-al-xlpe-6-considering-various-factors-length-of-cable-the-factors-for-cable-loading-shall-be-taken-as-70-the-factor-for-multiplicity-of-cables-from-same-cable-trench-shall-be-80-the-suggested-maximum-length-of-lt-cable-feeder-shall-be-250-mtrs-the-lt-cables-shall-be-connected-in-ring-main-circuit-the-load-on-sub-feeder-pillar-shall-be-restricted-to-150kw-7-lt-cables-from-main-feeder-pillars-to-distribution-pillar-boxes-load-on-distribution-pillar-lt-cable-size-up-to-50kw-3-c-x-150-sqmm-al-xlpe-up-to-100kw-3-c-x-300-sqmm-al-xlpe-up-to-150-kw-3-c-x-400sqmm-al-xlpe-8-calculate-voltage-drop-and-td-losses-the-entire-system-has-to-be-designed-for-a-voltage-drop-of-20-from11kv-side-of-transformer-to-metering-equipment-at-end-consumer-premises-the-entire-system-has-to-be-designed-for-td-losses-of-service-maximum-20-from-11kv-to-end-consumer-meter-including-of-service-cable-ref-1-npc-limited-2-electrical-code 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https://eedemy.com/effects-of-unbalanced-electrical-load-part2-harmonics-in-system-by-ups-ups-or-inverter-supplies-also-perform-with-poor-efficiency-and-inject-more-harmonic-currents-in-case-of-unbalances-in-the-system-decrease-life-cycle-of-equipment-unbalanced-voltage-increase-i2r-losses-which-increase-temperature-high-temperatures-exceeding-the-rated-value-of-a-device-will-directly-decrease-the-life-cycle-of-the-device-and-speed-up-the-replacement-cycle-for-the-device-and-significantly-increase-the-costs-of-operation-and-maintenance-relay-malfunction-unbalanced-voltage-flows-negative-and-unbalanced-voltage-of-voltage-or-current-the-high-zero-sequence-current-in-consequence-of-voltage-imbalance-may-bring-about-malfunctions-of-relay-operation-or-make-the-ground-relay-less-sensitive-that-may-result-in-serious-safety-problems-in-the-system-inaccurate-measurement-negative-and-zero-sequence-components-of-voltages-or-currents-will-give-rise-to-inaccurate-measurements-in-many-kinds-of-meters-the-imprecise-measured-values-might-affect-the-suitability-of-settings-and-coordination-of-relay-protection-systems-and-the-correctness-of-decisions-by-some-automated-functions-of-the-system-decrease-capacity-of-transformers-cables-and-lines-the-capacity-of-transformers-cables-and-lines-is-reduced-due-to-negative-sequence-components-the-operational-limit-is-determined-by-the-rms-rating-of-the-total-current-due-to-useless-non-direct-sequence-currents-the-capacity-of-equipment-is-decrease-increase-distribution-losses-distribution-network-losses-can-vary-significantly-depending-on-the-load-unbalance-unbalance-load-increase-i2r-losses-of-distribution-lines-increase-energy-bill-by-increasing-maximum-demand-unbalanced-load-increase-maximum-demand-of-electrical-supply-which-is-significantly-effects-on-energy-bill-by-load-balancing-we-can-reduce-energy-bill-for-energy-consumption-energy-supply-company-does-not-charge-on-kva-but-on-kw-for-residential-customers-this-means-that-they-are-charged-for-the-actual-energy-used-and-not-charged-for-the-total-energy-supplied-thus-the-power-factor-and-maximum-demand-do-not-impact-residential-customers-but-commercial-industrial-and-ht-connection-charged-by-its-maximum-demand-we-have-to-specify-the-maximum-demandin-kva-at-the-time-of-connection-during-the-month-if-you-exceed-your-maximum-demand-you-have-to-pay-penalty-or-extra-price-for-the-same-that-is-the-mdi-penalty-that-appears-on-electricity-bills-lets-assume-that-two-company-has-same-approved-load-of-40-kw-and-runs-30kw-for-100-hours-electricity-charge-65-rs-per-kwh-demand-charge-210rs-per-kw-example-1-company-a-runs-a-30-kw-loads-continuously-for-100-hours-but-its-maximum-demand-is-50kw-30-kw-x-100-hours-3000-kwh-energy-consumption-charge-300065195000rs-demand-difference-50-kw-40kw10kw-demand-charges-10x2102100rs-total-bill-1950002100197100rs-example-2-company-a-runs-a-30-kw-loads-continuously-for-100-hours-but-its-maximum-demand-is-40w-30-kw-x-100-hours-3000-kwh-energy-consumption-charge-300065195000rs-demand-difference-40-kw-40kw0kw-demand-charges-0x21000rs-total-bill-1950000195000rs-failure-of-transformer-three-phase-voltage-with-high-unbalanced-may-cause-the-flux-inside-the-transformer-core-to-be-asymmetrical-this-asymmetrical-flux-will-cause-extra-core-loss-raise-the-winding-temperature-and-may-even-cause-transformer-failure-in-a-severe-case-ideally-any-distribution-transformer-gives-best-performance-at-50-loading-and-every-electrical-distribution-system-is-designed-for-it-but-in-case-of-unbalance-the-loading-goes-over-50-as-the-equipments-draw-more-current-the-efficiency-of-transformer-under-different-loading-conditions-full-load-981-half-load-9864-unbalanced-loads-965-for-a-distribution-transformer-of-200kva-rating-the-eddy-currents-accounts-for-200w-but-in-case-of-5-voltage-unbalance-they-can-rise-up-to-720w-bad-loose-connection-of-neutral-wire-in-balance-load-condition-bad-connection-of-neutral-wire-does-not-make-more-impact-on-distribution-system-but-in-unbalance-load-condition-such-type-of-bad-neutral-connection-make-worse-impact-on-distribution-the-three-phase-power-supplies-a-small-a-three-floor-building-each-floor-of-this-three-floor-building-is-serviced-by-a-single-phase-feeder-with-a-different-phase-that-is-the-first-second-and-third-floor-are-serviced-by-phase-r-y-and-b-the-external-lighting-load-is-connected-only-on-r-phase-the-supply-transformer-is-rated-at-150-kva-and-connected-delta-grounded-wye-to-provide-for-430220-v-three-phase-four-wire-service-this-transformer-has-a-loose-or-bad-neutral-connection-with-the-earth-the-transformer-delivers-a-load-of-35-kva-at-220-v-with-09-power-factor-la 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/effects-of-unbalanced-electrical-load-part1-introduction-generally-three-phase-balance-is-the-ideal-situation-for-a-power-system-and-quality-of-delivered-electrical-power-however-voltage-unbalance-may-makes-worse-effect-on-power-quality-of-electrical-power-at-distribution-level-the-voltages-are-quite-well-balanced-at-the-generator-and-transmission-levels-but-the-voltages-at-the-utilization-level-can-become-unbalanced-due-to-the-unequal-system-impedances-the-unequal-distribution-of-single-phase-loads-asymmetrical-three-phase-equipment-and-devices-such-as-three-phase-transformers-with-open-star-open-delta-connections-unbalanced-faults-bad-connections-to-electrical-connectors-an-excessive-level-of-voltage-unbalance-can-have-serious-impacts-on-power-quality-in-the-system-the-level-of-current-unbalance-is-several-times-the-level-of-voltage-unbalance-such-an-unbalance-in-the-line-currents-can-lead-to-excessive-line-losses-losses-in-the-stator-and-rotor-of-motor-malfunctioning-of-relay-unsymmetrical-measuring-of-meters-voltage-unbalance-also-has-an-impact-on-ac-variable-speed-drive-systems-where-the-front-end-converter-consists-of-three-phase-rectifier-systems-phase-balancing-is-very-important-and-usable-to-reduce-distribution-feeder-losses-and-improve-system-stability-and-security-what-is-unbalance-voltage-any-deviation-in-voltage-and-current-waveform-from-perfect-sinusoidal-in-terms-of-magnitude-or-phase-shift-is-termed-as-unbalance-in-ideal-conditions-the-phases-of-power-supply-are-120-degree-apart-in-terms-of-phase-angle-and-magnitude-of-their-peaks-should-be-same-on-distribution-level-the-load-imperfections-cause-current-unbalance-which-travel-to-transformer-and-cause-unbalance-in-the-three-phase-voltage-even-minor-unbalance-in-the-voltage-at-transformer-level-disturbs-the-current-waveform-significantly-on-all-the-loads-connected-to-it-if-three-phase-voltages-have-the-same-magnitude-and-are-in-exactly-120deg-phase-displacement-then-the-three-phase-voltage-is-called-balanced-otherwise-it-is-unbalanced-there-are-no-negative-and-zero-sequence-voltages-in-a-balanced-system-only-positive-sequence-components-of-balanced-three-phase-voltage-exist-on-the-contrary-if-the-system-is-unbalanced-negative-sequence-components-or-zero-sequence-components-or-both-may-exist-in-the-system-12-causes-of-unbalance-voltage-switching-of-three-phase-heavy-loads-results-in-current-and-voltage-surges-which-cause-unbalance-in-the-system-unequal-impedances-in-the-power-transmission-or-distribution-system-cause-differentiating-current-in-three-phases-any-large-single-phase-load-or-a-number-of-small-loads-connected-to-only-one-phase-cause-more-current-to-flow-from-that-particular-phase-causing-voltage-drop-on-line-with-continuous-operation-of-motors-in-various-environment-cause-degradation-of-rotor-and-stator-windings-this-degradation-is-usually-different-in-different-phases-affecting-both-the-magnitude-and-phase-angel-of-current-waveform-a-three-phase-equipment-such-as-induction-motor-and-transformer-with-unbalance-in-its-windings-if-the-reactance-of-three-phases-is-not-same-it-will-result-in-varying-current-flowing-in-three-phases-and-give-out-system-unbalance-a-current-leakage-from-any-phase-through-bearings-or-motor-body-provides-floating-earth-at-times-causing-fluctuating-current-unbalanced-incoming-utility-supply-unequal-transformer-taps-settings-large-single-phase-distribution-transformer-on-the-system-open-phase-on-the-primary-of-a-3-phase-transformer-on-the-distribution-system-faults-or-grounds-in-the-power-transformer-open-delta-connected-transformer-banks-a-blown-fuse-on-a-3-phase-bank-of-power-factor-improvement-capacitors-unequal-impedance-in-conductors-of-power-supply-wiring-unbalanced-distribution-of-single-phase-loads-such-as-lighting-heavy-reactive-single-phase-loads-such-as-welders-how-to-calculate-unbalance-voltage-unbalance-100x-maximum-deviation-from-average-voltage-average-voltage-example-with-phase-to-phase-voltages-of-the-system-is-430v-435v-and-400v-the-average-voltage4304354003421v-the-maximum-voltage-deviation-from-average-voltage435-42114v-voltage-unbalance14100421332-the-permissible-limit-in-terms-of-percentage-of-negative-phase-sequence-current-over-positive-sequence-current-is-13-ideally-but-acceptable-up-to-2-effects-of-unbalance-voltage-on-system-and-equipment-the-factors-for-voltage-unbalances-can-be-classified-into-two-categories-normal-factors-and-abnormal-factors-voltage-imbalances-due-to-normal-factors-such-as-single-phase-loads-and-three-phase-transformer-banks-with-open-star-open-delta-connections-can-generally-be-reduced-by-properly-designing-the-system-and-installing-suitable-equipment-and-devices-abnormal-factors-include-series-and-s 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/difference-between-fault-current-and-short-circuit-current-introduction-there-is-a-difference-between-fault-current-and-short-circuit-current-in-electrical-system-both-parameters-are-important-while-selecting-an-equipment-or-designing-a-network-however-both-terms-are-misled-in-electrical-engineering-in-very-simple-language-short-means-less-shortest-distance-time-or-circuit-short-circuit-fault-means-least-resistance-or-no-resistance-in-circuit-and-current-is-high-due-to-less-resistance-this-high-current-convert-into-heat-energy-the-opposite-of-a-short-circuit-is-an-open-circuit-which-is-an-infinite-resistance-between-two-nodes-while-fault-means-wrong-fault-current-means-current-pass-in-to-wrong-path-what-is-fault-current-a-fault-current-is-a-current-which-takes-the-wrong-path-instead-of-using-the-normal-conducting-path-during-fault-condition-under-normal-condition-the-electric-equipment-operate-at-normal-voltage-and-current-ratings-once-the-fault-occurs-in-a-circuit-or-device-voltage-and-current-value-deviates-from-their-nominal-value-this-may-be-high-or-low-values-the-fault-may-be-occurred-due-to-insulation-failures-wrong-connection-or-conducting-path-failures-which-further-convert-in-open-circuit-short-circuit-and-ground-fault-a-fault-current-can-either-current-being-more-or-less-than-the-normal-rated-current-in-three-phase-power-system-there-are-basically-three-types-of-fault-current-open-circuit-faults-short-circuit-faults-l-l-l-l-l-ground-circuit-faults-l-g-l-l-l-g-what-is-short-circuit-current-when-a-two-or-more-conductors-of-differential-potential-comes-to-contact-with-each-other-one-phase-comes-in-contact-with-other-phase-neutral-or-earth-gives-the-electricity-to-a-path-of-less-resistance-hence-a-large-current-flow-in-the-un-faulted-phases-such-current-is-called-the-short-circuit-current-when-short-circuit-occurs-current-returns-to-its-source-without-passing-to-the-load-it-caused-zero-or-very-little-resistance-and-no-voltage-drop-in-that-circuit-this-current-will-be-the-maximum-that-the-source-can-deliver-for-a-very-small-time-before-the-protection-device-operates-the-current-is-limited-only-by-the-resistance-of-the-rest-of-the-circuit-we-know-that-v-voltage-i-current-x-r-resistance-of-circuit-when-short-circuit-occur-resistance-is-very-small-and-can-be-considered-as-negligible-we-can-consider-r0-this-means-i-v0-which-means-infinite-current-will-flow-so-the-conductor-must-have-the-capacity-to-allow-this-huge-current-to-flow-in-most-of-the-cases-breakdown-happens-the-resistance-when-short-circuit-occur-is-very-small-and-can-be-considered-as-negligible-we-can-consider-r0-this-means-vix0-which-means-voltage-at-short-circuit-is-very-less-vdrop0-and-currentiinfinite-short-circuit-gives-thousands-time-larger-current-than-the-normal-current-and-zero-voltage-at-fault-point-this-will-produce-more-heat-and-result-in-burns-and-fires-short-circuit-faults-are-also-called-as-shunt-faults-causes-over-loading-of-equipment-overloading-of-equipment-and-insulation-failure-due-to-lighting-surges-and-mechanical-damage-loose-connectionsdue-to-loose-connections-sometimes-neutral-and-phase-wires-to-touch-faulty-or-wrong-connections-wrong-connections-make-short-circuit-in-circuit-failure-ageing-of-insulationold-or-damaged-insulation-makes-neutral-and-phase-wires-to-touch-which-can-cause-a-short-circuit-punctures-in-insulation-can-damage-insulation-and-makes-short-circuit-harmful-effects-the-short-circuit-produces-the-arc-that-causes-the-major-damage-of-equipment-such-as-transformers-and-circuit-breakers-the-short-circuit-causes-a-heavy-current-in-the-power-system-which-produces-excessive-heat-and-hence-results-in-fire-or-explosion-the-short-circuit-affects-the-stability-of-the-network-which-disturbs-the-continuity-of-the-supply-the-operating-voltages-of-the-system-can-go-below-or-above-their-acceptance-values-that-creates-harmful-effect-to-the-service-rendered-by-the-power-system-open-circuit-faults-open-circuit-faults-occur-due-to-the-failure-open-of-one-or-more-phase-conductors-in-circuit-in-open-circuit-fault-current-cannot-flow-hence-current-is-zero-and-voltage-become-infinite-vdropinfinite-and-currenti0-open-circuit-faults-are-also-called-as-series-faults-these-are-unsymmetrical-or-unbalanced-type-of-faults-except-three-phase-open-fault-causes-broken-conductor-failure-of-conductor-joints-and-malfunctioning-of-circuit-breaker-in-one-or-more-phases-harmful-effects-abnormal-operation-of-the-system-danger-to-the-human-and-animals-exceeding-the-voltages-beyond-normal-values-in-certain-parts-of-the-network-which-leads-to-insulation-failures-and-developing-of-short-circuit-faults-difference-between-fault-curr 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/transformer-clearance-indoor-and-outdoor-and-fire-protection-part-1-iec-61936-1-table-3-guide-values-for-outdoor-transformer-clearances-transformer-type-liquid-volume-clearance-to-other-transformers-or-non-combustible-building-surface-clearance-to-combustible-building-surface-oil-insulated-transformers-o-1000-liter-to-2000-liter-3-meter-76-meter-2000-litre-to-20000-litre-5-meter-10-meter-20000-litre-to-45000-litre-10-meter-20-meter-more-than-45000-liter-152-meter-305-meter-less-flammable-liquid-insulated-transformers-k-without-enhanced-protection-1000-liter-to-3800-liter-15-meter-76-meter-more-than-3800-liter-46-meter-152-meter-less-flammable-liquid-insulated-transformers-k-with-enhanced-protection-clearance-to-building-surface-or-adjacent-transformers-horizonal-09-meter-vertical15-meter-dry-type-transformers-a-fire-behaviors-class-clearance-g-to-building-surface-or-adjacent-transformers-horizonal-vertical-f0-15-meter-3-meter-f1f2-nill-nill-note-if-automatically-activated-fire-extinguishing-equipment-is-installed-the-clearance-can-be-reduced-note-if-it-is-not-possible-to-allow-for-adequate-clearance-as-indicated-in-table-3-fire-resistant-separating-walls-with-the-following-dimensions-shall-be-provided-between-transformers-see-figure-separating-walls-for-example-ei-60-in-accordance-i-height-top-of-the-expansion-chamber-if-any-otherwise-the-top-of-the-transformer-tank-ii-length-width-or-length-of-the-sump-in-the-case-of-a-dry-type-transformer-the-width-or-length-of-the-transformer-depending-upon-the-direction-of-the-transformer-note-where-transformers-with-a-liquid-volume-below-1000-litre-are-installed-near-combustible-walls-special-fire-precautions-may-be-necessary-depending-on-the-nature-and-the-use-of-the-building-1111-iec-61936-1-table-4-minimum-requirements-for-the-installation-of-indoor-transformers-transformer-type-liquid-volume-safeguard-oil-insulated-transformers-o-1000-liter-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-more-than-1000-liter-ei-90-respectively-rei-90-or-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-and-automatic-sprinkler-protection-less-flammable-liquid-insulated-transformers-k-without-enhanced-protection-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-or-automatic-sprinkler-protection-less-flammable-liquid-insulated-transformers-k-with-enhanced-protection-10-mva-and-um-38-kv-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-or-separation-distances-15-meter-horizontally-and-30-meter-vertically-dry-type-transformers-a-fire-behaviors-class-f0-ei-60-respectively-rei-60-or-separation-distances-09-meter-horizontally-and-15-meter-vertically-f1f2-non-combustible-walls-note-between-transformers-and-buildings-separating-walls-shall-be-provided-for-example-ei-60-if-additional-fire-separating-wall-is-not-provided-fire-rating-of-the-building-wall-should-be-increased-for-example-rei-90-is-3034-1993-size-of-transformer-fire-protection-10-mva-or-oil-filled-transformers-with-oil-capacity-of-2-000-liters-no-fixed-fire-protection-equipment-such-as-high-velocity-spray-is-required-10-mva-or-oil-filled-transformers-with-oil-capacity-of-2-000-litres-high-velocity-water-spray-system-shall-be-provided-this-system-shall-be-separately-mounted-and-designed-to-take-into-account-the-possibility-of-a-transformer-explosion-the-water-spray-deluge-valve-house-shall-be-located-outside-the-transformer-fire-zones-and-protected-from-radiant-heat-and-other-fire-effects-the-actuation-of-this-system-shall-be-automatic-but-manual-operating-valves-shall-also-be-provided-the-positioning-of-the-nozzles-should-be-such-to-protect-all-surfaces-of-the-transformer-and-to-give-discharge-rate-for-the-system-not-less-than-10-ipmm-of-the-area-to-be-protected-the-automatic-high-velocity-water-spray-shall-be-of-pre-active-with-quartzoid-bulbs-distance-between-two-transformers-is-less-than-15-meter-apart-or-where-the-oil-capacity-2000-liters-fire-barriers-walls-shall-be-provided-between-transformers-transformers-having-an-aggregate-oil-capacity-exceeding-2000-liters-but-an-individual-oil-capacity-of-fewer-than-5000-liters-separating-walls-shall-not-be-necessary-if-the-distance-between-transformers-and-other-apparatus-is-more-than-6-meter-if-the-transformers-are-protected-by-an-approved-high-velocity-water-spray-system-is-3034-1993-table-1-clearance-from-water-spray-equipment-to-live-un-attended-electrical-components-nominal-line-voltage-design-bil-minimum-clearance-up-to-15kv-110kv-178mm-23kv-150kv-254mm-345kv-200kv-330mm-46kv-250kv-432mm-69kv-350kv-635mm-115kv-550kv-940mm-138kv-650kv-1118mm-161kv-750kv-1321mm-196-to-230kv-900-1050kv-1600-1930mm-287-to-380kv-1175-1550kv-2210-3048mm-500kv-1675-1880kv-3327-3607mm-500-to-700kv-1925-2300kv-3886-4674mm-section-64-in-the-indian-electricity-rules-1956-2000-liters-of-oil-installed-whether-indoor-or-out-doors-the-baffle-walls-of-4-hour-fire-rating-shall-be-provided-be 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/transformer-clearance-indoor-and-outdoor-and-fire-protection-part-2-fire-protection-for-power-plants-nfpa-850-location-type-of-transformer-details-outdoor-oil-insulated-outdoor-type-transformer-containing-1890-liters-or-more-of-oil-it-is-strongly-recommended-that-any-is-separated-from-nearby-structures-by-a-2-hourrated-firewall-wherever-a-firewall-is-installed-between-transformers-it-should-extend-at-least-1-ft-031-m-above-the-top-of-the-transformer-shell-and-oil-tank-and-at-least-2-ft-061-m-beyond-the-width-of-the-transformer-and-cooling-radiators-indoor-dry-type-transformer-dry-type-transformers-are-strongly-preferred-for-use-inside-buildings-oil-insulated-transformer-in-case-however-an-oil-insulated-transformer-is-installed-indoors-then-if-its-oil-content-exceeds-379-liters-then-it-should-be-separated-from-nearby-areas-by-a-fire-barrier-of-3-hour-fire-resistance-rating-in-case-an-automatic-fire-extinguishment-system-is-installed-then-it-is-allowed-that-the-fire-resistance-rating-of-the-fire-barrier-is-reduced-to-1-hour-nfpa-850-table-6143-outdoor-oil-insulated-transformer-separation-criteria-transformer-oil-capacity-minimum-line-of-sight-separation-without-firewall-1893-liter-15-meter-1893-liter-to-18925-liter-75-meter-18925-liter-15-meter-42-substations-and-switch-rooms-national-building-code-2016-oil-filled-transformer-at-basement-level-indoor-type-substations-with-oil-filled-equipment-apparatus-transformers-and-high-voltage-panels-shall-be-either-located-in-open-or-in-a-utility-building-they-shall-not-be-located-in-any-floor-other-than-the-ground-floor-or-the-first-basement-of-a-utility-building-they-shall-not-be-located-below-first-basement-slab-on-second-basement-of-utility-building-they-shall-have-direct-access-from-outside-the-building-for-operation-and-maintenance-of-the-equipment-in-respect-of-all-oil-type-transformers-located-at-basement-a-kerb-sill-of-a-suitable-height-shall-be-provided-at-the-entrance-in-order-to-prevent-the-flow-of-oil-from-a-ruptured-transformer-into-other-parts-of-the-basement-in-the-event-of-the-possibility-of-oil-spillage-from-the-transformer-on-its-failure-oil-filled-transformer-sub-station-outdoor-type-the-substation-or-oil-filled-transformer-is-located-shall-be-separated-from-the-adjoining-buildings-including-the-main-building-by-at-least-6-meter-clear-distance-to-allow-passage-of-fire-tender-between-the-substationutility-building-and-adjoining-buildingmain-building-there-shall-be-no-interconnecting-basement-with-the-main-building-underneath-the-oil-filled-transformers-provisions-for-oil-drainage-to-a-point-at-a-lower-level-and-separated-by-adequate-fire-barrier-shall-be-provided-if-there-is-a-floor-directly-below-the-ground-floor-level-or-first-basement-where-the-oil-filled-transformers-and-oil-filled-circuit-breakers-are-placed-then-they-shall-be-separated-by-a-fire-barrier-of-appropriate-fire-rating-as-per-part-4-fire-and-life-safety-of-the-code-and-proper-oil-drainage-system-shall-be-provided-to-avoid-possible-leakage-of-oil-into-the-lower-floor-substation-equipment-exceeding-oil-capacity-of-2-000-liter-in-utility-building-shall-have-fire-rated-baffle-walls-of-240-min-rating-constructed-between-such-equipment-raised-to-at-least-600-mm-above-the-height-of-the-equipment-including-height-of-oil-conservators-and-exceeding-300-mm-on-each-side-of-the-equipment-all-transformers-where-capacity-exceeds-10-mva-shall-be-protected-by-high-velocity-water-spray-systems-or-nitrogen-injection-system-oil-filled-transformer-9000-liter-indoor-outdoor-type-provisions-shall-be-made-for-suitable-oil-soak-pit-and-where-use-of-more-than-9-000-liter-of-oil-in-any-one-oil-tank-receptacle-or-chamber-is-involved-provision-shall-be-made-for-the-draining-away-or-removal-of-any-oil-which-may-leak-or-escape-from-the-tank-receptacle-or-chamber-containing-the-same-special-precautions-shall-be-taken-to-prevent-the-spread-of-any-fire-resulting-from-the-ignition-of-the-oil-from-any-cause-and-adequate-provision-shall-be-made-for-extinguishing-any-fire-which-may-occur-dry-type-transformer-within-multi-storied-building-dry-type-installation-in-case-electric-substation-has-to-be-located-within-the-main-multistoried-building-itself-for-unavoidable-reasons-it-shall-be-a-dry-type-installation-with-very-little-combustible-material-such-as-a-dry-type-transformer-with-vacuum-or-sf6-breakers-as-ht-switchgear-and-acb-or-mccb-as-medium-voltage-mv-switchgear-such-substations-shall-be-located-on-the-ground-level-or-on-first-basement-and-shall-have-direct-access-from-the-outside-of-the-building-for-operation-and-maintenance-of-the-equipment-exceptionally-in-case-of-functional-buildings-such-as-air-traffic-control-towers-data-centers-and-buildings-of-height-more-than-100-m-having-high-electrical-load-requi 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https://eedemy.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor-1-demand-factor-in-iec-maxutilization-factor-ku-the-word-demand-itself-says-the-meaning-of-demand-factor-the-ratio-of-the-maximum-coincident-demand-of-a-system-or-part-of-a-system-to-the-total-connected-load-of-the-system-demand-factor-maximum-demand-total-connected-load-for-example-an-over-sized-motor-20-kw-drives-a-constant-15-kw-load-whenever-it-is-on-the-motor-demand-factor-is-then-1520-075-75-demand-factor-is-express-as-a-percentage-or-in-a-ratio-less-than-1-demand-factor-is-always-1-demand-factor-is-always-change-with-the-time-to-time-or-hours-to-hours-of-use-and-it-will-not-constant-the-connected-load-is-always-known-so-it-will-be-easy-to-calculate-the-maximum-demand-if-the-demand-factor-for-a-certain-supply-is-known-at-different-time-intervals-and-seasons-the-lower-the-demand-factor-the-less-system-capacity-required-to-serve-the-connected-load-calculation-1-a-residence-consumer-has-10-nos-lamp-of-400-w-but-at-the-same-time-it-is-possible-that-only-9-nos-of-bulbs-are-used-at-the-same-time-here-total-connected-load-is-1040400-w-consumer-maximum-demand-is-940360-w-demand-facto-of-this-load-360400-09-or-90-2-one-consumer-have-10-lights-at-60-kw-each-in-kitchen-the-load-is-60-kw-x-10-600-kw-this-will-be-true-only-if-all-lights-are-turns-on-the-same-time-demand-factor100-or-1-for-this-consumer-it-is-observed-that-only-half-of-the-lights-being-turned-on-at-a-time-so-we-can-say-that-the-demand-factor-is-05-50-the-estimated-load-600-kw-x-05-300-kw-use-of-demand-factors-feeder-conductors-should-have-sufficient-ampere-capacity-to-carry-the-load-the-ampere-capacity-does-not-always-be-equal-to-the-total-of-all-loads-on-connected-branch-circuits-this-factor-must-be-applied-to-each-individual-load-with-particular-attention-to-electric-motors-which-are-very-rarely-operated-at-full-load-as-per-national-electrical-code-nec-demand-factor-may-be-applied-to-the-total-load-the-demand-factor-permits-a-feeder-ampearcity-to-be-less-than-100-percent-of-all-the-branch-circuit-loads-connected-to-it-demand-factor-can-be-applied-to-calculate-the-size-of-the-sub-main-which-is-feeding-a-sub-panel-or-a-fixed-load-like-a-motor-etc-if-the-panel-have-total-load-of-250-kva-considering-a-demand-factor-of-08-we-can-size-the-feeder-cable-for-250-x-08-200-kva-demand-factors-for-buildings-typically-range-between-50-and-80-of-the-connected-load-in-an-industrial-installation-this-factor-may-be-estimated-on-an-average-at-075-for-motors-for-incandescent-lighting-loads-the-factor-always-equals-1-demand-factor-for-industrial-load-text-book-of-design-of-elect-installation-jain-electrical-load-demand-factor-1-no-of-motor-1-up-to-10-nos-of-motor-075-up-to-20-nos-of-motor-065-up-to-30-nos-of-motor-06-up-to-40-nos-of-motor-05-up-to-50-nos-of-motor-04-demand-factor-text-book-of-design-of-elect-installation-jain-utility-demand-factor-office-school-04-hospital-05-air-port-bank-shops-06-restaurant-factory-07-work-shop-factory-24hr-shift-08-arc-furnace-09-compressor-05-hand-tools-04-inductance-furnace-08-demand-factor-saudi-electricity-company-distribution-standard-utility-demand-factor-residential-06-commercial-07-flats-07-hotel-075-mall-07-restaurant-07-office-07-school-08-common-area-in-building-08-public-facility-075-street-light-09-indoor-parking-08-outdoor-parking-09-park-garden-08-hospital-08-workshops-06-ware-house-07-farms-09-fuel-station-07-factories-09-demand-factor-text-book-of-principal-of-power-system-vkmehta-utility-demand-factor-residence-load-025-kw-1-residence-load-05-kw-06-residence-load-01-kw-05-restaurant-07-theatre-06-hotel-05-school-055-small-industry-06-store-07-motor-load-up-to-10hp-075-motor-load-10hp-to-20hp-065-motor-load-20hp-to-100hp-055-motor-load-above-100hp-050-2-diversity-factor-diversity-factor-is-ratio-of-the-sum-of-the-individual-maximum-demands-of-the-various-sub-circuit-of-a-system-to-the-maximum-demand-of-the-whole-system-diversity-factor-sum-of-individual-maximum-demands-maximum-demand-of-the-system-diversity-factor-installed-load-running-load-the-diversity-factor-is-always-1-diversity-factor-is-always-1-because-sum-of-individual-max-demands-max-demand-in-other-terms-diversity-factor-0-to-100-is-a-fraction-of-total-load-that-is-particular-item-contributed-to-peak-demand-70-diversity-means-that-the-device-operates-at-its-nominal-or-maximum-load-level-70-of-the-time-that-it-is-connected-and-turned-on-it-is-expressed-as-a-percentage-or-a-r 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https://eedemy.com/electrical-quick-reference-voltage-limits-economical-voltage-for-power-transmission-economic-generation-voltage-cbip-manual-total-load-economical-voltage-up-to-750-kva-415-v-750-kva-to-2500-kva-33-kv-2500-kva-to-5000-kva-66-kv-above-5000-kva-11-kv-or-higher-generally-terminal-voltage-of-large-generators-is-11-kv-in-india-step-up-voltage-depends-upon-length-of-transmission-line-for-interconnection-with-the-power-system-and-power-to-be-transmitted-high-voltage-increases-cost-of-insulation-and-support-structures-for-increased-clearance-for-air-insulation-but-decreases-size-and-hence-cost-of-conductors-and-line-losses-many-empirical-relations-have-been-evolved-to-approximately-determine-economic-voltages-for-power-evacuation-an-important-component-in-transmission-lines-is-labor-costs-which-are-country-specific-an-empirical-relation-is-given-below-voltage-in-kv-line-to-line-55x062l-kva150-where-kva-is-total-power-to-be-transmitted-l-is-length-of-transmission-line-in-km-american-practice-for-economic-line-to-line-voltage-kv-based-on-empirical-formulation-is-voltage-in-kv-line-to-line-55x062l-3p100-for-the-purpose-of-standardization-in-india-transmission-lines-may-be-classified-for-operating-at-66-kv-and-above-33-kv-is-sub-transmission-11-kv-and-below-may-be-classified-as-distribution-higher-voltage-system-is-used-for-transmitting-higher-amounts-of-power-and-longer-lengths-and-its-protection-is-important-for-power-system-security-and-requires-complex-relay-systems-required-power-transfer-mw-distance-km-economical-voltage-level-km-3500-500-765-500-400-400-120-150-220-80-50-132-factor-affected-on-voltage-level-of-system-power-carrying-capability-of-transmission-lines-increases-roughly-as-the-square-of-the-voltage-accordingly-disconnection-of-higher-voltage-class-equipment-from-bus-bars-get-increasingly-less-desirable-with-increase-in-voltage-levels-high-structures-are-not-desirable-in-earthquake-prone-areas-therefore-in-order-to-obtain-lower-structures-and-facilitate-maintenance-it-is-important-to-design-such-sub-stations-preferably-with-not-more-than-two-levels-of-bus-bars-voltage-limit-as-per-cpwd-kerala-electboard-voltage-limit-as-per-cpwd-240v-5-kw-415v-100-kva-11kv-mva-22kv-6-mva-33kv-12-mva-66kv-20-mva-110kv-40-mva-220kv-40-mva-voltage-variation-33-kv-125-to-10-33-kv-9-to-6-low-voltage-6-to-6-insulation-class-insulation-temperature-class-a-105c-class-e-120c-class-b-130c-class-f-155c-class-h-180c-class-n-200c-standard-voltage-limit-voltage-iec-60038-iec-610036-indian-elect-rule-elv-50-v-lv-50-v-to-1-kv-1-kv-250-v-mv-35-kv-250-v-to-650-v-hv-1kv-230-kv-650-v-to-33-kv-ehv-230-kv-33-kv-standard-electrical-connection-as-per-gerc-as-per-type-of-connection-connection-voltage-lt-connection-440v-ht-connection-440v-to-66kv-eht-connection-66kv-as-per-electrical-load-demand-up-6w-load-demand-1-phase-230v-supply-6w-to-100kva100kw-3-phase-440v-supply-100kva-to-2500kva-11kv22kv33kv-above-2500kva-66kv-ht-connection-earthing-ht-connections-earthing-strip-20mmx4mm-cu-strip-ct-pt-bodies-2nos-pt-secondary-1nos-ct-secondary-1nos-ic-and-og-cable-cubicle-body-2nos-standard-meter-room-size-as-per-gerc-meter-box-height-upper-level-does-not-beyond-17-meter-and-lower-level-should-not-below-12-meter-from-ground-facing-of-meter-box-meter-box-should-be-at-front-area-of-building-at-ground-floor-meter-room-closed-shade-4-meter-square-size 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https://eedemy.com/electrical-room-sub-switching-room-guidelines-iec-61936-1-door-doors-shall-have-a-fire-resistance-of-at-least-60-minutes-doors-which-open-to-the-outside-are-adequate-if-they-are-of-fire-retardant-material-and-construction-ventilation-openings-necessary-for-the-operation-of-the-transformers-are-permitted-when-designing-the-openings-the-possible-escape-of-hot-gases-shall-be-considered-the-doors-of-switchgear-cubicles-or-bays-should-close-in-the-direction-of-escape-length-of-escape-route-in-electrical-room-exits-shall-be-arranged-so-that-the-length-of-the-escape-route-within-the-room-does-not-exceed-40-meter-for-installation-of-rated-voltages-um-greater-than-52-kv-and-20-meter-for-installation-of-rated-voltages-up-to-um-52-kv-this-does-not-apply-to-accessible-bus-ducts-or-cable-ducts-permanently-installed-ladders-or-similar-are-permissible-as-emergency-exits-in-escape-routes-no-of-door-if-an-operating-aisle-does-not-exceed-10-m-one-exit-is-enough-an-exit-or-emergency-possibilities-shall-be-provided-at-both-ends-of-the-escape-route-if-its-length-exceeds-10-meter-service-areas-service-areas-comprise-aisles-access-areas-handling-passages-and-escape-routes-aisles-and-access-areas-shall-be-adequately-dimensioned-for-carrying-out-work-operating-switchgear-and-transporting-equipment-aisles-shall-be-at-least-800-mm-wide-the-width-of-the-aisles-shall-not-be-reduced-even-where-equipment-projects-into-the-aisles-for-example-permanently-installed-operating-mechanisms-or-switchgear-trucks-in-isolated-positions-space-for-evacuation-shall-always-be-at-least-500-mm-even-when-removable-parts-or-open-doors-which-are-blocked-in-the-direction-of-escape-intrude-into-the-escape-routes-for-erection-or-service-access-ways-behind-closed-installations-solid-walls-a-width-of-500-mm-is-sufficient-windows-windows-shall-be-designed-so-that-entry-is-difficult-this-requirement-is-considered-fulfilled-if-one-or-more-of-the-following-measures-are-applied-the-window-is-made-of-unbreakable-material-the-window-is-screened-the-lower-edge-of-the-window-is-at-least-18-meter-above-the-access-level-the-building-is-surrounded-by-an-external-fence-at-least-18-meter-high-external-fences-or-walls-and-access-doors-unauthorized-access-to-outdoor-installations-shall-be-prevented-where-this-is-by-means-of-external-fences-or-walls-the-height-and-construction-of-the-fencewall-shall-be-adequate-to-deter-climbing-height-and-construction-of-the-fencewall-shall-be-adequate-to-deter-climbing-the-external-fencewall-shall-be-at-least-1-800-mm-high-the-lower-edge-of-a-fence-shall-not-be-more-than-50-mm-from-the-ground-access-doors-to-outdoor-installations-shall-be-equipped-with-security-locks-external-fenceswalls-and-access-doors-shall-be-marked-with-safety-signs-any-adjacent-fences-other-structures-and-trees-outside-the-installation-should-also-deter-climbing-is-3034-1993-cable-entry-all-cable-entries-in-the-switch-gear-room-shall-be-effectively-sealed-by-use-of-fire-stops-see-is-12459-1988-section-50a-in-the-indian-electricity-rules-1956-fire-barrier-no-other-service-pipes-shall-be-taken-along-the-ducts-provided-for-laying-power-cables-all-ducts-provided-for-power-cables-and-other-services-shall-be-provided-with-fire-barrier-at-each-floor-crossing-42-substations-and-switch-rooms-national-building-code-2016-at-basement-location-of-substation-in-the-basement-should-be-avoided-as-far-as-possible-only-one-basement-in-case-there-is-only-one-basement-in-a-building-the-substationswitch-room-shall-not-be-provided-in-the-basement-also-the-floor-level-of-the-substation-shall-not-be-lowest-point-of-the-basement-central-of-load-centre-ideal-location-for-an-electrical-substation-for-a-group-of-buildings-will-be-at-the-electrical-load-centre-generally-the-load-centre-will-be-somewhere-between-the-geometrical-centre-and-the-air-conditioning-plant-room-as-air-conditioning-plant-room-will-normally-be-the-largest-load-if-the-buildings-are-centrally-air-conditioned-prevention-of-strom-water-water-seepages-in-order-to-prevent-storm-water-entering-the-transformer-and-switch-rooms-through-the-soak-pits-the-floor-level-of-the-substation-switch-room-shall-be-at-least-300-mm-above-the-highest-flood-water-level-that-may-be-anticipated-in-the-locality-also-facility-shall-be-provided-for-automatic-removal-of-water-not-above-water-tank-sewage-plant-substation-shall-not-be-located-immediately-above-or-below-plumbing-water-tanks-or-sewage-treatment-plant-stp-water-tanks-at-the-same-location-sub-station-door-all-door-openings-from-substation-electrical-rooms-etc-should-open-outwards-vertical-shutters-like-fire-rated-rolling-shutters-may-also-be-acceptable-provided-they-are-combined-with-a-single-leaf-door-opening-outwards-for-exit-in-case-of-emergency-for-large-substation-roomelectrical-room-having-mul 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/quick-reference-of-diesel-generator-set-part-1-standard-size-of-the-dg-sets-kva-kva-kva-kva-kva-75-kva-20kva-35-kva-625-kva-100-kva-10-kva-25-kva-40-kva-75-kva-125-kva-15-kva-30-kva-50-kva-825-kva-200-kva-bar-size-for-dg-foundation-rating-of-dg-set-size-of-bar-up-to-825-kva-10mm-100-kva-to-200-kva-12mm-250-kva-to-500kva-16mm-minimum-capacity-of-daily-fuel-service-tank-as-per-cpwd-capacity-of-dg-set-minimum-fuel-tank-capacity-upto-25-kva-100-litres-above-25-to-625-kva-120-litres-above-625-kva-to-125-kva-225-litres-above-125-kva-to-200-kva-285-litres-above-200-kva-to-380-kva-500-litres-above-380-kva-to-500-kva-700-litres-above-500-kva-to-750-kva-900-litres-battery-size-for-dg-set-as-per-cpwd-dg-set-capacity-battery-capacity-ah-cu-cable-size-sq-mm-electrical-system-volts-upto-25-kva-88-35-12-above-25-kva-upto-625-kva-120-50-12-above-625-kva-upto-825-kva-150-50-12-above-825kva-upto-125-kva-180-50-12-above-125-kva-upto-500-kva-180-70-12-above-500-kva-360-70-24-depths-of-pcc-plain-cement-concrete-for-dg-set-as-per-cpwd-dg-set-capacity-kva-typical-depth-of-pcc-foundation-for-soil-bearing-capacity-5000-kgsqm-750-2000-600-mm-625-400-mm-320-500-400-mm-200-320-400-mm-825-200-400-mm-upto-825-200-mm-area-required-for-generator-in-electrical-sub-station-as-per-nbc-capacity-kva-area-m2-clear-height-below-the-soffit-of-the-beam-m-25-56-36-48-56-36-100-65-36-150-72-36-248-100-42-350-100-42-480-100-42-600-110-46-800-120-46-1010-120-65-1250-120-65-1600-150-65-2000-150-65-starting-current-for-dg-set-type-of-load-starting-current-motors-over-50-hp-6-x-motor-rated-current-variable-frequency-drive-motors-2-x-motor-rated-current-uninterruptible-power-supply-ups-loads-15-x-ups-rated-current-battery-charger-loads-25-x-charger-rated-current-non-linear-load-15-to-25-x-rated-current-medical-imaging-loads-11-x-rated-current-soft-starter-motor-12-x-motor-rated-current-dol-starter-4-x-motor-rated-current-star-delta-starter-3-x-motor-rated-current-auto-transformer-starter-15-x-motor-rated-current-most-generators-are-capable-of-delivering-300-of-the-rated-current-for-10-seconds-stand-by-dg-permission-as-per-pseb-dg-set-capacity-permission-remarks-up-to-10-kw11-kva-no-permission-is-required-also-prior-sanction-of-cei-is-not-required-10-kw-11-kva-to-250-kva-250-kva-to-1-mva-1-mva-to-25-mva-permission-is-required-also-prior-sanction-of-cei-is-required-the-capacity-of-dg-set-should-not-exceed-12-times-of-the-sanctioned-load-25-mva-to-5-mva-exceeding-5-mva-sound-level-of-diesel-generator-ansi-892nema-5120-kva-max-sound-level-9-kva-40-db-10-kva-to-50-kva-45-db-51-kva-to-150-kva-50-db-151-kva-to-300-kva-55-db-301-kva-to-500-kva-60-db-exhaust-stack-height-up-to-1000kva-dg-total-height-of-stack-meter-height-of-building-where-dg-installed-02-x-dg-capacity-in-kva-more-than-1000kva-dg-30-meter-height-or-more-than-3-meter-height-of-building-which-is-higher-height-of-stack-meter-generator-sets-total-height-of-stack-in-meters-000-to-050-kva-height-of-building-15-meter-050-to-100-kva-height-of-building-20-meter-100-to-150-kva-height-of-building-25-meter-150-to-200-kva-height-of-building-30-meter-200-to-250-kva-height-of-building-35-meter-250-to-300-kva-height-of-building-40-meter-dg-room-air-requirement-dg-set-air-requirement-275-kva-605-cu-meter-min-320-kva-625-cu-meter-min-400-kva-854-cu-meter-min-500-kva-1065-cu-meter-min-600-kva-1286-cu-meter-min-noise-limit-of-dg-set-as-per-cpwd-india-up-to-1000-kva-manufactured-after-2005-75-dba-at-1-meter-from-the-enclosure-surface-the-acoustic-enclosure-or-acoustic-treatment-of-the-room-shall-be-designed-for-minimum-25-dba-insertion-loss-or-for-meeting-the-ambient-noise-standards-whichever-is-on-the-higher-side-the-measurement-for-insertion-loss-may-be-done-at-different-points-at-05-m-from-the-acoustic-enclosure-room-and-then-averaged-the-dg-set-shall-be-provided-with-proper-exhaust-muffler-with-insertion-loss-of-minimum-25-dba-foundation-earthing-for-dg-set-as-per-cpwd-iteam-descriptions-dg-set-inside-room-a-pcc-foundation-124-m-20-grade-of-approximate-depth-150-mm-above-the-finished-genset-room-floor-level-the-length-and-breadth-of-foundation-should-be-at-least-250-mm-more-on-all-sides-than-the-size-of-the-enclosure-dg-set-in-open-room-a-pcc-124-m-20-grade-foundation-of-weight-25-times-the-operating-weight-of-the-genset-with-enclosure-or-as-recommended-by-the-genset-manufacturer-whichever-is-higher-300-mm-of-this-foundation-height-should-be-above-the-ground-level-the-length-and-breadth-of-foundation-should-be-at-least-250-mm-more-on-all-sides-than-the-size-of-enclosure-earthing-copper-plate-earthing-neutral-grounding-shall-be-provided-for-dg-sets-of-capacity-500-kva-or-above-whereas-gi-plate-earthing-ne 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/quick-reference-of-diesel-generator-set-part-2-dg-detail-according-to-size-dg-size-kva-l-x-w-x-h-canopy-mm-approx-weight-kg-fuel-tank-ltrs-fuel-consumption-ltrhr-oil-consumption-ltrhr-125-2040-x-1230-x-1450-1050-60-23-002-15-2040-x-1230-x-1450-1050-65-23-002-20-2240-x-1230-x-1450-1300-65-37-003-30-2510-x-1130-x-1450-1300-65-63-003-40-3350-x-1180-x-1650-1500-100-78-003-50-3350-x-1180-x-1650-1500-100-83-003-625-3350-x-1180-x-1650-1930-150-105-003-75-3605-x-1405-x-1600-1950-150-13-003-100-3940-x-1700-x-1850-2500-300-157-005-125-3950-x-1700-x-1850-2700-300-19-005-140-4600-x-1850-x-1950-3580-300-226-006-160-4600-x-1850-x-1950-3720-450-259-014-180-4970-x-1730-x-2045-3870-450-277-014-200-4970-x-1730-x-2045-3950-450-298-014-250-4970-x-1730-x-2050-4660-450-377-015-275-5700-x-2030-x-2515-5860-450-50-015-320-5700-x-2030-x-2515-5860-450-57-03-400-5905-x-2030-x-2520-6180-990-651-03-500-6205-x-2030-x-2550-6990-990-813-03-fuel-consumption-for-dg-set-generator-kva-diesel-consumption-liter-per-hour-5-125-15-291-20-478-25-478-30-655-40-811-50-1019-625-1092-75-1352-825-1352-125-1976-140-234-200-3099-approximate-fuel-consumption-for-diesel-generator-set-generator-size-kva-08-pf-14-load-literhr-12-load-literhr-34-load-literhr-full-load-literhr-25-227-341-492-606-38-492-682-909-1098-50-606-871-1212-1515-75-682-1098-1439-1818-94-909-1288-1742-2311-125-985-1553-2197-2803-156-1174-1894-2689-3447-169-1250-2045-2879-3712-188-1364-2235-3182-4129-219-1553-2576-3674-4811-250-1780-2917-4167-5455-288-2008-3333-4735-6288-313-2159-3598-5152-6818-375-2576-4280-6098-8144-438-2992-4962-7083-9508-500-3371-5644-8068-10833-625-4167-7008-10000-13523-750-5000-8333-11932-16212-938-6174-10379-14886-20227-1250-8182-13788-19735-26932-1563-10189-17159-24621-33636-1875-12197-20568-29470-40341-2188-14205-23939-34356-47045-2500-16212-27348-39205-53750-2813-18220-30720-44091-60455-approximate-current-rating-of-diesel-generator-set-08-pf-kva-kw-220v-240v-400v-440v-450v-480v-600v-2400v-3300v-8-63-165-152-91-83-81-76-61-94-75-247-226-136-123-12-113-91-125-10-33-301-182-166-162-151-12-187-15-495-45-273-249-244-225-18-25-20-66-602-364-332-301-24-6-44-35-313-25-825-755-455-415-405-378-30-75-55-375-30-99-903-546-498-487-452-36-91-66-50-40-132-120-73-665-65-60-48-121-88-625-50-165-152-91-83-81-76-61-151-109-75-60-198-181-109-996-975-91-72-181-131-938-75-247-226-136-123-120-113-90-226-164-100-80-264-240-146-133-130-120-96-211-176-125-100-330-301-182-166-162-150-120-30-218-156-125-413-375-228-208-204-188-150-38-273-187-150-495-450-273-249-244-225-180-45-33-219-175-577-527-318-289-283-264-211-53-38-250-200-660-601-364-332-324-301-241-60-44-312-250-825-751-455-415-405-376-300-75-55-375-300-990-903-546-498-487-451-361-90-66-438-350-1155-1053-637-581-568-527-422-105-77-500-400-1320-1203-730-665-650-602-481-120-88-625-500-1650-1504-910-830-810-752-602-150-109-750-600-1980-1803-1090-996-975-902-721-180-131-875-700-2310-2104-1274-1162-1136-1052-842-210-153-1000-800-2640-2405-1460-1330-1300-1203-962-241-176-1125-900-2970-2709-1640-1495-1460-1354-1082-271-197-1250-1000-3300-3009-1820-1660-1620-1504-1202-301-218-1563-1250-4130-3765-2280-2080-2040-1885-1503-376-273-1875-1500-4950-4520-2730-2490-2440-2260-1805-452-327-2188-1750-5280-3180-2890-2830-2640-2106-528-380-2500-2000-6020-3640-3320-3240-3015-2405-602-436-2812-2250-6780-4095-3735-3645-3400-2710-678-491-approximate-fuel-consumption-of-dg-set-as-per-bureau-of-energy-efficiency-dg-set-kw-average-load-as-of-de-rated-capacity-specific-fuel-cons-litkwh-specific-lube-oil-cons-litkwh-480-89-0335-0007-480-110-0334-0024-292-84-0356-0006-200-89-0325-0003-200-106-0338-0003-292-79-0339-0006-292-81-0362-0005-292-94-0342-0003-292-88-0335-0006-292-76-0335-0005-292-69-0353-0006-400-75-0334-0004-400-65-0349-0004-880-85-0318-0007-400-70-0335-0004-400-80-0337-0004-880-78-0345-0007-800-74-0324-0002-800-91-0290-0002-880-96-0307-0002-920-77-0297-0002 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/diesel-generator-installation-guideline-august-10-2023-1-comment-guideline-for-generator-government-of-kerala-department-of-electrical-inspectorate-sr-no-capacity-of-generator-category-1-up-to-10kva-portable-generator-2-10kva-to-100kva-small-generators-3-100kva-to-1000kva-medium-generators-4-above-1000kva-large-generators-guideline-for-portable-generator-government-of-kerala-department-of-electrical-inspectorate-size-generators-up-to-10kva-rating-shall-be-treated-as-portable-generators-elcb-size-elcb-having-an-operating-time-of-20ms-at-a-residual-current-of-30ma-shall-be-provided-neutral-for-1phase-generators-one-terminal-shall-be-connected-to-earth-and-designated-as-the-neutral-3phase-generators-shall-have-their-windings-connected-in-star-with-the-star-connection-made-available-and-connected-to-earth-single-phase-dg-use-for-three-phase-supply-the-supply-from-a-single-phase-generator-shall-be-feed-to-a-three-phase-supply-system-through-a-4-pole-change-over-switch-subject-to-the-following-conditions-a-the-neutral-conductors-of-the-load-side-and-generator-side-shall-be-of-adequate-capacity-to-carry-the-total-current-in-the-neutral-b-the-3-poles-in-the-4-pole-change-over-switch-shall-be-linked-by-using-rigid-conductors-of-adequate-short-circuit-and-continuous-current-rating-capacity-location-portable-generators-shall-be-kept-at-a-place-sufficiently-ventilated-so-as-to-avoid-possible-hazards-due-to-the-accumulation-of-smoke-and-pollution-guideline-for-medium-voltage-generator-government-of-kerala-department-of-electrical-inspectorate-approval-from-electrical-inspector-not-required-for-generators-of-10kva-to-30kva-rating-completion-report-and-sld-shall-be-submitted-with-a-certification-by-the-owner-and-the-contractor-stating-that-the-electrical-installation-work-is-carried-out-by-using-change-over-switch-cable-mcb-etc-of-standard-make-and-with-isi-mark-for-issuing-the-sanction-for-energization-required-for-generators-above-30kva-prior-scheme-approval-shall-be-obtained-meters-watt-hour-meter-and-ammeters-in-each-phase-shall-also-be-provided-in-gcp-for-generators-of-500-kva-and-above-kvakw-meter-and-pf-meter-shall-also-be-provided-exhaust-pipe-exhaust-pipe-of-dg-sets-shall-maintain-a-minimum-height-of-18-m-clearance-from-floor-level-and-shall-be-extended-to-a-height-of-at-least-1m-above-the-building-clearance-minimum-1m-clearances-shall-be-provided-on-three-sides-of-a-generator-set-when-two-generator-sets-are-installed-side-by-side-minimum-20-m-clearance-shall-be-provided-between-them-location-the-generator-sets-should-not-be-allowed-to-be-installed-above-the-ground-floor-or-below-first-basement-level-of-the-building-there-shall-be-provision-of-separate-direct-escape-and-entry-into-these-areas-from-outside-in-case-of-fire-generators-running-in-parallel-double-frequency-meter-and-double-voltmeter-pf-meter-shall-be-provided-in-synchronizing-panel-control-panel-for-generators-of-1mva-and-above-synchro-check-relay-kva-and-kvar-meters-reverse-reactive-power-relays-shall-provide-in-synchronizing-panel-control-panel-neutral-switching-facility-shall-be-provided-interlock-shall-be-provided-to-ensure-that-the-generator-breaker-cannot-be-closed-unless-one-of-the-neutral-is-connected-to-the-earthing-system-neutral-of-largest-capacity-generator-shall-only-be-earthed-neutrals-of-other-generators-running-in-parallel-shall-be-in-floating-condition-also-ensure-that-generator-breakers-can-be-made-on-only-if-functional-neutral-is-earthed-and-closed-guideline-for-change-over-switch-of-portable-generator-government-of-kerala-department-of-electrical-inspectorate-capacity-of-single-phase-generator-change-over-switch-rating-minimum-copper-area-of-conductors-used-for-linking-the-poles-up-to-3-kva-32-a-20-sqmm-3-to-6-kva-63-a-40-sqmm-6-to-10-kva-100a-60-sqmm-electricity-act-2003-central-act-no-36-of-2003-central-electricity-authority-regulations-regulation-32-2010-inspection-of-dg-by-electrical-inspector-all-the-apparatus-of-capacity-above-100-kva-of-the-generating-units-including-generating-units-producing-electricity-from-renewable-sources-of-energy-shall-be-inspected-by-the-electrical-inspector-before-commissioning-general-development-control-regulations-gujarat-2017-no-construction-shall-be-permissible-in-the-common-plot-except-electric-substation-transformer-room-auxiliary-power-generator-box-type-transformer-section-feeder-pillar-meter-room-over-and-underground-water-tank-and-pump-room-security-cabin-community-society-common-amenities-shall-be-allowed-to-be-constructed-in-the-common-plot-subject-2214-emergency-power-supply-for-buildings-height-more-than-45meter-and-special-buildings-1-for-every-building-having-height-more-than-45mts-a-standby-electric-generator-shall-be-installed-to-supply-power-to-staircase-and-corridor-lighting-circ 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/basic-of-external-lightning-protection-system-lps-part-1-july-27-2024-1-comment-introduction-a-lightning-protection-system-does-not-attract-or-prevent-a-lightning-strike-but-the-lightning-protection-system-provides-a-low-impedance-path-to-lightning-currents-to-flow-from-lightning-striking-point-to-the-ground-to-prevent-dangerous-flashovers-and-lightning-caused-fires-lightning-protection-systems-are-designed-to-protect-structures-equipment-or-people-from-the-damaging-effects-of-lightning-strikes-these-systems-create-pathways-for-lightning-strikes-to-travel-safely-from-the-top-of-a-structure-to-the-ground-with-a-lightning-conductor-they-protect-the-internal-electrical-components-of-a-building-by-preventing-fires-or-electrocution-for-that-all-metallic-installations-in-the-building-must-be-made-at-equal-potential-the-basic-goal-of-lps-is-to-prevent-thermal-mechanical-and-electrical-effects-that-can-cause-damage-to-the-protected-structure-or-to-humans-via-touch-or-step-voltages-within-the-structure-lighting-protection-standards-there-are-various-lighting-protection-standards-widely-use-are-iec-62305-is-2309-nfpa-780-nbc-2016-iec62305-part-1-to-5-comparison-between-iec-and-is-standard-for-lps-comparison-between-iec-and-is-standard-for-external-lps-description-lps-as-per-iec-62305-lps-as-per-is-2309-ese-early-streamer-emission-coverage-area-real-calculated-and-approved-design-as-per-building-type-complying-to-iec-62305-3-real-calculated-and-approved-design-as-per-building-type-complying-to-iec-62305-3-imaginary-no-proof-available-not-complying-and-national-or-international-standard-approvals-applicability-of-latest-standard-iec-62305-3-international-standard-released-in-2010-is-2309-is-3043-national-standard-released-in-1989-approved-only-in-france-which-is-their-local-standard-insurance-cover-yes-yes-no-not-approved-by-is-cea-height-limitation-no-height-limitation-as-the-lps-is-based-on-horizontal-air-terminal-no-height-limitation-as-the-lps-is-based-on-horizontal-air-terminal-height-restriction-is-applicable-surrounding-the-airport-area-as-ese-is-based-on-vertical-air-terminal-air-termination-design-rolling-sphere-method-protective-angle-method-mesh-method-not-as-per-any-international-method-lps-for-type-of-building-any-type-of-complex-building-simple-and-flat-slopped-building-material-for-air-terminal-down-conductor-8mm-aluminum-round-which-is-easier-to-install-bend-needs-less-conductor-holder-25x3-gi-is-used-which-is-difficult-to-install-bend-needs-twice-the-amount-of-conductor-holder-not-as-per-any-international-method-material-compatibility-taken-care-using-bi-metal-connector-no-specific-mention-in-the-standard-not-taken-care-expansion-contraction-of-metal-in-summerwinter-taken-care-of-using-expansion-pieces-not-taken-care-not-applicable-as-it-is-based-on-vertical-air-terminal-no-of-down-conductor-more-than-one-down-conductor-to-dissipate-the-lightning-current-to-the-ground-multiple-dissipation-less-number-of-down-conductors-when-compared-to-iec-62305-in-most-of-the-sites-only-one-down-conductor-is-installed-current-sharing-path-many-parallel-paths-lemp-has-minimal-effects-few-parallel-paths-maximum-2-parallel-paths-high-lemp-can-damage-electronic-equipment-design-of-lps-based-on-lpl-1-to-4-backed-up-by-iec-62305-based-on-experience-old-iec-bs-standards-not-as-per-any-international-method-experience-used-for-many-decades-without-any-problem-used-for-many-decades-without-any-problem-approximately-15-years-old-in-some-country-many-buildings-with-ese-were-damaged-grounding-type-b-as-per-iec-62305-1-ring-earthing-as-per-is-3043-recommended-only-for-small-residences-not-even-apartments-where-electronic-equipment-is-not-available-installation-time-consuming-but-effective-time-consuming-but-effective-less-time-consuming-but-ineffective-lighting-protection-levels-lighting-protection-level-are-divided-into-four-categories-for-each-category-a-set-of-maximum-and-minimum-lightning-current-parameters-is-fixed-lpl-i-to-iv-the-maximum-values-of-lightning-current-parameters-are-used-to-design-lightning-protection-components-eg-cross-section-of-conductors-thickness-of-metal-sheets-current-capability-of-spds-and-separation-distance-against-dangerous-sparking-the-minimum-values-of-lightning-current-amplitude-for-the-different-lpl-are-used-to-derive-the-rolling-sphere-radius-to-define-the-lightning-protection-zone-lpz0b-which-cannot-be-reached-by-direct-strike-relation-between-lpl-and-class-of-lps-table-7-iec-62305-3-lpl-risk-level-class-of-lps-class-i-very-high-risk-i-class-ii-high-risk-ii-class-iii-moderate-risk-iii-class-iv-low-risk-iv-classification-of-lps-table-4 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/basic-of-external-lightning-protection-system-lps-part-2-august-10-2024-1-comment-b-rolling-sphere-method-suitable-for-complex-shape-building-the-rolling-sphere-method-should-be-used-to-protect-the-areas-of-a-structure-when-there-is-design-limitation-to-use-the-protection-angle-method-the-rolling-sphere-method-is-recommended-as-the-main-method-to-be-used-in-the-design-of-lightning-protection-system-with-location-of-air-terminals-for-structures-with-complex-shapes-this-method-is-more-accurate-and-complex-compared-to-other-lightning-protection-schemes-because-it-specifies-the-exact-number-of-spikes-needed-for-each-building-and-considers-the-worst-case-scenarios-in-which-a-lightning-strike-hits-the-side-of-the-building-position-of-air-termination-rod-in-this-method-the-positioning-of-the-air-termination-system-is-adequate-so-that-no-point-of-the-structure-to-be-protected-comes-in-to-contact-with-a-sphere-with-radius-r-depending-on-the-class-of-lps-see-table-rolling-around-on-top-of-the-structure-in-all-possible-directions-in-this-way-the-sphere-only-touches-the-air-termination-system-see-figure-radius-of-sphere-the-rolling-sphere-lightning-protection-method-assumes-the-electrically-charged-field-that-produces-a-lightning-strike-has-a-radius-r-and-the-sphere-with-that-radius-rolling-over-the-surface-of-the-building-any-place-the-sphere-touches-the-building-is-a-location-where-lightning-can-strike-the-building-by-installing-air-terminals-the-sphere-cannot-touch-the-building-because-electrical-charges-flow-through-the-lightning-protection-system-into-the-ground-the-radius-of-the-rolling-sphere-is-correlated-with-the-peak-value-of-the-current-in-the-lightning-that-strikes-the-structure-r-10xix065-where-i-define-as-ka-in-the-rolling-sphere-method-the-radius-of-the-sphere-is-selected-in-such-a-way-that-its-radius-is-equal-to-the-striking-distance-since-the-striking-distance-is-a-function-of-the-prospective-return-stroke-current-the-radius-of-the-sphere-r-is-defined-as-a-function-of-the-probable-return-stroke-current-according-to-the-relationship-between-the-lightning-striking-distance-and-the-peak-return-stroke-current-the-lightning-stroke-depends-on-the-degree-of-risk-considered-so-for-a-high-risk-facility-the-sphere-radius-is-at-its-smallest-eg-20meter-or-a-40meter-diameter-ball-the-smallest-size-ball-means-the-amount-of-protection-installed-will-be-at-its-highest-thus-lowering-the-risk-profile-and-increasing-the-protection-afforded-for-a-low-risk-scenario-method-the-sphere-radius-is-at-its-largest-distance-60-meters-120-meter-diameter-ball-which-means-a-lot-less-hardware-to-install-the-radius-r-of-the-rolling-sphere-depends-on-the-class-of-lps-as-per-given-table-radius-of-the-rolling-sphere-class-of-lps-rolling-sphere-radius-r-m-class-i-very-high-risk-20-meter-class-ii-high-risk-30-meter-class-iii-moderate-risk-45-meter-class-iv-low-risk-60-meter-figure-shows-the-application-of-the-rolling-sphere-method-to-different-types-of-structures-the-sphere-of-radius-r-is-rolled-around-and-over-all-the-structure-until-it-meets-the-ground-plane-or-any-permanent-structure-or-object-in-contact-with-the-ground-plane-which-can-act-as-a-conductor-of-lightning-a-striking-point-could-occur-where-the-rolling-sphere-touches-the-structure-and-at-such-points-protection-by-an-air-termination-conductor-is-required-any-part-of-the-structure-that-is-in-contact-with-the-sphere-is-considered-to-be-vulnerable-to-a-direct-lightning-strike-the-untouched-volume-defines-a-lightning-protected-zone-when-the-rolling-sphere-method-is-applied-to-the-structure-the-structure-should-be-considered-from-all-directions-to-ensure-that-no-part-protrudes-into-an-unprotected-zone-a-point-which-might-be-overlooked-if-only-front-side-and-plan-views-on-drawings-are-considered-penetration-distance-the-distance-between-the-two-air-terminals-should-be-chosen-in-such-a-way-that-protection-is-provided-for-all-the-objects-placed-on-the-surface-to-be-protected-the-protection-of-the-objects-placed-on-the-surface-can-be-ensured-by-calculating-the-penetration-distance-of-the-rolling-sphere-the-distance-between-the-level-of-air-terminals-and-the-least-point-of-sphere-in-the-space-between-the-air-terminals-is-called-penetration-distance-let-us-consider-an-object-of-height-h-placed-on-the-surface-to-be-protected-let-ht-be-the-height-of-the-air-terminal-p-be-the-penetration-distance-and-d-be-the 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/basic-of-external-lightning-protection-system-lps-part-3-september-4-2024-1-comment-comparision-of-various-protection-method-comparision-of-various-protection-method-protection-method-type-of-structure-simple-structure-complex-shaped-structure-plane-structure-protection-angle-yes-no-no-mesh-method-no-yes-yes-rolling-sphere-method-yes-yes-yes-this-method-is-not-suitable-for-structure-height-more-than-radius-of-the-rolling-sphere-relevant-to-the-selected-protection-level-of-lps-2-down-conductor-system-in-air-termination-systems-down-conductor-systems-and-earth-termination-systems-should-be-harmonized-to-produce-the-shortest-possible-path-for-the-lightning-current-down-conductors-should-preferably-be-connected-to-junctions-of-the-air-termination-system-network-and-routed-vertically-to-the-junctions-of-the-earth-termination-system-network-the-function-of-a-down-conductor-system-is-to-conduct-the-lightning-impulse-from-air-termination-system-to-the-earthing-system-the-down-conductor-system-should-be-installed-in-such-a-way-that-the-following-points-are-ensured-i-several-parallel-current-paths-exist-ii-length-of-current-path-is-kept-to-minimum-iii-equipotential-bonding-to-conducting-parts-is-performed-selection-and-installation-of-down-conductors-plays-a-major-role-in-protecting-electrical-and-electronic-installations-in-a-building-the-number-of-down-conductors-to-a-typical-building-depends-upon-the-class-of-lps-a-down-conductor-should-be-installed-at-each-exposed-corner-of-the-structure-and-form-a-direct-continuation-of-the-air-termination-conductors-drown-conductors-are-installed-in-such-a-way-that-they-provide-the-shortest-and-most-direct-route-to-earth-avoiding-the-formation-of-bends-and-loops-is-required-to-reduce-damage-caused-by-lightning-current-the-down-conductors-are-arranged-so-that-the-current-path-around-the-buildings-perimeter-is-parallel-and-at-equal-distances-even-if-the-down-conductor-encased-in-insulating-material-down-conductors-must-not-be-installed-in-service-shafts-gutters-or-downspouts-as-doing-so-invites-severe-damage-during-a-lightning-strike-electrical-insulation-between-lps-components-and-other-metallic-installation-in-the-building-are-necessary-to-avoid-flashover-between-different-metal-parts-integration-of-down-conductor-with-building-natural-components-external-down-conductors-should-be-installed-between-the-air-termination-system-and-the-earth-termination-system-wherever-natural-components-steel-reinforcement-metal-framework-structure-are-available-they-can-be-used-as-down-conductors-down-conductors-are-also-integrated-into-structural-steel-reinforcement-metal-framework-of-structure-steel-roof-metal-faade-handrails-etc-is-the-best-and-practical-solution-for-new-and-upcoming-high-raise-buildings-in-this-integrated-approach-high-safety-is-offered-with-no-maintenance-long-life-no-influence-on-aesthetics-separation-distance-need-not-be-considered-in-this-case-down-conductors-can-be-embedded-in-rcc-columns-in-this-case-bonding-different-metallic-installations-in-the-building-is-simple-thereby-eliminating-potential-differences-this-integrated-method-is-not-only-cost-effective-but-has-no-negative-effect-on-the-buildings-aesthetics-it-also-reduces-the-failure-of-electronic-equipment-inside-the-building-from-radiated-lightning-effects-test-joints-are-not-required-and-earth-resistance-measurements-are-not-necessary-in-the-location-where-the-natural-down-conductors-are-terminated-to-foundation-earthing-number-distance-between-each-down-conductor-for-each-non-isolated-lps-the-number-of-down-conductors-shall-be-not-less-than-two-and-should-be-distributed-around-the-perimeter-of-the-structure-to-be-protected-an-equal-spacing-of-the-down-conductors-is-preferred-around-the-perimeter-the-typical-values-of-the-distance-between-the-conductors-are-shown-below-distance-between-down-conductors-iecbs-en-62305-3-table-4-class-of-lps-distance-between-conductors-class-i-very-high-risk-10-meter-class-ii-high-risk-10-meter-class-iii-moderate-risk-15-meter-class-iv-low-risk-20-meter-if-the-distance-between-down-conductors-is-too-large-with-the-reference-to-the-table-the-number-of-down-conductors-should-be-increased-to-meet-the-required-separation-distance-as-stated-a-down-conductor-should-be-installed-at-each-exposed-corner-of-the-structure-where-this-is-possible-however-an-exposed-each-corner-does-not-need-a-down-conductor-if-the-distance-between-this-exposed-corner-to-the-nearest-down-conductors-complies-with-the-following-conditions-ithe-distance-to-both-adjacent-down-conductors-is-half-the-distance-according-to-tables-or-smaller-ii-the-d 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https://eedemy.com/basic-of-external-lightning-protection-system-lps-part-4-october-1-2024-leave-a-comment-material-combinations-and-dimensions-required-to-use-galvanically-compatible-metals-in-lightning-protection-system-components-and-surface-materials-on-which-the-components-are-mounted-for-example-do-not-connect-copper-to-aluminum-do-not-use-together-metals-that-are-not-galvanically-compatible-bad-matching-accelerates-their-corrosion-in-the-presence-of-moisture-with-aluminum-conductors-use-only-connection-devices-designed-for-aluminum-make-sure-to-use-the-right-fastening-torque-different-contact-material-material-suitable-contact-material-copper-nickel-brass-tin-lead-stainless-steel-monel-nickelcopper-alloy-aluminum-magnesium-zinc-galvanized-steel-stainless-steel-lead-wrought-iron-galvalume-an-aluminum-coated-sheet-steel-product-lps-material-lps-materials-and-conditions-of-use-table-5-iec-62305-3-material-use-corrosion-in-open-air-in-earth-in-concrete-resistance-increased-by-may-be-destroyed-by-galvanic-coupling-with-copper-solid-solid-solid-good-in-many-environments-sulphur-compounds-stranded-stranded-stranded-organic-materials-as-coating-as-coating-hot-galvanized-steel123-solid-solid-solid-acceptable-in-air-in-concrete-and-in-benign-soil-high-chlorides-content-copper-stranded-4-stranded-4-steel-with-electro-deposited-copper-solid-solid-solid-good-in-many-environments-sulphur-compounds-stainless-steel-solid-solid-solid-good-in-many-environments-high-chlorides-content-stranded-stranded-stranded-aluminum-solid-unsuitable-unsuitable-good-in-atmospheres-containing-low-concentration-of-sulphur-and-chloride-alkaline-solutions-copper-stranded-lead-5-solid-solid-unsuitable-good-in-atmospheres-with-high-concentration-of-sulphates-acid-soils-copper-as-coating-as-coating-stainless-steel-material-dimensions-several-lightning-protection-system-codes-and-standards-define-minimum-dimensions-for-the-components-of-a-grounding-system-these-standards-are-designed-to-protect-buildings-and-other-inhabited-or-otherwise-critical-facilities-practical-minimums-are-based-on-field-experience-and-indicate-what-is-needed-to-protect-the-installed-equipment-in-a-cost-effective-way-during-the-foreseeable-technical-lifetime-typically-a-few-decades-taking-into-account-local-regulations-to-ensure-proper-operation-of-the-grounding-system-periodic-inspection-and-maintenance-is-needed-minimum-dimensions-of-earth-electrode-as-per-iec-623053-table-1-and-table-2-are-based-on-standard-iec-62305-3-ed-2-the-tables-list-minimum-dimensions-for-the-lightning-protection-system-equipment-the-following-table-lists-the-different-materials-and-shapes-that-are-used-in-air-terminals-down-conductors-and-ground-electrodes-including-the-cross-sectional-area-minimum-dimensions-of-earth-electrodes-table-7-iec-62305-3-material-configuration-dimensions-earth-rod-diameter-earth-conductor-earth-plate-copper-tin-plated-copper-stranded-50-sqmm-8-mm-solid-round-15-mm-50-sqmm-8-mm-solid-tape-50-sqmm-8-mm-pipe-20-mm-solid-plate-500-500-mm-lattice-plate-600-600-mm-hot-dipped-galvanized-steel-solid-round-14-mm-78-sqmm-996-mm-pipe-25-mm-solid-tape-90-sqmm-107-mm-solid-plate-500-500-mm-lattice-plate-600-600-mm-profile-bare-steel-shall-be-embedded-in-concrete-for-a-minimum-depth-of-50-mm-stranded-70-sqmm-94-mm-solid-round-78-sqmm-996-mm-solid-tape-75-sqmm-972-mm-copper-coated-steel-solid-round-14-mm-50-sqmm-8-mm-solid-tape-90-sqmm-107-mm-stainless-steel-solid-round-15-mm-78-sqmm-996-mm-solid-tape-100-sqmm-1128-mm-mechanical-and-electrical-characteristics-as-well-as-corrosion-resistance-properties-shall-meet-the-requirements-of-the-future-iec-62561-series-in-case-of-a-type-b-arrangement-foundation-earthing-system-the-earth-electrode-shall-be-correctly-connected-at-least-every-5-m-with-the-reinforcement-steel-different-profiles-are-permitted-with-a-cross-section-of-290-mm2-and-a-minimum-thickness-of-3-mm-eg-cross-profile-minimum-cross-sectional-area-of-air-termination-conductors-minimum-cross-sectional-area-of-air-termination-conductors-table-6-iec-62305-3-material-configuration-cross-sectional-area-comments-copper-tin-plated-copper-solid-tape-50-sqmm-8mm-2-mm-min-thickness-solid-round1-50-sqmm-8mm-8-mm-diameter-stranded-1-50-sqmm-8mm-17-mm-min-dia-of-each-strand-solid-round-176-sqmm-15mm-16-mm-diameter-aluminum-solid-tape-70-sqmm-3-mm-min-thickness-solid-round-50-sqmm-8mm-8-mm-diameter-stranded-50-sqmm-8mm-17-mm-min-dia-of-each-strand-aluminum-alloy-solid-tape-50-sqmm-8mm-25-mm-min-thickness-solid-round-50-sqmm-8mm-8-mm-diameter-stranded-50-sqmm-8mm-17-mm-min-dia-of-each-stra 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https://eedemy.com/lighting-arrester-lighting-and-voltage-surge-lightning-can-create-voltage-surges-in-several-of-the-following-ways-lightning-can-score-a-direct-hit-on-your-house-it-can-strike-the-overhead-power-line-which-enters-your-house-or-a-main-power-line-that-is-blocks-away-from-your-home-lightning-can-strike-branch-circuitry-wiring-in-the-walls-of-your-house-lightning-can-strike-an-object-near-your-home-such-as-a-tree-or-the-ground-itself-and-cause-a-surge-voltage-surges-can-be-created-by-cloud-to-cloud-lightning-near-your-home-a-highly-charged-cloud-which-passes-over-your-home-can-also-induce-a-voltage-surge-voltage-surges-can-also-be-caused-by-standard-on-and-off-switching-activities-of-large-electric-motors-or-pieces-of-equipment-these-surges-can-be-created-by-a-neighbor-or-by-a-business-or-manufacturing-facility-some-distance-from-your-house-these-surges-are-insidious-and-for-the-most-part-are-silent-they-can-occur-with-little-or-no-warning-method-to-suppress-lighting-and-voltage-surge-when-a-voltage-surge-is-created-it-wants-to-equalize-itself-and-it-wants-to-do-it-as-quickly-as-possible-these-things-seem-to-have-very-little-patience-the-surges-will-do-whatever-it-takes-to-equalize-or-neutralize-themselves-even-if-it-means-short-circuiting-all-of-your-electronic-equipment-the-method-of-providing-maximum-protection-for-equipment-is-quite-simple-create-a-pathway-for-the-voltage-surge-electricity-to-get-to-and-into-the-ground-outside-your-house-as-quickly-as-possible-this-is-not-in-most-cases-a-difficult-task-the-first-step-is-simple-create-an-excellent-grounding-system-for-your-household-electrical-system-the-vast-majority-of-homes-do-not-have-an-excellent-grounding-system-many-homes-have-a-single-grounding-rod-and-or-a-metallic-underground-water-pipe-which-are-part-of-the-electrical-grounding-system-in-most-cases-this-is-inadequate-the-reason-is-somewhat-easy-to-explain-imagine-putting-a-two-inch-fire-hose-into-your-kitchen-sink-and-opening-the-nozzle-to-the-full-on-position-i-doubt-that-the-drain-in-your-sink-could-handle-all-of-the-water-your-grounding-system-would-react-in-the-same-way-to-a-massive-voltage-surge-just-as-the-water-jumps-out-of-the-sink-the-electricity-jumps-from-the-grounding-system-and-looks-for-places-to-go-frequently-it-looks-for-the-microchips-in-your-electronic-devices-they-are-an-easy-target-they-offer-a-path-of-least-resistance-voltage-surges-want-to-be-directed-to-the-grounding-system-and-when-they-do-they-want-to-get-into-the-ground-around-your-house-in-a-hurry-you-can-achieve-this-by-driving-numerous-grounding-rods-into-virgin-soil-around-your-house-these-rods-should-be-ul-approved-and-connected-by-a-continuous-heavy-solid-copper-wire-which-is-welded-to-each-grounding-rod-this-solid-copper-wire-begins-on-the-grounding-bar-inside-of-your-electrical-panel-and-terminates-at-the-last-grounding-rod-avoid-using-clamps-if-at-all-possible-over-time-the-connection-at-the-clamp-can-corrode-or-become-loose-creating-tremendous-resistance-this-will-act-as-a-roadblock-to-the-electricity-trying-to-get-into-the-ground-around-your-home-the-grounding-rods-should-be-at-least-ten-feet-apart-from-one-another-they-should-be-located-in-soil-which-readily-accepts-electricity-moist-clay-soils-are-very-desirable-rocky-sandy-or-soils-with-gravel-generally-have-high-resistance-factors-electricity-has-a-tough-time-dissipating-into-them-resistance-readings-should-be-in-the-range-of-10-to-30-ohms-the-lower-the-better-the-second-step-in-household-surge-protection-is-to-install-a-lightning-arrester-inside-of-your-electric-service-panel-these-devices-can-be-extremely-effective-in-intercepting-large-voltage-surges-which-travel-in-the-electric-power-lines-these-devices-capture-the-voltage-surges-and-bleed-them-off-to-the-grounding-wire-which-we-just-spoke-of-if-for-some-reason-you-do-not-have-a-large-enough-grounding-wire-or-enough-ground-rods-the-arrester-cannot-do-its-job-it-must-be-able-to-send-the-surge-quickly-to-the-ground-outside-of-your-house-almost-every-manufacturer-of-circuit-breakers-makes-one-to-fit-inside-their-panel-they-can-be-installed-by-a-homeowner-who-is-experienced-in-dealing-with-high-voltage-panels-if-you-do-not-have-this-capability-have-an-experienced-electrician-install-it-for-you-the-final-step-in-the-protection-plan-is-to-install-point-of-use-surge-suppression-devices-often-you-will-see-these-called-transient-voltage-surge-suppressors-these-are-your-last-line-of-defense-they-are-capable-of-only-stopping-the-leftover-voltage-surge-which-got-past-the-grounding-system-and-the-lightning-arrester-they-cannot-protect-your-electronic-devices-by-themselves-they-must-be-used-in-conjunction-with-the-grounding-system-and-the-lightning-arresters-do-not-be-lulled-into-a-false-sense-of-security-if-you 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https://eedemy.com/selection-of-surge-protective-device-spd-part-4-typical-system-voltage-mcov-rating-as-per-ieee-typical-ieee-system-voltages-normal-line-to-line-voltage-kv-rms-maximum-line-to-line-voltage-kv-rms-maximum-line-to-ground-voltage-kv-rms-min-mcov-kv-rms-kv-rms-kv-rms-kv-rms-240-252-146-146-416-437-252-252-480-504-291-291-690-725-419-419-832-874-505-505-120-126-728-728-125-131-757-757-132-139-801-801-138-145-838-838-208-218-126-126-229-240-139-139-230-242-140-140-249-262-151-151-276-290-168-168-345-362-209-209-460-483-279-279-690-725-419-419-1150-121-698-698-1380-145-838-838-1610-169-98-977-2300-242-140-140-3450-362-209-209-5000-525-303-303-7650-800-462-462-typical-system-voltage-mcov-rating-as-per-iec-typical-iec-system-voltages-normal-line-to-line-voltage-kv-rms-maximum-line-to-line-voltage-kv-rms-maximum-line-to-ground-voltage-kv-rms-minimum-uc-kv-rms-kv-rms-kv-rms-kv-rms-33-37-21-21-66-73-42-42-100-115-66-66-110-120-69-69-164-180-104-104-220-240-139-139-330-363-210-210-470-52-301-301-660-72-416-416-910-100-578-578-1100-123-711-711-1320-145-838-838-1550-170-983-983-2200-245-142-142-2750-300-173-173-3300-362-209-209-4000-420-243-243-spd-and-fuse-cb-co-ordination-chart-fusecb-co-ordination-chart-incoming-feeder-fuse-rating-a-incoming-feeder-cb-rating-a-spd-fuse-rating-a-spd-cb-rating-a-16-6-10-4-25-10-16-6-32-16-20-10-40-20-25-16-63-32-40-20-80-40-50-25-125-63-80-40-160-80-100-50-250-125-160-80-500-250-320-160-sample-specifications-of-spd-for-277480v-supply-system-voltage-277480v-3-wye-480v-3-delta-frequency-5060hz-surge-technology-40mm-mov-nominal-discharge-rating-in20ka-maximum-continuous-operating-voltage-mcov-320v-l-l640v-l-n320a-l-g320a-g-n320a-maximum-surge-current-per-mode-per-phase-200ka-400ka-voltage-protection-rating-vpr-clamping-800vl-n700vl-l-short-circuit-current-rating-sccr-10ka-connection-type-parallel-connection-reason-for-failure-of-spd-most-spds-will-last-for-many-years-the-things-that-cause-sudden-failure-are-external-supply-faults-such-as-overvoltage-faulty-transformer-mv-lines-local-supply-faults-broken-or-ungrounded-neutral-wrongly-selected-spd-voltage-a-surge-in-excess-of-the-spds-rating-classes-of-surge-arrestors-according-to-impulse-current-untitled-1-test-impulse-current-for-lightning-current-arresters-2-test-impulse-current-for-surge-arresters-there-are-3-x-main-categories-of-lightning-surge-arresters-class-1a-10350-lightning-current-arresters-which-can-withstand-direct-lightning-class-2b-820-surge-arresters-to-protect-against-induced-surge-currents-class-3c-820-surge-arresters-to-protect-against-induced-surge-currents-meaning-of-20ka-820s-impulse-current-in-820-the-first-value-8-is-the-rise-time-from-10-to-90-of-peak-the-second-value-20-is-the-duration-for-the-test-transient-to-decrease-to-half-its-peak-value-standard-for-spd-underwriter-laboratoriesul-1449-3rd-edition-2009-ieee-c6245-2002-nect-national-electrical-code-articles-245-680-and-800-nfpat-780-lightning-protection-code-recommendations-for-the-use-of-surge-protection-devices-at-a-facility-service-entrance 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/selection-of-surge-protective-device-spd-part-3-type-of-spd-type-1-spd-protection-for-transient-over-voltages-due-to-direct-lightning-strokes-location-it-is-installed-at-any-location-between-the-secondary-of-the-utility-service-transformer-and-the-service-entrance-primary-disconnection-it-is-installed-in-the-main-electrical-switchboard-when-the-building-is-equipped-with-a-lightning-protection-system-it-protects-against-external-surges-caused-by-lightning-or-utility-capacitor-bank-switching-these-devices-to-discharging-a-very-high-lightning-current-from-earth-to-the-power-distribution-system-current-ratings-10ka-to-35ka-10350s-wave-form-required-dedicated-fuse-circuit-breaker-for-spd-no-risk-factor-very-strong-risk-area-type-2-spd-protection-for-transient-over-voltages-due-to-switching-and-indirect-lightning-stroke-location-it-is-installed-in-the-main-distribution-switchboard-it-is-designed-to-discharge-the-currents-generated-by-indirect-lightning-strokes-and-causing-induced-or-conducted-overvoltage-on-the-power-distribution-network-it-protects-against-residual-lightning-energy-motor-driven-surges-and-other-internally-generated-surges-current-ratings-5ka-to-200-ka-820s-wave-form-required-dedicated-fuse-circuit-breaker-for-spd-may-or-may-not-risk-factor-common-risk-area-type-3-spd-protection-for-sensitive-loads-it-is-installed-as-a-supplement-to-type-2-devices-and-to-reduce-the-overvoltage-at-the-terminals-of-sensitive-equipment-their-current-discharge-capacity-is-very-limited-as-a-consequence-they-cannot-be-used-alone-installed-at-minimum-conductor-length-of-10-meters-30-feet-from-the-electrical-service-panel-to-the-point-of-utilization-provides-point-of-use-protection-easily-replaceable-and-it-provides-the-last-line-of-defense-against-a-lightning-strike-risk-factor-very-strong-common-risk-area-connection-of-spd-in-distribution-box-in-common-mode-phase-to-earth-or-neutral-to-earth-in-differential-mode-phase-to-phase-or-phase-to-neutral-0-factors-effect-on-spd-performance-1-location-of-surge-protection-device-lightning-protection-should-be-installed-on-a-overall-viewpoint-of-protection-for-large-industrial-plants-data-centers-hospitals-a-risk-assessment-method-must-be-used-to-guide-in-choosing-optimal-distance-in-other-cases-like-housing-offices-buildings-where-there-is-not-or-less-sensitive-industrial-risks-we-may-adopt-following-principle-to-select-spdtype-2-surge-protective-device-should-be-installed-in-the-electrical-installations-incoming-main-switchboard-if-the-distance-between-that-surge-protective-device-and-the-equipment-to-be-protected-is-more-than-30-meters-than-additional-surge-protective-device-type-2-or-type-3-should-be-installed-near-the-equipment-1-when-the-building-is-equipped-with-a-lightning-protection-system-a-type-1-surge-protective-device-must-be-installed-at-the-incoming-main-switch-board-there-exist-surge-protective-devices-combining-type-1-and-type-2-in-the-same-enclosure-2-the-lightning-rods-have-to-be-located-on-the-highest-points-of-the-structure-taking-into-account-the-location-of-the-grounding-and-that-the-path-of-the-down-conductors-are-as-short-and-straight-as-possible-2-size-of-down-conductor-lightning-is-a-phenomenon-that-generates-a-high-frequency-voltage-the-length-of-the-cables-must-be-taken-into-account-in-cases-of-high-frequency-the-down-conductors-may-be-tapes-stranded-wire-or-solid-round-the-minimum-cross-section-must-be-1-meter-of-cable-crossed-by-a-lightning-current-generates-an-overvoltage-of-1000v-mandatory-in-standard-iec-60364-5-534-l-length-of-cables-50cm-cable-cross-section-of-cable-s-16mm-type-1-cable-cross-section-of-cable-s-4mmtype-2-3-placement-of-down-conductor-down-conductor-will-be-placed-on-the-outside-of-the-structure-when-it-is-impossible-to-make-a-down-conductor-on-the-outside-conductors-can-be-introduced-in-a-non-flammable-insulating-pipe-with-a-minimum-section-of-2000-mm2-for-this-purpose-the-down-conductors-on-the-inside-decrease-the-effectiveness-of-lightning-protection-increase-the-risk-of-over-voltages-penetration-of-and-difficult-the-verification-and-maintenance-of-installation-4-number-of-down-conductor-at-least-one-down-conductor-for-every-lightning-rod-a-minimum-of-two-down-conductor-when-1-the-horizontal-projection-length-of-the-conductor-exceeds-its-vertical-projection-length-2-the-height-of-the-structure-is-greater-than-28-meter-equi-potential-bonding-will-be-mad 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/selection-of-surge-protective-device-spd-part-2-size-of-surge-protection-device-spd-depends-upon-location-of-panel-panel-location-within-the-electrical-system-is-more-important-than-the-panels-size-the-location-of-the-panel-within-the-facility-is-much-more-important-ieee-c62412-defines-the-types-of-expected-surges-within-a-facility-as-category-c-service-entrance-more-severe-environment-10kv-10ka-surge-category-b-downstream-more-than-30feet-from-category-c-less-severe-environment-6kv-3ka-surge-category-a-further-downstream-more-than-60-feet-from-category-c-least-severe-environment-6kv-05ka-surge-when-selecting-the-appropriate-ka-rating-for-an-spd-category-c-100ka-to-200ka-per-phase-category-b-50ka-to-100ka-per-phase-category-a-50ka-to-100ka-per-phase-large-size-of-surge-protection-device-spd-does-not-give-better-protection-most-spds-use-a-metal-oxide-varistor-mov-as-the-main-limiting-device-if-an-mov-is-rated-for-10ka-and-having-a-10ka-surge-it-would-use-100-of-its-capacity-the-surge-will-degrade-the-mov-a-little-bit-now-if-we-use-20ka-spd-so-this-spd-has-two-10ka-movs-in-parallel-the-movs-will-equally-split-the-10ka-surge-so-each-would-take-5ka-in-this-case-each-mov-have-only-used-50-of-their-capacity-which-degrades-the-mov-much-less-than-10ka-spd-again-it-is-totally-misleading-that-two-parallel-path-in-20ka-spd-absorb-surge-faster-or-better-than-single-path-spd-like-10ka-spd-of-same-rating-the-main-purpose-of-having-movs-in-parallel-is-to-increase-the-longevity-or-life-of-the-spd-again-it-is-need-to-clear-that-it-is-subjective-and-at-some-point-we-are-only-adding-cost-by-incorporating-more-movs-and-receiving-little-benefit-larger-ka-ratings-are-for-redundancy-longer-life-only-spd-can-not-give-100-protection-against-all-types-of-electrical-disturbance-there-is-a-misconception-about-spds-is-that-they-are-designed-to-protect-against-all-electrical-problems-spd-is-not-designed-to-protect-against-excessive-voltage-at-the-fundamental-power-frequency-it-is-design-to-give-protection-against-surges-by-direct-lighting-or-voltage-surges-in-line-at-remote-location-spd-can-not-give-protection-against-poor-power-quality-harmonics-some-spds-contain-filtering-to-remove-high-frequency-noise-50-khz-to-250-khz-but-spd-cannot-filter-harmonic-loads-3rd-through-50th-harmonic-equals180-to-3000-hz-spd-can-not-give-protection-against-under-voltage-spd-can-not-give-protection-against-under-voltage-problems-spd-can-not-give-protection-against-direct-lighting-strikes-an-spd-can-not-prevent-damage-caused-by-a-direct-lightning-strike-a-direct-lightning-strike-causes-induced-surges-on-the-power-line-that-are-reduced-by-the-spd-but-spd-can-not-protect-against-lighting-strikes-near-spd-location-spd-can-not-give-protection-against-temporary-overvoltage-temporary-overvoltage-is-caused-by-a-severe-fault-in-the-utility-power-or-due-to-problems-with-the-ground-poor-or-nonexistent-n-g-bond-temporary-overvoltage-occurs-when-the-voltage-exceeds-the-nominal-voltage-for-a-short-duration-millisecond-to-a-few-minutes-if-the-voltage-exceeds-25-of-the-nominal-system-voltage-the-spd-and-other-loads-may-become-damaged-selection-of-surge-protection-device-spd-the-size-performance-and-specification-of-spd-depend-on-following-characteristics-current-characteristic-of-spd-isurge-current-rating-ka-in-nominal-discharge-current-in-imax-maximum-discharge-current-imax-short-circuit-current-rating-sccr-voltage-characteristic-of-spd-uc-maximum-continuous-operating-voltage-mcov-up-voltage-protection-rating-vpr-or-surge-voltage-rating-svr-or-clamping-voltage-tov-temporary-over-voltage-1-surge-current-ratings-i-the-peak-surge-current-ratings-of-spd-are-generally-based-on-the-sum-of-line-neutral-and-line-ground-current-a-peak-ampere-rating-per-phase-ie-l-n-100-ka-l-g-100-ka-provides-200-kaphase-other-specification-like-mcov-vpr-in-and-sccr-that-have-clearly-defined-test-criteria-but-for-surge-current-there-is-no-specified-test-criteria-or-industry-standard-hence-different-spd-manufacturers-to-create-their-own-definitions-of-peak-ampere-surge-current-ratings-please-note-that-selection-of-higher-surge-current-ratings-dont-always-gives-better-protection-but-it-is-provide-loner-life-ieee-clearly-states-that-the-selection-of-a-surge-current-rating-for-an-spd-should-be-matched-to-the-expected-surge-environment-and-the-expected-or-desired-useful-life-of-the-device-selection-of-surge-rating-for-an-spd-depends-on-the-location-of-the-spd-within-the-electrical-distribution-environmental-surroundings-condition-of-site-following-surge-current-ratings-based-on-spd-location-within-the-electrical-distribution-surge-current-ratings-based-on 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/selection-of-surge-protective-device-spd-part-1-introduction-a-device-which-diverts-or-limits-surge-current-is-called-surge-protective-devices-spd-spd-protect-electrical-equipment-against-over-voltages-caused-by-lightning-or-switching-it-is-wired-in-parallel-to-the-equipment-which-is-needed-to-be-protected-once-the-surge-voltage-exceeds-spds-rating-it-starts-to-conduct-energy-directly-to-the-electrical-grounding-system-an-spd-has-a-very-low-resistance-during-this-time-and-give-low-resistance-path-the-energy-to-ground-once-the-surge-is-over-it-gives-high-resistance-path-to-current-spd-is-previously-known-as-transient-voltage-surge-suppressors-tvs-or-secondary-surge-arresters-underwriter-laboratories-ul-1449-listed-spds-are-now-designated-as-either-type-1-type-2-or-type-3-and-intended-for-use-on-ac-power-systems-rated-less-than-1000vrms-principle-spd-is-used-to-limit-transient-over-voltages-of-atmospheric-or-switching-surge-and-gives-path-to-the-excessive-current-to-earth-hence-limit-the-overvoltage-to-a-value-that-is-not-hazardous-for-the-electrical-installation-causes-of-surges-1-external-surge-lightning-strikes-direct-stroke-indirect-stroke-2-internal-surge-switching-surge-switching-onoff-of-inductive-loads-tripped-circuit-breakers-and-fuses-short-circuits-malfunctions-caused-by-the-power-company-insulation-failures-arcing-ground-ignition-and-interruption-to-electric-arc-difference-between-surge-arrestor-lighting-arrestor-and-surge-suppressor-surge-arresters-and-surge-suppressor-both-are-used-to-protect-equipment-from-surges-but-there-is-confusion-between-the-application-of-surge-arrestors-lighting-arrestor-and-surge-suppressors-the-main-differences-between-a-lightning-arrester-and-a-surge-arrester-are-its-fault-clearing-time-and-its-position-both-are-doing-the-same-job-but-still-both-are-not-same-lighting-arrestor-surge-arrestor-surge-arresters-are-widely-also-known-lightning-arresters-surge-arresters-are-devices-installed-on-over-head-lines-substations-etc-to-avoid-a-lighting-surge-and-other-surges-of-an-additional-current-voltagecharge-due-to-various-faults-occurring-in-the-past-year-when-nonlinear-solid-state-devices-computers-plc-and-drives-were-not-used-the-electrical-load-is-mostly-linear-load-utility-companies-and-end-users-were-concerned-with-how-to-protect-electrical-distribution-systems-from-lightning-surges-to-ensure-that-voltage-surges-did-not-exceed-the-basic-insulation-level-bil-of-the-conductor-wires-transformers-and-other-equipment-hence-surge-arrestors-lighting-arrestors-were-developed-for-use-in-low-medium-and-high-voltage-applications-at-various-points-in-the-transmission-and-distribution-system-surge-arrestor-provide-low-resistance-path-between-the-phase-conductor-and-ground-la-did-not-concern-with-the-loads-if-it-cleared-within-a-few-cycles-arrestors-are-still-used-in-the-electrical-industry-primarily-along-the-transmission-lines-and-upstream-of-a-facilitys-service-entrance-arrestors-are-available-in-various-classes-depending-upon-their-withstand-capability-eg-station-vs-distribution-class-at-the-service-entrance-location-on-low-voltage-systems-600v-and-below-lightning-arrestors-were-designed-to-protect-the-electrical-distribution-system-and-not-the-sensitive-solid-state-equipment-economically-surge-arresters-are-better-than-surge-different-surge-arresters-are-available-based-on-their-withstanding-capability-the-main-problem-with-them-is-that-they-are-designed-for-protecting-large-electrical-distribution-systems-from-lightning-surges-and-not-for-sensitive-solid-state-equipment-applications-the-surge-arrester-is-best-to-protect-insulation-of-transformers-panel-boards-and-wirings-however-it-doesnt-work-well-for-solid-state-components-surge-suppressor-surge-protector-called-tvss-in-todays-we-mostly-use-solid-state-nonlinear-loads-like-electronic-equipment-drives-plcs-computers-electronic-ballasts-telecommunication-equipment-non-linear-is-about-70-of-utility-loads-the-solid-state-components-will-be-damaged-by-the-surges-using-surge-suppressors-at-the-service-entrance-and-key-branch-panels-the-surge-will-be-effectively-reduced-to-under-100v-if-a-tvss-and-lightning-arrestor-are-both-used-at-a-service-entrance-switchboard-the-tvss-will-turn-on-earlier-and-shunt-most-of-the-surge-current-many-water-treatment-plants-telecommunication-facilities-hospitals-schools-and-heavy-industrial-plants-utilize-tvsss-instead-of-surge-arrestors-to-provide-protection-against-the-effects-of-lightning-utility-switching-switching-electric-motors-applications-they-are-used-in-water-treatment-plants-hospitals-schools-and-telecommunication-facilities-size-of-surge-protection-device-spd-does-not-d 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https://eedemy.com/what-is-difference-between-ups-inverter-introduction-we-are-heavily-dependent-upon-appliances-that-run-on-electricity-such-as-fans-lights-ac-fridge-computer-and-so-on-whenever-there-is-a-power-cut-electricity-supply-to-these-appliances-is-cut-off-and-they-stop-working-however-if-we-have-backup-supply-devices-such-as-ups-and-inverter-we-can-ensure-power-supply-to-appliances-and-not-bothered-with-power-cuts-however-people-remain-confused-with-the-difference-between-a-ups-and-an-inverter-because-ups-and-inverters-both-are-providing-back-up-power-supplies-during-main-power-outage-inverters-are-preferred-more-for-general-electric-appliances-whose-working-does-not-get-affected-by-extended-delays-in-power-supply-ups-are-used-for-electronics-appliances-such-as-computer-servers-workstations-medical-equipment-which-perform-critical-task-and-cannot-tolerate-delays-in-power-supply-an-off-line-ups-the-standard-switch-to-the-batteries-in-3-to-8-milliseconds-after-the-main-power-has-been-lost-while-inverter-changes-over-in-about-500-milliseconds-ups-ups-means-uninterrupted-power-supply-uninterruptible-power-supply-ups-provides-uninterrupted-power-to-the-equipment-it-means-switching-time-from-power-cut-to-battery-power-is-vey-less-hence-important-and-critical-equipment-like-computer-desktop-medical-instruments-is-not-switch-off-and-we-can-lose-data-a-ups-is-a-complete-system-that-is-consisting-of-many-parts-that-include-batteries-a-charge-controller-circuitry-any-transfer-switch-for-switching-between-the-mains-and-back-up-battery-and-an-inverter-an-inverter-is-needed-because-the-battery-can-only-store-dc-power-and-we-need-to-convert-that-back-to-ac-in-order-to-match-the-appliances-connected-in-the-main-power-line-ups-battery-charger-inverter-ups-is-nothing-but-inverter-with-inbuilt-battery-charger-ups-give-backup-only-10-to-20-minutes-the-main-intention-of-it-is-to-provide-backup-only-for-small-time-so-that-you-can-save-the-programs-and-data-ups-also-gives-protection-against-line-abnormalities-like-surge-voltage-fluctuation-under-voltage-over-voltage-spike-noise-inverter-inverter-circuit-simple-converters-battery-dc-current-to-ac-and-supply-in-inverter-inverts-the-direct-current-to-an-alternating-current-during-normal-condition-electrical-supply-is-direct-feed-to-the-load-it-also-takes-the-supply-from-the-ac-source-and-charges-the-battery-during-the-power-cut-the-inverter-receives-the-supply-from-the-battery-and-convert-it-dc-to-ac-power-and-provides-the-power-supply-to-the-electrical-equipment-inverters-purpose-is-to-provide-power-backup-to-total-home-appliances-lights-fans-inverter-uses-flat-plate-or-tubular-battery-to-store-electricity-so-it-requires-continuous-maintenance-needs-to-fill-the-distilled-water-toppings-at-regular-intervals-of-time-inverter-does-not-give-protection-against-line-abnormalities-difference-between-ups-and-inverter-comparison-of-ups-and-inverter-descriptions-ups-inverter-definition-ups-means-uninterruptable-power-supply-inverter-is-a-device-which-converts-dc-electricity-to-ac-function-it-is-an-electric-circuit-device-which-instantly-backs-up-power-supply-for-a-gadget-the-gadgets-works-continues-to-work-on-smoothly-and-there-is-no-damage-to-it-inverter-consist-circuitry-which-converts-ac-to-dc-and-stores-in-the-battery-when-power-supply-goes-off-that-dc-power-is-converted-back-to-ac-and-is-transmitted-to-the-respective-electronic-gadget-principles-it-first-converts-ac-to-dc-power-to-charge-the-battery-than-convert-dc-power-to-ac-power-inverter-and-this-ac-power-is-supplied-to-load-however-ups-monitors-the-input-voltage-level-and-processes-it-in-terms-of-voltage-regulations-ups-battery-charger-inverter-inverter-converts-dc-power-stored-in-its-battery-to-ac-power-supplied-to-the-devices-normally-ac-power-charges-the-battery-it-uses-relays-and-sensors-to-detect-when-to-use-dc-power-or-ac-power-for-dc-power-back-up-time-power-back-up-for-short-duration-power-back-up-for-long-duration-types-a-offline-ups-b-online-ups-and-c-line-interactive-ups-a-square-wave-b-quasi-wave-c-sine-wave-main-part-rectifiercharger-inverter-controller-inverter-and-controller-switch-over-time-3-to-8-milliseconds-500-milliseconds-voltage-fluctuations-while-voltage-fluctuations-in-input-supply-can-be-adjusted-by-the-ups-the-output-voltages-are-desired-to-be-as-smooth-as-possible-in-smoothing-the-voltage-outputs-ups-are-considered-better-as-compared-to-inverter-inverter-does-not-give-protection-against-voltage-fluctuations-circuitry-sophistication-ups-circuitry-is-far-more-sophisticated-than-that-of-inverters-inverter-has-simple-circuit-then-ups-pricing-ups-more-expensive-than-an-inverter-inverter-is-less-expensive-than-ups-application-ups-are-used-for-electron 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/selection-of-various-types-of-inverter-part-1-introduction-in-this-modern-society-electricity-has-vital-role-on-the-most-daily-activities-for-domestic-and-industrial-utilization-of-electric-power-for-operations-an-inverter-is-used-to-provide-uninterrupted-220v-ac-supply-to-the-load-connected-to-its-output-socket-it-provides-constant-ac-supply-at-its-output-socket-even-when-the-ac-mains-supply-is-not-available-there-are-many-factors-which-are-affecting-on-selecting-of-the-best-inverter-for-our-application-block-diagram-of-inverter-power-inverter-is-a-device-that-converts-electrical-power-from-dc-form-to-ac-form-using-electronic-circuits-it-is-typical-application-is-to-convert-battery-voltage-into-conventional-household-ac-voltage-to-use-equipments-when-an-ac-power-is-not-available-there-are-two-methods-in-which-the-low-voltage-dc-power-is-inserted-into-ac-power-in-first-method-first-is-the-conversion-of-the-low-voltage-dc-power-to-a-high-voltage-dc-source-an-then-it-is-the-conversion-of-the-high-dc-source-to-an-ac-waveform-using-pulse-width-modulation-in-second-method-the-outcome-would-be-to-first-convert-the-low-voltage-dc-power-to-ac-and-then-use-a-transformer-to-boost-the-voltage-to-220-volts-the-widely-used-method-in-the-current-residential-inverter-is-the-second-an-inverter-not-only-converts-the-dc-voltage-of-battery-to-220v-v-ac-signals-but-also-charge-the-battery-when-the-ac-mains-are-present-the-block-diagram-shown-above-is-a-simple-depiction-of-the-way-an-inverter-works-when-the-ac-mains-power-supply-is-available-when-the-utility-company-ac-mains-supply-is-available-c-main-sensor-the-ac-sensor-senses-it-and-the-230v-ac-supply-feeds-to-the-relay-and-battery-charger-relay-or-change-over-switch-ac-main-sensor-activates-a-relay-and-this-relay-will-directly-pass-the-230v-ac-mains-supply-to-the-load-battery-charger-battery-charger-converts-line-ac-voltage-to-dc-voltage-and-charges-the-battery-even-when-ac-power-is-available-battery-battery-is-charged-and-it-is-stopped-when-it-is-full-charged-when-the-ac-mains-power-supply-is-not-available-when-the-ac-mains-power-supply-is-not-available-relay-or-change-over-switch-ac-main-sensor-activates-a-relay-and-this-relay-will-connected-to-battery-in-absent-of-the-ac-mains-supply-battery-battery-is-providing-dc-power-to-oscillator-circuit-through-relay-oscillator-circuit-an-oscillator-circuit-inside-the-inverter-use-pulse-width-modulator-to-generate-the-50hz-frequency-required-to-generate-ac-supply-by-the-inverter-the-battery-dc-supply-is-connected-to-the-oscillator-the-flip-flop-converts-the-incoming-signal-into-signals-with-changing-polarity-such-that-in-a-two-signal-with-changing-polarity-the-first-is-positive-while-the-second-is-negative-and-vice-versa-this-process-is-repeated-50times-per-second-to-give-an-alternating-signal-with-50hz-frequency-this-alternating-signal-is-known-as-mos-drive-signal-driver-circuit-the-mos-drive-signals-are-given-to-the-base-of-driver-transistor-which-separated-into-two-different-channels-amplifier-circuit-the-transistors-amplify-the-50hz-mos-drive-signal-at-their-base-to-a-sufficient-level-and-output-them-from-the-emitter-inverter-transformer-the-transformer-used-for-this-is-a-center-tapping-which-divides-the-primary-into-two-equal-sections-this-center-tapping-is-connected-to-the-positive-terminal-of-the-battery-two-ends-of-the-primary-are-connected-to-the-negative-terminal-of-the-battery-through-switches-s1-and-s2-mosfets-or-transistors-are-used-for-the-switching-operation-these-mosfets-or-transistors-are-connected-to-the-primary-winding-of-the-inverter-transformer-when-these-switching-devices-receive-the-mos-drive-signal-from-the-driver-circuit-they-start-switching-between-on-off-states-at-a-rate-of-50-hz-this-switching-action-of-the-mosfets-or-transistors-creates-a-50hz-current-to-the-primary-of-the-inverter-transformer-this-results-in-a-220v-ac-or-2300v-ac-depending-on-the-winding-ratio-of-the-inverter-transformer-at-the-secondary-or-the-inverter-transformer-this-secondary-voltage-is-made-available-at-the-output-socket-of-the-inverter-by-a-changeover-relay-type-of-inverter-the-inverters-are-classified-by-depending-on-their-output-sine-wave-modified-sine-wave-square-wave-1-sine-wave-inverter-in-utility-company-sine-wave-generated-by-rotating-ac-machinery-and-sine-waves-is-a-natural-product-of-rotating-ac-machinery-pure-sine-wave-inverters-provide-an-output-same-as-a-sine-wave-which-is-similar-to-the-utility-supplied-grid-power-hence-pure-sine-wave-inverter-produces-a-better-and-cleaner-current-all-commercial-instruments-are-designed-to-run-on-pure-sine 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/selection-of-various-types-of-inverter-part-2-comparison-of-inverters-comparison-of-different-type-of-inverter-square-wave-stepped-sine-wave-pure-sine-wave-safety-of-appliances-less-moderate-high-life-of-appliances-less-moderate-high-battery-life-less-moderate-high-noise-level-high-moderate-normal-heat-generation-high-low-normal-suitability-for-appliances-no-not-recommended-for-prolonged-use-yes-how-to-select-batteries-for-inverter-batter-is-the-vital-part-of-inverter-performance-and-life-of-an-inverter-is-greatly-depends-upon-battery-there-are-three-types-of-batteries-available-in-market-1-flat-plate-lead-acid-battery-2-tubular-battery-3-maintenance-free-battery-without-getting-too-much-into-details-all-we-can-say-is-that-tubular-batteries-are-the-best-choice-for-inverters-they-may-cost-slightly-more-than-flat-plate-but-they-will-last-longer-maintenance-free-batteries-may-sound-good-but-they-have-lesser-life-4-5-years-as-compared-to-7-8-years-of-a-tubular-battery-but-the-most-important-thing-to-run-batteries-for-a-longer-time-is-to-make-sure-that-it-is-topped-filled-with-distilled-or-ro-water-frequently-and-the-fluid-levels-are-maintained-1-lead-acid-battery-lead-acid-batteries-known-as-automotive-battery-lead-acid-batteries-are-the-oldest-type-of-rechargeable-battery-most-of-the-inverters-batteries-are-lead-acids-battery-of-different-types-it-is-used-for-automotive-purpose-are-termed-as-high-cycle-lead-acid-batteries-these-batteries-are-designed-to-provide-high-current-for-a-very-short-duration-to-start-the-vehicles-1jpg-automotive-lead-acid-batteries-are-not-designed-to-be-regularly-discharged-by-more-than-25-of-their-rated-capacity-here-the-requirement-of-inverter-is-totally-different-inverter-requires-deep-cycle-type-batteries-to-provide-continuous-power-which-can-be-discharged-at-least-50-of-their-rated-capacity-some-good-deep-cycle-batteries-can-be-discharged-over-80-of-their-capacity-deep-cycle-batteries-have-specially-designed-thick-plates-to-withstand-frequent-charging-and-discharging-lead-acid-batteries-require-regular-maintenance-you-have-to-check-the-electrolyte-level-and-require-to-be-topped-up-on-regular-intervals-these-batteries-release-poisonous-gases-during-charging-and-discharging-if-you-dont-keep-the-batteries-in-a-properly-ventilated-place-it-can-invite-serious-health-problems-we-have-to-keep-the-terminals-of-normal-lead-acid-batteries-corrosion-free-by-applying-petroleum-jelly-or-grease-regularly-advantage-this-light-weighed-inverter-battery-price-is-economical-and-quite-cost-effective-this-is-the-most-common-type-of-inverter-battery-it-is-a-rechargeable-and-generates-a-large-amount-of-current-battery-life-is-approximately-3-4-years-disadvantage-we-need-maintain-it-regularly-such-checking-the-electrolyte-level-topping-up-with-distilled-water-etc-need-well-ventilated-place-while-installing-a-lead-acid-inverter-battery-not-safer-in-use-application-suitable-for-small-domestic-inverter-2-tubular-battery-this-is-the-most-popular-and-efficient-among-all-types-of-inverter-batteries-together-with-robust-grid-design-superb-efficiency-long-operational-life-and-requirement-of-low-maintenance-tubular-inverter-battery-is-the-most-preferable-choice-of-all-1-this-is-the-most-popular-segment-of-inverter-batteries-used-in-domestic-and-industrial-applications-advantage-long-life-5-years-high-electrical-efficiency-less-maintenance-less-number-of-water-toppings-disadvantage-cost-of-tubular-batteries-can-go-up-to-double-of-a-normal-flat-plate-battery-application-suitable-for-both-domestic-and-industrial-inverter-3-maintenance-free-battery-as-the-name-indicates-there-is-no-need-of-maintaining-the-batteries-no-need-of-filling-distilled-water-at-regular-intervals-this-is-possible-because-of-a-special-type-of-electrolyte-which-need-not-be-replenished-maintenance-free-batteries-also-called-as-sealed-batteries-and-do-not-need-any-regular-maintenance-to-function-impeccably-apart-from-that-other-best-feature-is-safety-maintenance-free-batteries-do-not-emit-any-poisonous-or-harmful-gases-1-advantage-it-is-costlier-but-the-money-is-worth-to-invest-it-is-sealed-lead-acid-batteries-which-do-not-require-topping-up-or-additional-ventilation-they-are-more-durable-and-safer-than-normal-lead-acid-inverter-battery-disadvantage-cost-is-very-high-as-compared-with-normal-lead-acid-batteries-life-is-comparatively-low-3-to-4-years-scrap-value-is-not-much-more-application-comparison-of-various-types-of-batteries-comparison-of-various-types-of-batteries-flat-plate-batteries-tubular-batteries-maintenance-free-batteries-1-1-copy-1-copy-2-cost-low-high-high-safety-low-low-high-efficienc 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/selection-of-various-types-of-inverter-part-3-how-to-select-right-inverter-before-buying-an-inverter-for-it-is-very-important-to-understand-what-is-the-right-inverter-for-our-requirement-for-that-we-do-understand-the-basics-criteria-of-inverter-in-order-to-make-a-good-estimate-of-your-power-needs-youll-need-to-take-a-look-at-all-of-the-devices-you-plan-on-plugging-into-your-new-inverter-if-we-only-need-to-use-one-device-at-a-time-then-thats-the-only-one-youll-need-to-look-at-however-youll-need-to-add-together-the-numbers-from-multiple-devices-like-an-lcd-screen-and-a-video-game-system-if-you-plan-on-using-them-at-the-same-time-a-power-requirement-one-of-the-most-important-factors-that-we-must-know-before-buying-an-inverter-is-power-requirement-power-requirement-means-all-electrical-appliances-like-fan-tube-lights-televisionpumps-cfl-etc-we-want-to-run-at-the-time-of-power-failure-the-power-requirement-is-simply-addition-of-the-power-consumed-by-various-electrical-equipments-the-thing-we-must-understand-that-inverter-is-not-a-generator-inverter-has-its-own-limitations-if-power-requirement-is-more-than-our-estimation-then-an-inverter-alone-cannot-create-demands-effectively-high-power-inverter-can-run-our-refrigerator-and-air-conditioners-but-battery-will-not-last-more-than-few-hours-hence-it-better-to-estimate-inverter-load-carefully-the-selection-of-correct-size-inverter-is-very-important-if-we-need-to-power-small-appliances-like-energy-efficient-light-bulbs-we-do-not-need-to-buy-a-2000w-power-inverter-because-it-will-consume-more-power-even-in-standby-mode-and-work-very-inefficiently-with-small-appliances-on-the-other-hand-if-we-connect-a-coffee-machine-to-a-150w-inverter-we-will-quickly-blow-a-fuse-therefore-power-estimation-is-important-thing-the-size-of-inverter-depends-on-the-watts-or-amps-of-what-we-want-to-run-it-is-recommend-that-we-choose-at-least-10-to-20-more-than-our-requirement-suppose-you-want-1no-fans-1no-tube-lights-1no-cfl-and-1no-television-to-operate-at-the-time-of-power-failure-therefore-the-total-power-requirement-to-be-190-150-125-1120-285-watts-here-total-load-is-285-watts-b-surge-power-starting-power-starting-and-running-power-requirement-of-all-electric-appliances-are-different-starting-power-of-electrical-equipment-is-several-times-greater-than-their-normal-working-power-an-18-watts-cfl-takes-around-25-watts-power-to-start-and-after-few-seconds-it-works-on-18-watts-some-appliances-like-refrigerator-washing-machine-etc-take-almost-double-power-to-start-as-compared-to-the-normal-running-power-for-example-gridding-machine-have-normal-working-power-1000w-their-starting-power-is-higher-than-4000w-so-inverters-with-continuous-power-2000w-are-not-suitable-because-their-peak-power-is-limited-by-4000w-for-selecting-right-inverter-always-take-into-account-starting-power-requirements-of-your-equipment-especially-devices-with-electric-motors-electronics-choke-capacity-inductive-the-size-of-the-inverter-should-be-chosen-based-on-the-power-consumption-of-your-load-resistive-loads-all-resistive-loads-like-toaster-coffee-maker-electric-range-iron-incandescent-lamps-flood-lighting-laser-printers-use-nichrome-resistance-wire-in-their-heating-the-starting-power-or-surge-power-rating-should-be-6-times-the-watt-rating-inductive-loads-all-inductive-load-like-induction-motor-reciprocating-pumps-and-compressors-refrigeration-air-conditioning-oxygen-concentrators-have-more-starting-current-the-starting-current-lra-should-be-5-times-the-full-load-current-fla-capacitive-loads-switched-mode-power-supplies-smps-electronic-equipment-like-battery-chargers-computers-audio-and-video-devices-radio-etc-the-starting-power-or-surge-power-rating-should-be-3-times-the-watt-rating-microwaves-the-initial-power-consummation-by-the-microwave-will-be-2-times-the-cooking-power-a-water-supply-pump-the-starting-surge-can-be-3-times-the-normal-running-rating-of-the-pump-the-inverter-should-therefore-be-sized-adequately-to-withstand-the-high-inrush-current-starting-factor-type-of-device-starting-factor-air-conditioner-5-refrigerator-freezer-5-air-compressor-4-sump-pump-well-pump-submersible-pump-3-dishwasher-3-clothes-washer-3-microwave-2-furnace-fan-3-industrial-motor-3-portable-kerosene-diesel-fuel-heater-3-circular-saw-3-bench-grinder-3-incandescent-halogen-quartz-lamps-3-laser-printer-other-devices-using-quartz-lamps-for-heating-4-switched-mode-power-supplies-3-photographic-strobe-flash-lights-4-c-rating-va-rating-of-the-inverter-it-stands-for-the-volt-ampere-rating-it-is-the-voltage-and-current-supplied-by-the-inverter-to-the-equipments-if-an-inverter-operates-with-100-efficiency-then-the-power-requirement-of-th 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/selection-of-various-types-of-ups-part-1-introduction-whenever-there-is-a-power-cut-electricity-supply-to-computer-desktop-or-other-critical-appliances-is-cut-off-and-they-stop-working-however-if-we-have-a-backup-supply-device-such-as-ups-we-can-ensure-uninterrupted-supply-of-power-to-appliances-to-be-not-bothered-with-power-cuts-electrical-power-supply-comes-from-utility-companies-is-not-pure-it-has-different-electrical-abnormalities-like-surges-under-voltage-over-voltage-voltage-dips-voltage-spikes-noise-and-harmonics-these-electrical-abnormalities-can-cause-serious-damage-to-electronics-equipments-data-systems-computer-or-desktop-to-decrease-the-risk-of-power-supply-distortion-ups-systems-are-frequently-integrated-in-electrical-networks-electronic-power-supply-equipment-makers-can-offer-consistent-high-quality-power-flow-for-various-electrical-electronic-load-gear-likes-continuous-industrial-processing-applications-medical-services-emergency-gear-telecommunications-computerized-data-systems-todays-ups-systems-usually-provide-some-level-of-power-conditioning-and-protection-against-fluctuations-in-voltage-from-the-grid-ups-ups-means-uninterrupted-power-supply-uninterruptible-power-supply-ups-provides-uninterrupted-power-to-the-equipment-it-means-switching-time-from-power-cut-to-battery-power-is-very-less-hence-important-equipment-like-computer-desktop-is-not-switch-off-and-we-can-lose-data-a-ups-is-a-complete-system-that-is-consisting-of-many-parts-that-include-batteries-a-charge-controller-circuitry-any-transfer-switch-for-switching-between-the-mains-and-back-up-battery-and-an-inverter-an-inverter-is-needed-because-the-battery-can-only-store-dc-power-and-we-need-to-convert-that-back-to-ac-in-order-to-match-the-appliances-connected-in-the-main-power-line-ups-battery-charger-inverter-ups-is-nothing-but-inverter-with-inbuilt-battery-charger-ups-is-used-only-to-backup-your-system-if-we-connect-desktop-computer-on-inverter-inverter-takes-some-seconds-to-give-battery-power-to-equipment-hence-equipment-shutdowns-for-some-second-in-any-power-loss-condition-and-we-can-lose-important-data-of-desktop-or-computer-inverter-is-not-suitable-for-computer-backup-due-to-the-delay-in-switching-one-of-more-useful-functions-of-ups-is-to-provide-surge-protection-so-connected-devices-can-be-protected-from-line-surge-and-does-not-damage-ups-is-also-capable-of-conditioning-the-power-from-the-lines-to-provide-clean-and-stable-power-throughout-block-diagram-of-ups-the-block-diagram-of-this-ups-is-shown-as-below-1-the-mains-power-comes-to-the-ups-the-ac-is-converted-to-dc-and-this-dc-is-constantly-charging-the-battery-the-output-of-the-battery-is-fed-to-the-sine-wave-inverter-and-it-converts-dc-to-ac-and-this-feeds-the-equipment-since-power-out-is-always-drawn-from-the-battery-there-is-no-time-lag-when-mains-switches-off-it-just-stops-the-battery-from-being-charged-and-the-ups-continues-to-supply-power-till-the-battery-runs-out-battery-charger-rectifier-to-convert-ac-power-from-power-grid-to-dc-power-to-charge-battery-battery-to-provide-dc-power-inverter-to-convert-dc-power-from-battery-to-ac-power-to-power-load-ie-electrical-and-electronic-equipment-controller-to-control-functions-of-rectifier-charger-and-inverter-ie-when-to-start-or-stop-charging-battery-when-to-start-or-stop-power-from-battery-to-load-how-fast-to-change-from-grid-power-to-battery-power-and-so-on-type-of-ups-the-ups-is-mainly-categorized-into-three-types-according-to-their-functions-they-are-as-1-offline-standby-where-system-or-data-loss-is-an-inconvenience-2-line-interactive-system-or-data-loss-is-a-serious-problem-3-onlinedouble-conversion-system-or-data-loss-is-unacceptable-1-off-line-ups-standby-ups-off-line-ups-systems-are-so-called-off-line-because-load-is-normally-connected-directly-to-the-incoming-ac-mains-when-the-incoming-ac-mains-fails-or-fall-below-a-pre-determined-level-then-the-offline-ups-turns-on-its-internal-dc-ac-inverter-circuitry-which-is-powered-from-an-internal-storage-battery-for-switching-purpose-ups-consists-mechanically-static-switches-which-immediately-connect-the-load-on-its-dc-ac-inverter-output-under-the-mains-power-failure-condition-during-this-changeover-there-is-an-inevitable-break-in-power-to-the-load-of-typically-2-to-10-milliseconds-in-practice-however-most-loads-can-ride-through-this-period-without-any-problems-the-switching-process-causes-a-momentary-lapse-in-power-which-is-dangerous-for-certain-highly-sensitive-equipment-this-is-why-technically-the-standby-ups-is-not-considered-a-true-ups-as-it-is-not-truly-uninterruptible-the-typical-lapse-time-5msis-well-within-tolerance-for-normal-desktop-computers-circuit-diagram-1-working 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/selection-of-various-types-of-ups-part-2-2-line-inter-active-ups-working-principle-of-line-interactive-ups-is-same-as-off-line-stand-ups-it-connected-directly-from-mains-switching-to-battery-via-the-inverter-in-mains-power-cut-condition-the-designing-of-line-interactive-ups-is-same-as-off-line-ups-in-addition-the-design-line-interactive-generally-includes-an-automatic-voltage-regulator-avr-or-a-tap-changing-transformer-this-enhances-the-regulation-of-voltage-by-regulating-transformer-taps-as-the-input-voltage-differs-the-main-difference-between-an-off-line-and-a-line-interactive-ups-is-that-a-line-interactive-ups-in-the-stand-by-mode-has-active-voltage-regulation-voltage-regulation-is-a-significant-feature-when-the-conditions-of-a-low-voltage-exist-otherwise-the-ups-would-transfer-to-battery-and-then-finally-to-the-load-the-usage-of-more-common-battery-can-cause-early-battery-failure-it-typically-uses-either-a-ferro-resonant-transformer-or-a-buck-boost-transformer-both-helps-to-reduce-the-frequency-of-transfers-to-battery-slightly-improving-efficiency-and-reducing-battery-wear-ferro-resonant-designs-also-offer-power-conditioning-and-tight-voltage-regulation-as-well-as-an-energy-store-that-can-maintain-uninterrupted-power-supply-output-while-the-inverter-switches-on-circuit-diagram-1-working-function-normal-condition-in-normal-power-condition-power-supply-will-continuously-provide-to-load-with-some-filtering-and-voltage-regulation-circuit-during-normal-operation-the-line-interactive-ups-takes-utility-power-and-passes-it-through-a-transformer-with-various-tap-selections-on-the-output-when-utility-power-is-high-the-line-interactive-ups-selects-a-tap-to-lower-buck-the-output-voltage-similarly-when-the-utility-voltage-is-low-the-ups-selects-a-tap-to-increase-boost-the-output-voltage-in-normal-condition-battery-is-charged-continuous-charge-through-battery-charger-battery-charger-convert-ac-power-to-dc-power-and-this-dc-power-charged-battery-power-outage-condition-when-utility-power-fails-the-device-will-start-its-internal-inverter-circuit-by-mechanical-switch-mechanically-transfer-switch-transfer-from-utility-power-to-battery-power-inverter-output-this-transfer-can-take-as-2-to-4-ms-advantage-small-size-low-cost-high-efficiency-because-less-power-conversion-is-when-ac-input-is-present-sine-way-output-battery-life-is-good-compared-to-off-line-ups-voltage-regulation-is-fair-more-than-off-line-ups-but-less-than-on-line-ups-emirfinoise-rejection-is-good-change-over-time-is-2-to-4-milliseconds-lower-electricity-consumption-less-costly-to-operate-higher-reliability-lower-component-count-and-lower-operating-temperatures-disadvantage-no-isolation-between-main-supply-and-load-higher-heat-output-more-expensive-problematic-with-power-factor-corrected-loads-applications-for-small-business-it-racks-network-switches-medical-instrument-system-where-data-loss-is-a-serious-problem-the-line-interactive-ups-may-not-be-the-appropriate-choice-for-installations-where-ac-power-is-unstable-or-highly-distorted-because-battery-power-will-be-used-too-often-to-keep-the-ups-output-within-specifications-capacity-ups-in-the-range-of-500va-to-5kva-power-3-on-line-ups-double-conversion-ups-it-is-truly-uninterrupted-power-system-ups-provide-continuous-power-to-load-in-any-condition-online-ups-sometimes-called-double-conversion-ups-today-most-users-with-highly-critical-loads-are-choose-online-ups-it-is-used-to-protect-sensitive-equipment-and-data-from-mains-problems-at-all-times-with-any-extra-cost-this-ups-have-no-power-transfer-switches-and-therefore-no-transfer-time-is-existed-under-the-mains-power-failure-thus-this-is-truly-an-uninterrupted-system-in-online-ups-to-maintain-the-charge-of-the-battery-a-battery-charging-unit-is-continuously-powered-from-the-ac-mains-online-upss-are-often-called-double-conversion-types-because-incoming-power-is-firstly-converted-once-ac-to-dc-for-the-battery-and-then-back-secondly-converter-dc-to-ac-before-reaching-the-load-which-is-therefore-well-insulated-from-the-mains-like-an-electrical-firewall-between-the-incoming-power-and-sensitive-electronic-equipments-it-also-control-of-the-output-voltage-and-frequency-regardless-of-the-input-voltage-and-frequency-the-online-ups-continuously-filters-power-through-the-battery-before-sending-it-to-your-computer-by-contrast-online-ups-systems-draw-power-through-the-power-conditioning-and-charging-components-during-normal-operation-so-the-load-always-receives-conditioned-power-rather-than-raw-mains-circuit-diagram-1-working-function-the-designing-of-this-ups-is-similar-to-the-standby-ups-excluding-that-the-primary-power-source-is-the-inverter-instead-of-the-ac 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https://eedemy.com/internal-electrical-work-abstract-of-cpwd-circuits-topic-abstracts-lighting-circuit-per-circuit-not-more-than-10-points-of-lighting-or-total-800watt-which-is-less-power-circuit-for-residential-per-circuit-less-than-2-no-of-5a15a-plug-socket-power-circuit-for-non-residential-per-circuit-less-than-1-no-of-5a15a-plug-socket-plug-socket-in-residential-wiring-wiring-of-socket-outlet-shall-be-done-by-copper-cable-only-min-size-of-wire-for-lighting-circuit-smallest-size-of-conductor-shall-be-15-sqmm-min-size-of-wire-for-power-circuit-smallest-size-of-conductor-shall-be-4-sqmm-plug-socket-plug-socket-5a6a-or-15a16a-socket-shall-be-installed-at-following-heights-for-non-residential-building-23cm-above-floor-for-kitchen-23cm-above-platform-for-bathroom-not-socket-is-provided-in-bathroom-mcbic-will-be-21-mt-from-fixed-appliance-and-at-least-1-mt-away-from-shower-switch-board-db-operating-rod-operating-rodhandle-of-distribution-board-at-the-height-of-min-2mt-db-clearance-clear-distance-in-front-of-switch-boarddb-shall-be-min-1-mt-db-clearance-if-there-may-be-bare-connection-at-back-of-switch-board-than-space-behind-sw-shall-be-either-less-than-20cm-or-more-than-75cm-db-clearance-no-fuse-body-shall-be-mounted-within-25-com-edge-of-db-or-panel-db-clearance-clearance-between-25-cm-is-maintained-between-opposite-polarity-switch-box-switch-box-or-regular-box-shall-be-mounted-normally-125-mt-from-floor-level-fan-hook-fan-hook-for-fan-hook-in-concrete-roof-12mm-dia-ms-rod-in-u-shape-horizontally-leg-at-top-at-least-19-cm-on-either-side-connection-between-adjustment-building-out-house-garages-safety-clearance-if-the-distance-with-adjustment-building-is-less-than-3-mt-and-there-is-no-any-road-interval-than-gi-pipe-of-suitable-size-shall-be-installed-this-pipe-shall-be-exposed-on-wall-at-height-of-not-less-than-25-mt-safety-clearance-if-the-distance-with-adjustment-building-is-more-than-3-mt-and-there-is-any-road-interval-than-gi-pipe-of-suitable-size-shall-be-installed-this-pipe-shall-be-exposed-on-wall-at-height-of-not-less-than-4-mt-conduit-metallic-conduit-shall-be-used-for-industrial-wiring-heavy-mechanical-stress-shall-be-isi-marked-the-thickness-shall-not-be-less-than-16mm16swg-for-conduits-up-to-32mm-dia-and-not-less-than-2mm-14swg-for-conduit-above-32mm-dia-metallic-conduit-no-steel-conduit-less-than-20-mm-diameter-shall-be-used-metallic-conduit-for-rigid-conduit-is2509is3419-and-for-flexible-conduit-is6946-metallic-accessories-all-metallic-conduit-accessories-shall-be-threaded-type-not-pin-grip-clamp-grip-metallic-accessories-saddle-for-surface-conduit-work-on-wall-shall-not-less-than-055mm24-gauge-for-conduit-up-to-25mm-dia-not-less-than-09mm-20-gauge-for-larger-dia-metallic-outlets-fore-cast-boxes-wall-thickness-shall-be-at-least-3mm-for-welded-mild-steel-box-wall-thickness-shall-not-be-less-than-12mm-18-gauge-for-boxes-up-to-size-20cmx30cm-above-this-size-16mm16guagethick-ms-boxes-shall-be-used-metallic-outlets-clear-depth-of-out-less-box-shall-not-be-less-than-60mm-this-will-be-increased-as-per-mounting-of-fan-regulator-bends-in-conduits-bending-radius-not-less-than-75-cm-fixating-conduits-on-surface-conduits-shall-be-fixed-by-saddles-not-less-than-1mt-interval-but-in-case-of-couplerbends-in-either-side-of-saddles-the-saddle-shall-be-fitted-30-cm-from-fitting-non-metallic-accessories-normally-grip-type-non-metallic-outletpvc-box-pvc-box-is5133partii-thickness-not-less-than-2mmclear-depth-of-pvc-boxes-not-less-than-60mm-non-metallic-surface-conduit-conduits-shall-be-fixed-by-saddles-not-less-than-60cm-interval-but-in-case-of-couplerbends-in-either-side-of-saddles-the-saddle-shall-be-fitted-15-cm-from-fitting-junction-box-junction-box-depth-of-junction-box-shall-be-min-65mm-as-per-is-2667-fish-wire-fish-wire-gi-fish-wire-of-16mm12mm-16swg-shall-be-used-bus-bar-bus-bar-busbar-shall-be-100a200a300a400a500a600a800a-bus-bar-the-cross-section-area-of-bus-bar-shall-be-same-as-phase-bus-bar-up-to-200a-for-higher-capacity-neutral-bus-bar-must-be-not-less-than-half-cross-section-areas-of-phase-bus-bar-bus-bar-bus-bar-shall-be-suitably-installed-with-pvc-sleevetap-bus-bar-bus-bar-chamber-shall-be-fabricated-with-ms-angle-for-frame-work-and-sheet-steel-of-thickness-not-less-than-15mm-bus-bar-minimum-clearance-between-phase-to-earth-shall-be-26mm-and-phase-to-phase-shall-be-32mm-bus-bar-trucking-bus-bar-trucking-bus-bar-trucking-are-generally-used-for-interconnection-between-tc-over-500kvadg-set-over-500kva-and-their-switch-board-panel-bus-bar-trucking-bus-bar-trucking-enclosure-sheet-steel-of-min-2mm-thickness-earthing-earthing-type-of-earthling-are-pipe-earthlingplate-earthlingstrip-earthling-earthing-length-of-buried-strip-shall-not-be-less-than-15mt-earthing-two-copper 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https://eedemy.com/electrical-abstract-nbc-part-2-luminous-efficacy-lumen-maintenance-and-color-rendition-table-8-nbc-light-source-wattage-efficacy-lmw-average-life-maintenance-color-rendition-incandescent-lamps-15-to-200-12-to-20-500-to-1000-fair-to-good-very-good-tungsten-halogen-300-to-1500-20-to-27-200-to-2000-good-to-very-good-very-good-standard-fluorescent-lamps-20-to-80-55-to-65-5000-fair-to-good-good-compact-fluorescent-lamps-cfl-5-to-40-60-to-70-7500-good-good-to-very-good-slim-line-fluorescent-18-to-58-57-to-67-5000-fair-to-good-good-high-pressure-mercury-vapor-lamps-60-to-1000-50-to-65-5000-very-low-to-fair-federate-blended-light-lamps-160-to-250-20-to-30-5000-low-to-fair-federate-high-pressure-sodium-vapor-lamps-50-to-1000-90-to-125-10000-to-15000-fair-to-good-low-to-good-metal-halide-lamps-35-to-2000-80-to-95-4000-to-10000-very-low-very-good-low-pressure-sodium-10-to-180-100-to-200-10000-to-20000-good-to-very-good-poor-led-05-to-20-60-to-100-10000-very-good-good-for-white-led-approximate-cable-current-capacity-cable-size-current-capacity-mcb-size-15-sqmm-75-to-16-a-8a-25-sqmm-16-to-22-a-15a-4-sqmm-22-to-30-a-20a-6-sqmm-39-to-39-a-30a-10-sqmm-39-to-54a-40a-16-sqmm-54-to-72a-60a-25-sqmm-72-to-93a-80a-50-sqmm-117-to-147a-125a-70-sqmm-147-to-180a-150a-95-sqmm-180-to-216a-200a-120-sqmm-216-to-250a-225a-150-sqmm-250-to-287a-275a-185-sqmm-287-to-334a-300a-240-sqmm-334-to-400a-350a-requirements-for-physical-protection-of-underground-cables-as-per-nbc-protective-element-specifications-bricks-a-100-mm-minimum-width-b-25-mm-thick-c-sand-cushioning-100-mm-and-sand-cover-100-mm-concrete-slabs-at-least-50-mm-thick-plastic-slabs-polymeric-cover-strips-fiber-reinforced-plastic-depending-on-properties-and-has-to-be-matched-with-the-protective-cushioning-and-cover-pvc-conduit-or-pvc-pipe-or-stoneware-pipe-or-hume-pipe-the-pipe-diameter-should-be-such-so-that-the-cable-is-able-to-easily-slip-down-the-pipe-galvanized-pipe-the-pipe-diameter-should-be-such-so-that-the-cable-is-able-to-easily-slip-down-the-pipe-the-trench-the-trench-shall-be-back-filled-to-cover-the-cable-initially-by-200-mm-of-sand-fill-and-then-a-plastic-marker-strip-hall-be-put-over-the-full-length-of-cable-in-the-trench-the-marker-signs-the-marker-signs-shall-be-provided-where-any-cable-enters-or-leaves-a-building-this-will-identify-that-there-is-a-cable-located-underground-near-the-building-the-trench-shall-then-be-completely-filled-if-the-cables-rise-above-ground-to-enter-a-building-or-other-structure-a-mechanical-protection-such-as-a-gi-pipe-or-pvc-pipe-for-the-cable-from-the-trench-depth-to-a-height-of-20-m-above-ground-shall-be-provided-area-required-for-generator-in-electric-substation-as-per-nbc-capacity-kva-area-m2-clear-height-below-the-soffit-of-the-beam-m-25-56-36-48-56-36-100-65-36-150-72-36-248-100-42-350-100-42-480-100-42-600-110-46-800-120-46-1010-120-65-1250-120-65-1600-150-65-2000-150-65-low-voltage-cabling-for-building-as-per-nbc-low-voltage-cable-cableswires-such-as-fiber-optic-cable-co-axial-cable-etc-these-shall-be-laid-at-least-at-a-distance-of-300-mm-from-any-power-wire-or-cable-the-distance-may-be-reduced-only-by-using-completely-closed-earthed-metal-trucking-with-metal-separations-for-various-kind-of-cable-special-care-shall-be-taken-to-ensure-that-the-conduit-runs-and-wiring-are-laid-properly-for-low-voltage-signal-to-flow-through-it-the-power-cable-and-the-signal-or-data-cable-may-run-together-under-floor-and-near-the-equipment-however-separation-may-be-required-from-the-insulation-aspect-if-the-signal-cable-is-running-close-to-an-un-insulated-conductor-carrying-power-at-high-voltage-all-types-of-signal-cables-are-required-to-have-insulation-level-for-withstanding-2-kv-impulse-voltages-even-if-they-are-meant-for-service-at-low-voltage-conduit-color-scheme-power-conduitblack-security-conduitblue-fire-alarm-conduitred-low-voltage-conduitbrown-ups-conduit-green-sub-station-guideline-as-per-nbc-substation-location-location-of-substation-in-the-basement-should-be-avoided-as-far-as-possible-if-there-is-only-one-basement-in-a-building-the-substationswitch-room-shall-not-be-provided-in-the-basement-and-the-floor-level-of-the-substation-shall-not-be-lowest-point-of-the-basement-substation-shall-not-be-located-immediately-above-or-below-plumbing-water-tanks-or-sewage-treatment-plant-stp-water-tanks-at-the-same-location-substation-doorshutter-all-door-openings-from-substation-electrical-rooms-etc-should-open-outwards-vertical-shutters-like-rolling-shutters-may-also-be-acceptable-provided-they-are-combined-with-a-single-leaf-door-opening-outwards-for-exit-in-case-of-emergency-for-large-substation-roomelectrical-room-having-multiple-equipment-two-or-more-doors-shall-be-provided-which-shall-be-remotely-located-from-each-other-no-services 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https://eedemy.com/electrical-abstract-national-electrical-code-nec-capacitor-bank-for-power-supply-voltage-system-voltage-minimum-rating-of-capacitor-bank-33-kv-66kv-75-kvar-11-kv-200-kvar-22-kv-400-kvar-33-kv-600-kvar-capacities-of-pvc-conduits-nominal-conductor-size-mm-16-mm-20-mm-25-mm-32-mm-number-of-cables-maximum-10-6-5-19-30-15-5-4-15-24-25-3-3-11-17-4-2-2-8-13-6-2-6-10-10-4-6-16-3-4-25-2-3-35-2-system-highest-and-lower-voltage-ref-necindia-2011-system-voltage-highest-voltage-lowest-voltage-240-v-264-v-216-v-415-v-457-v-374-v-33-kv-36-kv-30-kv-66-kv-72-kv-60-kv-11-kv-12-kv-10-kv-22-kv-24-kv-20-kv-33-kv-36-kv-30-kv-66-kv-725-kv-60-kv-66-kv-725-kv-60-kv-132-kv-145-kv-120-kv-220-kv-245-kv-200-kv-400-kv-420-kv-380-kv-number-of-points-for-dwelling-unit-ref-necindia-2011-no-description-area-for-the-main-dwelling-unit-m2-35-mm2-45-mm2-55-mm2-85-mm2-140-mm2-1-light-points-7-no-8-no-10-no-12-no-17-no-2-ceiling-fans-pont-2-no-3-no-4-no-5-no-7-no-3-ceiling-fans-nos-2-no-2-no-3-no-4-no-5-no-4-6a-socket-outlets-2-no-3-no-4no-5-no-7-no-5-16a-socket-outlets-1-no-2-no-3-no-4no-6-call-bell-buzzer-1-no-1-no-1-no-recommended-schedule-of-socket-outlets-ref-necindia-2011-description-number-of-socket-6a-socket-16a-socket-bedroom-2-1-living-room-2-2-kitchen-1-2-dining-room-2-1-garage-1-1-for-refrigerator-1-for-air-conditioner-1-for-each-verandah-1-per-10mter2-1-bathroom-1-1-power-requirements-of-the-building-ref-necindia-2011-part-of-electricalinstallation-part-of-the-total-power-requirement-in-diversityfactor-ventilation-heating-air-conditioning-45-10-power-plant-drives-52-065-lighting-30-095-lifts-20-10-kitchen-10-06-laundry-5-06-lift-car-speed-ref-necindia-2011-occupancy-no-of-floors-served-car-speed-ms-office-building-4-to-5-05-to-075-msec-office-building-6-to-12-075-to-15-msec-shops-and-departmental-stores-13-to-20-more-than-15-msec-passenger-lifts-for-low-and-medium-lodging-houses-05-msec-hotels-4-to-5-05-to-075-msec-normal-load-carrying-lifts-20-to-25-msec-hospital-passenger-lift-4-to-5-05-to-075-msec-hospital-passenger-lift-13-to-20-more-than-15-msec-hospital-bed-lifts-short-travel-lifts-insmall-hospitals-025-msec-hospital-bed-lifts-normal-05-msec-hospital-bed-lifts-long-travel-lifts-ingeneral-hospitals-06-to-15-msec-capacitor-ratings-at-rated-voltage-ref-necindia-2011-motor-ratingkw-capacitor-rating-in-kvar-for-motor-speed-3-000revmin-1-500revmin-1-000revmin-750revmin-600revmin-500revmin-225-1-1-15-2-25-25-37-2-2-25-35-4-4-57-2-3-35-45-5-55-75-3-4-45-55-6-65-112-4-5-6-75-85-9-15-5-6-7-9-11-12-187-6-7-9-105-13-145-225-7-8-10-12-15-17-37-11-125-16-18-23-25-57-16-17-21-23-29-32-75-21-23-26-28-35-40-102-31-33-36-38-45-55-150-40-42-45-47-60-67-187-46-50-53-55-68-76-maximum-current-demand-for-motor-ref-necindia-2011-nature-of-supply-size-of-installation-maximum-current-demand-single-phaseor-three-phase-up-to-and-including-075-kw-six-times-the-full-load-current-above-075-kw-and-up-to-75-kw-three-times-the-full-load-current-above-75-kw-up-to-and-up-to11-kw-two-times-the-full-load-current-above-11-kw-one-and-half-times-the-full-load-current-rated-basic-insulation-level-bil-ref-necindia-2011-nominal-system-voltage-kv-rated-bil-kvp-33-kv-170-22-kv-125-11-kv-75-66-kv-60-33-kv-40-illumination-level-ref-necindia-2011-location-illumination-level-lux-residence-entrance-hallways-100-living-room-300-dining-room-150-bed-room-general-300-bed-room-dressing-bed-heads-200-kitchen-200-kitchen-sink-300-bathroom-100-sewing-700-workshop-200-staircase-100-garage-70-study-room-300-office-building-entrance-hall-reception-150-conference-room-executive-office-300-general-office-space-300-business-machinery-operation-450-drawing-office-450-corridors-70-stairs-100-lift-landing-150-hospital-building-reception-waiting-150-general-ward-100-bed-side-150-toilet-70-stairs-100-operation-theatre-general-300-operation-theatre-operation-table-special-laboratories-300-radiology-100-causality-150-dispensaries-300-laundry-200-dry-cleaning-200-ironing-300-general-office-450-kitchen-200-assembly-concert-halls-foyers-100-to-150-auditoria-100-to-150-platform-450-corridors-70-stairs-100-cinema-halls-foyers-150-auditoria-50-corridors-70-stairs-100-theatres-foyers-150-auditoria-70-corridors-70-stairs-100-school-college-building-assembly-halls-general-150-examination-center-300-platform-300-classes-desktop-300-blackboard-200-to-300-libraries-shelves-70-to-150-reading-room-150-to-300-reading-table-300-to-700-cataloguing-150-to-300-general-office-300-staff-room-150-corridors-70-stairs-100-lamps-lumen-data-rating-watt-life-hours-initial-lumens-incandescent-lamp-60-1000-870-100-750-1750-150-2000-1740-200-2000-2300-500-2000-6500-fluorescent-lamp-18-7000-1120 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https://eedemy.com/indian-electricity-rules-abstract-february-22-2014-1-comment-abstract-of-indian-electricity-rules-1-cut-out-on-consumers-premises-the-supplier-shall-provide-a-suitable-cut-out-in-each-conductor-of-every-service-line-other-than-an-earthed-or-earthed-neutral-conductor-or-the-earthed-external-conductor-of-a-concentric-cable-within-a-consumers-premises-in-an-accessible-position-such-cut-out-shall-be-contained-within-an-adequately-enclosed-fireproof-receptacle-where-more-than-one-consumer-is-supplied-through-a-common-service-line-each-such-consumer-shall-be-provided-with-an-independent-cut-out-at-the-point-of-junction-to-the-common-service-every-electric-supply-line-other-than-the-earth-or-earthed-neutral-conductor-of-any-system-or-the-earthed-external-conductor-of-a-concentric-cable-shall-be-protected-by-a-suitable-cut-out-by-its-owner-no-cut-out-link-or-switch-other-than-a-linked-switch-arranged-to-operate-simultaneously-on-the-earthed-or-earthed-neutral-conductor-and-live-conductors-shall-be-inserted-or-remain-inserted-in-any-earthed-or-earthed-neutral-conductor-of-a-two-wire-system-or-in-any-earthed-or-earthed-neutral-conductor-of-a-multi-wire-system-or-in-any-conductor-connected-thereto-with-the-following-exceptionsa-a-link-for-testing-purposes-or-b-a-switch-for-use-in-controlling-a-generator-or-transformer-2-danger-notices-the-owner-of-every-medium-high-and-extra-high-voltage-installation-shall-affix-permanently-in-a-conspicuous-position-a-danger-notice-in-hindi-or-english-and-the-local-language-of-the-district-with-a-sign-of-skull-and-bones-on-a-every-motor-generator-transformer-and-other-electrical-plant-and-equipment-together-with-apparatus-used-for-controlling-or-regulating-the-same-b-all-supports-of-high-and-extra-high-voltage-overhead-lines-which-can-be-easily-climb-upon-without-the-aid-of-ladder-or-special-appliances-3-cables-flexible-cables-shall-not-be-used-for-portable-or-transportable-motors-generators-transformer-rectifiers-electric-drills-electric-sprayers-welding-sets-or-any-other-portable-or-transportable-apparatus-unless-they-are-heavily-insulated-and-adequately-protected-from-mechanical-injury-where-the-protection-is-by-means-of-metallic-covering-the-covering-shall-be-in-metallic-connection-with-the-frame-of-any-such-apparatus-and-earth-the-cables-shall-be-three-core-type-and-four-core-type-for-portable-and-transportable-apparatus-working-on-single-phase-and-three-phases-supply-respectively-and-the-wire-meant-to-be-used-for-ground-connection-shall-be-easily-identifiable-where-ac-and-dc-circuits-are-installed-on-the-same-support-they-shall-be-so-arranged-and-protected-that-they-shall-not-come-into-contact-with-each-other-when-live-4-safety-two-or-more-gas-masks-shall-be-provided-conspicuously-and-installed-and-maintained-at-accessible-places-in-every-generating-station-with-capacity-of-5-mw-and-above-and-enclosed-sub-station-with-transformation-capacity-of-5-mva-and-above-for-use-in-the-event-of-fire-or-smoke-provide-that-where-more-than-one-generator-with-capacity-of-5-mw-and-above-is-installed-in-a-power-station-each-generator-would-be-provided-with-at-least-two-separate-gas-masks-in-accessible-and-conspicuous-position-5-high-voltage-equipment-installations-high-voltage-equipment-shall-have-the-ir-value-as-stipulated-in-the-relevant-indian-standard-at-a-pressure-of-1000-v-applied-between-each-live-conductor-and-earth-for-a-period-of-one-minute-the-insulation-resistance-of-hv-installations-shall-be-at-least-1-mega-ohm-medium-and-low-voltage-installations-at-a-pressure-of-500-v-applied-between-each-live-conductor-and-earth-for-a-period-of-one-minute-the-insulation-resistance-of-medium-and-low-voltage-installations-shall-be-at-least-1-mega-ohm-6-switchboard-shall-comply-with-the-following-provisions-a-clear-space-of-not-less-than-1-meter-in-width-shall-be-provided-in-front-of-the-switchboard-if-there-are-any-attachments-or-bare-connections-at-the-back-of-the-switchboard-the-space-if-any-behind-the-switchboard-shall-be-either-less-than-20-centimeters-or-more-than-75-centimeters-in-width-measured-from-the-farthest-outstanding-part-of-any-attachment-or-conductor-if-the-space-behind-the-switchboard-exceeds-75-centimeters-in-width-there-shall-be-a-passage-way-from-either-end-of-the-switchboard-clear-to-a-height-of-18-meters-7-declared-voltage-of-supply-to-consumer-in-the-case-of-low-or-medium-voltage-by-more-than-6-per-cent-or-in-the-case-of-high-voltage-by-more-than-6-per-cent-on-the-higher-side-or-by-more-than-9-per-cent-on-the-lower-side-or-in-the-case-of-extra-high-voltage-by-more-than-10-per-cent-on-the-higher-side-or-by-more-than-125-per-cent-on-the-lower-side-8-declared-frequency-of-supply-to-consumer-except-with-the-written-consent-of-the-cons 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https://eedemy.com/indian-standard-code-abstract-is1554is15652is1678is1255is694-abstract-of-is-1554-insulation-color-up-to-11-kv-for-reduced-neutral-conductors-the-insulation-color-shall-be-black-arrangement-of-marking-up-to-11-kv-for-cables-having-more-than-5-cores-the-core-identification-may-be-done-by-numbers-in-that-case-the-insulation-of-cores-shall-be-of-the-same-color-and-numbered-sequentially-starting-with-number-1-for-the-inner-layer-the-numbers-shall-be-printed-in-hindu-arabic-numerals-on-the-outer-surface-of-the-cores-all-the-numbers-shall-be-of-the-same-color-which-shall-contrast-with-the-color-of-the-insulation-the-numerals-shall-be-legible-when-the-number-is-a-single-numeral-a-dash-shall-be-placed-underneath-it-if-the-number-consists-of-two-numerals-these-shall-be-disposed-one-below-the-other-and-a-dash-placed-below-the-lower-numeral-the-spacing-between-consecutive-numbers-shall-not-exceed-50-mm-type-of-armor-up-to-11-kv-where-the-calculated-diameter-below-armoring-does-not-exceed-13-mm-the-armor-shall-consist-of-galvanized-round-steel-wires-where-the-calculateddiameter-below-armoring-is-greater-than-13-mm-the-armor-shall-consist-of-either-galvanized-round-steel-wires-or-galvanized-steel-strips-cable-identification-marking-up-to-11-kv-type-of-cable-legend-i-improved-fire-performance-or-category-c1-fr-cables-in-constrained-areas-does-not-propagate-fire-even-when-installed-in-groups-in-vertical-ductsii-improved-fire-performance-for-category-c2-frlsh-cables-in-constrained-areas-with-limited-human-activity-andor-presence-of-sophisticated-systems-aluminum-conductor-a-pvc-insulationy-steel-round-wire-armor-w-steel-strip-armor-f-steel-double-round-wire-armor-ww-steel-double-strip-armor-ff-pvc-outer-sheath-y-insulating-rubber-mat-four-classes-of-mats-covered-under-this-standard-nd-differing-in-electrical-characteristics-for-different-use-voltages-are-designated-insulating-rubber-mat-class-ac-rmskvdcvthicknessmm-a33240-20-b11-24025-c3324030-d-66-24035-insulating-rubber-mat-most-of-all-classes-hall-be-resistant-to-acid-and-oil-and-low-temperagre-and-shall-be-identified-by-the-respective-class-symbol-however-a-category-with-special-property-of-resistance-to-extreme-low-ternperature-will-be-identified-by-a-subscripts-to-the-respective-c-class-symbol-insulating-rubber-mat-roll-of-mat-shall-be-in-multiple-length-of-of-5000mm-and-ion-width-of-1000mmstandard-shape-in-length-of-1000-2000-3000mm-insulating-rubber-mat-leakage-current-for-all-class-of-mat-shall-not-be-more-than-10-micro-amp-abstract-of-is-15652-for-insulating-mat-insulating-rubber-mat-class-ac-voltage-dc-voltage-thicknes-class-a-ac-rmskv33-dcv-240-20mm-class-b-ac-rmskv11-dcv-240-25mm-class-c-ac-rmskv33-dcv-240-30mm-class-d-ac-rmskv66-dcv-240-35mm-class-a-ac-rmskv33-dcv-240-20mm-resistance-most-of-all-classes-hall-be-resistant-to-acid-and-oil-and-low-temperature-and-shall-be-identified-by-the-respective-class-symbol-however-a-category-with-special-property-of-resistance-to-extreme-low-ternperature-will-be-identified-by-a-subscripts-to-the-respective-c-class-symbol-length-roll-of-mat-shall-be-in-multiple-length-of-5000mm-and-ion-width-of-1000mmstandard-shape-in-length-of-1000-2000-3000mm-in-case-of-mat-in-roll-it-shall-be-min-1m-x-1m-leakage-current-leakage-current-for-all-class-of-mat-shall-not-be-more-than-10-micro-amp-abstract-of-is-1678-for-pole-pcc-pole-class-of-pole-length-of-pole-min-ultimate-transverse-load-class-1-17-meter-3000-kg-class-2-17-meter-2300-kg-class-3-17-meter-1800-kg-class-4-17-meter-1400-kg-class-5-16-meter-1100-kg-class-6-125-meter-1000-kg-class-7-12-meter-800-kg-class-8-12-meter-700-kg-class-9-11meter-450-kg-class-10-9-meter-300-kg-class-11-75meter-200-kg-pcc-pole-tolerance-tolerance-the-tolerance-of-overall-length-of-the-poles-shall-be-15-mm-the-tolerance-on-cross-sectional-dimensions-shall-be-3-mm-the-tolerance-on-cross-sectional-dimensions-shall-be-3-mm-the-tolerance-on-uprightness-of-the-pole-shall-be-05-per-cent-pcc-pole-depth-in-ground-length-of-pole-min-depth-in-ground-6-meter-to-75-meter-12-meter-8-meter-to-9-meter-15-meter-95-meter-to-11-meter-18-meter-115-meter-to-13-meter-20-meter-135-meter-to-145-meter-22-meter-15-meter-to-165-meter-23-meter-17-meter-24-meter-abstract-of-is-1255-for-installation-of-cable-cable-route-indicator-up-to-33kv-power-cable-route-indicators-should-be-provided-at-an-interval-not-exceeding-200-m-and-also-at-turning-points-of-the-power-cable-route-wherever-practicable-cable-corrosion-up-to-33kv-electrolytic-corrosion-where-the-possibility-of-electrolytic-corrosion-exists-for-example-adjacent-to-dc-traction-system-the-potential-gradient-along-the-pipe-line-and-the-cable-sheath-should-be-speci 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https://eedemy.com/indian-standard-code-abstract-is5613is5039is11892is1455is11171-abstract-of-is-5613-for-hv-line-overhead-line-pole-foundation-hole-should-be-drilled-in-the-ground-with-the-use-of-earth-augers-however-if-earth-augers-are-not-available-a-dog-pit-of-the-size-i2-x-o6-m-should-be-made-in-the-direction-of-the-line-the-depth-of-the-pit-shall-be-in-accordance-with-the-length-of-the-pole-to-be-planted-in-the-ground-as-given-in-respective-indian-standards-tublar-pole-steel-tubular-poles-rolled-steel-joists-and-rails-a-suitable-pad-of-cement-concrete-stone-or-steel-shall-be-provided-at-the-bottom-of-the-pit-before-the-metallic-pole-is-erected-where-metal-works-are-likely-to-get-corroded-points-where-the-pole-emerges-out-of-the-ground-a-cement-concrete-muff-20-cm-above-and-20-cm-below-the-ground-with-sloping-top-shall-be-provided-rcc-pole-rcc-poles-generally-have-larger-cross-section-than-the-pcc-poles-and-therefore-the-base-plates-or-muffing-are-usually-not-provided-for-these-types-of-poles-however-for-pcc-poles-a-base-plate-40-x-40-x-7-cm-concrete-block-shall-be-provided-cement-concrete-muff-with-sloping-top-may-also-be-provided-20-cm-above-and-20-cm-below-the-ground-level-when-the-ground-or-local-conditions-call-for-the-same-hv-line-120m-to-160m-span-the-insulators-should-be-attached-to-the-poles-directly-with-the-help-of-d-type-or-other-suitable-clamps-in-case-of-vertical-configuration-of-conductors-or-be-attached-to-the-cross-arms-with-the-help-of-pins-in-case-of-horizontal-configuration-hv-line-120m-to-160m-span-pin-insulator-and-recommended-for-use-on-straight-runs-and-up-to-maximum-of-10-deviation-hv-line-120m-to-160m-span-the-disc-insulators-are-intended-for-use-a-pole-positions-having-more-than-30-angle-or-for-dead-ending-of-i1-kv-lines-hv-line-120m-to-160m-span-for-lines-havinga-bend-of-10-to-30-either-double-cross-arms-or-disc-insulators-should-be-used-for-ht-lines-up-to-11-kv-for-low-and-medium-voltage-line-shackle-insulators-should-be-used-hv-line-120m-to-160m-span-for-vertical-configuration-for-conductor-erection-distance-between-poles-top-to-disc-insulation200mm-between-disc-insulator-to-disc-insulator1000mm-between-disc-insulator-to-guy-wire500mm-stay-wire-angle-with-pole-overhead-lines-supports-at-angles-and-terminal-positions-should-be-well-stayed-with-stay-wire-rod-etc-the-angle-between-the-pole-and-the-wire-should-be-about-45-and-in-no-case-should-be-less-than-30-if-the-site-conditions-are-such-that-an-angle-or-more-than-30-between-the-pole-and-the-stay-wire-cannot-be-obtained-special-stays-such-as-foot-stay-flying-stay-or-struts-may-be-used-stay-wire-hard-drawn-galvanized-steel-wires-should-be-used-as-stay-wires-the-tensile-strength-of-these-wires-shall-not-be-less-than-70-kgfmm2-only-standard-wires-should-be-used-for-staying-purpose-stay-rod-mild-steel-rods-should-be-used-for-stay-rods-the-tensile-strength-of-these-rods-shall-not-be-less-than-42-kgfmm2-stay-anchor-stays-should-be-anchored-either-by-providing-base-plates-of-suitable-dimensions-or-by-providing-angle-iron-or-rail-anchors-of-suitable-dimensions-and-lengths-guy-insulator-stay-wires-and-rods-should-be-connected-to-the-pole-with-a-porcelain-guy-insulator-wooden-insulators-should-not-be-used-suitable-clamps-should-be-used-to-comect-stay-wires-and-rods-to-its-anchor-for-low-and-medium-voltage-lines-a-porcelain-guy-insulator-should-be-inserted-in-the-stay-wire-at-a-height-of-3-m-vertically-above-the-ground-level-for-high-voltage-lines-however-the-stays-may-be-directly-anchored-stay-setting-the-inclination-of-stay-relative-to-the-ground-is-roughly-determined-before-making-the-hole-for-excavation-this-enables-the-position-of-the-stay-hole-to-be-fixed-so-that-when-the-stay-is-set-the-stay-rod-will-have-the-correct-inclination-and-will-come-out-of-the-ground-at-the-correct-distance-from-the-pole-the-stay-rods-should-be-securely-fixed-to-the-ground-by-means-of-a-suitable-anchor-oh-conductor-drum-in-loading-transportation-and-unloading-conductor-drums-should-be-protected-against-injury-the-conductor-drums-should-never-be-dropped-and-may-be-tolled-only-as-indicated-by-the-arrow-on-the-drum-side-the-drums-should-be-distributed-along-the-route-at-distance-approximately-equal-to-the-length-of-the-conductor-wound-on-the-drum-binding-of-oh-conductor-the-insulators-should-be-bound-with-the-line-conductors-with-the-help-of-copper-binding-wire-in-case-of-copper-conductors-galvanized-iron-binding-wire-for-galvanized-iron-conductors-and-aluminum-binding-wire-or-tape-for-aluminum-and-steelinforced-aluminum-conductors-acsr-the-size-of-the-binding-wire-shall-not-be-less-than-2-mm-different-voltage-on-same-support-where-conductors-forming-parts-of-systems-at-different-voltages-are-erected-on-the-same-supports-adequate-cl 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https://eedemy.com/ip-rating-for-electrical-enclosure-ip-rating-ip-letters-stand-for-international-protection-rating-or-ingress-protection-rating-ip-ratings-are-defined-in-international-standard-british-bs-en-60529-iec-60509-it-is-used-to-explain-levels-of-sealing-effectiveness-of-electrical-enclosures-against-foreign-bodies-tools-dirt-etc-and-moisture-meaning-of-ip-rating-the-ip-rating-code-is-a-two-digit-or-optionally-three-digit-designator-to-standardize-the-rating-of-protection-level-against-intrusion-of-solids-and-liquids-into-mechanical-and-electrical-enclosures-an-enclosure-can-be-a-piece-of-equipment-an-assembly-unit-a-cable-or-simply-a-connector-the-numbers-of-ip-of-each-have-a-specific-meaning-first-number-the-first-number-indicates-the-degree-of-protection-from-moving-parts-as-well-as-the-protection-of-enclosed-equipment-from-foreign-bodies-second-number-the-second-number-indicates-the-protection-level-that-the-enclosure-enjoys-from-various-forms-of-moisture-drips-sprays-submersion-etc-third-number-the-third-digit-in-the-designator-is-not-part-of-the-official-iec-standard-and-is-sometimes-included-but-more-often-omitted-to-reference-additional-protections-abbreviation-of-ip-rating-ip-rating-digits-ip-rating-first-digit-second-digit-third-digit-optional-solid-objects-protection-liquids-protection-mechanical-impacts-0-no-special-protection-no-protection-no-protection-1-protected-against-solid-objects-greater-than-50mm-in-diameter-such-as-large-part-of-the-body-like-hand-protection-against-vertically-falling-drops-of-water-eg-condensation-protects-against-impact-of-0225-joule-150-g-weight-falling-from-15-cm-height-2-protected-against-solid-objects-over-12-mm-in-diameter-persons-fingers-protection-against-direct-sprays-of-water-up-to-15-from-the-vertical-protected-against-impact-of-0375-joule-250-g-weight-falling-from-15-cm-height-3-protected-against-solid-objects-not-greater-than-80mm-in-length-and-12mm-in-diameter-tools-and-wires-protected-against-direct-sprays-of-water-up-to-60-from-the-vertical-protected-against-impact-of-0500-joule-250-g-weight-falling-from-20-cm-height-4-protected-against-solid-objects-larger-than-1-mm-diameter-tools-wires-and-small-wires-protection-against-water-sprayed-from-all-directions-limited-ingress-permitted-protected-against-impact-of-20-joule-500-g-weight-falling-from-40-cm-height-5-protected-against-dust-limited-ingress-no-harmful-deposit-protected-against-low-pressure-jets-of-water-from-all-directions-limited-ingress-protected-against-impact-of-60-joule-15-kg-weight-falling-from-40-cm-height-6-totally-dust-tight-protected-against-temporary-flooding-of-water-eg-for-use-on-ship-decks-limited-ingress-permitted-protected-against-impact-of-200-joule-5-kg-weight-falling-from-40-cm-height-7-na-protected-against-the-effect-of-immersion-between-15-cm-and-1-m-na-8-na-protects-against-long-periods-of-immersion-under-pressure-na-example-ip65-enclosure-ip-rated-as-protection-against-dust-6-and-protection-from-low-water-pressure-5-ip66-enclosure-ip-rated-as-protection-against-dust-6-and-protected-against-heavy-seas-or-powerful-jets-of-water-6 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https://eedemy.com/insulation-resistance-ir-values-introduction-the-measurement-of-insulation-resistance-is-a-common-routine-test-performed-on-all-types-of-electrical-wires-and-cables-as-a-production-test-this-test-is-often-used-as-a-customer-acceptance-test-with-minimum-insulation-resistance-per-unit-length-often-specified-by-the-customer-the-results-obtained-from-ir-test-are-not-intended-to-be-useful-in-finding-localized-defects-in-the-insulation-as-in-a-true-hipot-test-but-rather-give-information-on-the-quality-of-the-bulk-material-used-as-the-insulation-even-when-not-required-by-the-end-customer-many-wire-and-cable-manufacturers-use-the-insulation-resistance-test-to-track-their-insulation-manufacturing-processes-and-spot-developing-problems-before-process-variables-drift-outside-of-allowed-limits-selection-of-ir-testers-megger-insulation-testers-with-test-voltage-of-500-1000-2500-and-5000-v-are-available-the-recommended-ratings-of-the-insulation-testers-are-given-below-voltage-level-ir-tester-650v-500v-dc-11kv-1kv-dc-33kv-25kv-dc-66kv-and-above-5kv-dc-test-voltage-for-meggering-when-ac-voltage-is-used-the-rule-of-thumb-is-test-voltage-ac-2x-name-plate-voltage-1000-when-dc-voltage-is-used-most-used-in-all-megger-test-voltage-dc-2x-name-plate-voltage-equipment-cable-rating-dc-test-voltage-24v-to-50v-50v-to-100v-50v-to-100v-100v-to-250v-100v-to-240v-250v-to-500v-440v-to-550v-500v-to-1000v-2400v-1000v-to-2500v-4100v-1000v-to-5000v-measurement-range-of-megger-test-voltage-measurement-range-250v-dc-0m-to-250g-500v-dc-0m-to-500g-1kv-dc-0m-to-1t-25kv-dc-0m-to-25t-5kv-dc-0m-to-5t-precaution-while-meggering-before-meggering-make-sure-that-all-connections-in-the-test-circuit-are-tight-test-the-megger-before-use-whether-it-gives-infinity-value-when-not-connected-and-zero-when-the-two-terminals-are-connected-together-and-the-handle-is-rotated-during-meggering-make-sure-when-testing-for-earth-that-the-far-end-of-the-conductor-is-not-touching-otherwise-the-test-will-show-faulty-insulation-when-such-is-not-actually-the-case-make-sure-that-the-earth-used-when-testing-for-earth-and-open-circuits-is-a-good-one-otherwise-the-test-will-give-wrong-information-spare-conductors-should-not-be-meggered-when-other-working-conductors-of-the-same-cable-are-connected-to-the-respective-circuits-after-completion-of-cable-meggering-ensure-that-all-conductors-have-been-reconnected-properly-test-the-functions-of-points-tracks-signals-connected-through-the-cable-for-their-correct-response-in-case-of-signals-aspect-should-be-verified-personally-in-case-of-points-verify-positions-at-site-check-whether-any-polarity-of-any-feed-taken-through-the-cable-has-got-earthed-inadvertently-safety-requirements-for-meggering-all-equipment-under-test-must-be-disconnected-and-isolated-equipment-should-be-discharged-shunted-or-shorted-out-for-at-least-as-long-as-the-test-voltage-was-applied-in-order-to-be-absolutely-safe-for-the-person-conducting-the-test-never-use-megger-in-an-explosive-atmosphere-make-sure-all-switches-are-blocked-out-and-cable-ends-marked-properly-for-safety-cable-ends-to-be-isolated-shall-be-disconnected-from-the-supply-and-protected-from-contact-to-supply-or-ground-or-accidental-contact-erection-of-safety-barriers-with-warning-signs-and-an-open-communication-channel-between-testing-personnel-do-not-megger-when-humidity-is-more-than-70-good-insulation-megger-reading-increases-first-then-remain-constant-bad-insulation-megger-reading-increases-first-and-then-decreases-expected-ir-value-gets-on-temp-20-to-30-decree-centigrade-if-above-temperature-reduces-by-10-degree-centigrade-ir-values-will-increased-by-two-times-if-above-temperature-increased-by-70-degree-centigrade-ir-values-decreases-by-700-times-how-to-use-megger-meggers-is-equipped-with-three-connection-line-terminal-l-earth-terminal-e-and-guard-terminal-g-resistance-is-measured-between-the-line-and-earth-terminals-where-current-will-travel-through-coil-1-the-guard-terminal-is-provided-for-special-testing-situations-where-one-resistance-must-be-isolated-from-another-lets-us-check-one-situation-where-the-insulation-resistance-is-to-be-tested-in-a-two-wire-cable-to-measure-insulation-resistance-from-a-conductor-to-the-outside-of-the-cable-we-need-to-connect-the-line-lead-of-the-megger-to-one-of-the-conductors-and-connect-the-earth-lead-of-the-megger-to-a-wire-wrapped-around-the-sheath-of-the-cable-in-this-configuration-the-megger-should-read-the-resistance-between-one-conductor-and-the-outside-sheath-we-want-to-measure-resistance-between-co 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/electrical-energy-saving-tips-how-to-save-electrical-energy-at-home-in-our-home-we-use-lot-of-electrical-equipment-like-tv-freeze-washing-machinemp3-player-music-system-computer-laptop-but-we-have-not-adequate-knowledge-for-how-to-use-this-electrical-equipment-in-proper-way-due-to-this-ignorance-we-are-paying-more-electricity-bill-which-we-are-not-actually-use-do-you-know-in-actual-we-are-consuming-more-electricity-or-paying-more-amounts-what-we-actually-not-use-it-according-to-the-energy-auditors-we-can-easily-save-between-5-and-10-of-their-energy-consumption-and-costs-by-changing-our-behavior-such-as-switching-electrical-equipment-off-at-the-mains-rather-than-leaving-it-on-standby-turning-off-lights-when-theyre-not-being-used-by-saving-electrical-energy-will-directly-reflected-to-saving-money-so-it-is-very-necessary-to-under-stood-ghost-unit-or-amount-which-we-are-paying-without-using-the-appliances-the-major-appliances-in-your-home-refrigerators-clothes-washers-dishwashers-account-for-a-big-chunk-of-your-monthly-utility-bill-and-if-your-refrigerator-or-washing-machine-is-more-than-a-decade-old-youre-spending-a-lot-more-on-energy-than-you-need-to-todays-major-appliances-dont-hog-energy-the-way-older-models-do-because-they-must-meet-minimum-federal-energy-efficiency-standards-these-standards-have-been-tightened-over-the-years-so-any-new-appliance-you-buy-today-has-to-use-less-energy-than-the-model-youre-replacing-for-instance-if-you-buy-one-of-todays-most-energy-efficient-refrigerators-it-will-use-less-than-half-the-energy-of-a-model-thats-12-years-old-or-older-lighting-get-into-the-habit-of-turning-lights-off-when-you-leave-a-room-saving-energy-05-use-task-lighting-table-and-desktop-lamps-instead-of-room-lighting-take-advantage-of-daylight-de-dust-lighting-fixtures-to-maintain-illuminationsaving-energy-1-compact-fluorescent-bulbs-cfl-1-cfl-use-75-less-energy-than-normal-bulbs-2-cfl-are-four-times-more-energy-efficient-than-normal-bulbs-3-cfl-can-last-up-to-ten-times-longer-than-a-normal-bulb-use-electronic-chokes-in-place-of-conventional-copper-chokes-saving-energy-2-get-into-the-habit-of-turning-lights-off-when-you-leave-a-room-use-only-one-bulb-for-light-fittings-with-more-than-one-light-bulb-or-replace-additional-bulbs-with-a-lower-wattage-version-use-energy-saving-light-bulbs-that-can-last-up-to-ten-times-longer-than-a-normal-bulb-and-use-significantly-less-energy-a-single-20-to-25-watt-energy-saving-bulb-provides-as-much-light-as-a-100-watt-ordinary-bulb-use-tungsten-halogen-bulbs-for-spotlightsthey-last-longer-and-are-up-to-100-more-efficient-fit-external-lights-with-a-motion-sensor-use-high-frequency-fittings-for-fluorescent-tubes-because-they-cut-flicker-and-are-even-more-efficient-than-energy-saving-light-bulbs-they-are-suitable-for-kitchens-halls-workshops-and-garages-save-on-your-fridge-freezer-defrost-your-fridge-regularly-check-that-the-door-seals-are-strong-and-intact-dont-stand-freezers-back-side-too-near-the-wall-avoid-putting-warm-or-hot-food-in-the-fridge-or-freezerit-requires-more-energy-to-cool-it-down-clean-condenser-coils-twice-a-year-get-rid-of-old-refrigerators-they-use-twice-the-energy-as-new-energy-star-models-keep-refrigerators-full-but-not-overcrowded-defrost-your-fridge-regularly-when-ice-builds-up-your-freezer-uses-more-electricity-if-it-frosts-up-again-quickly-check-that-the-door-seals-are-strong-and-intact-do-not-stand-the-fridge-next-to-the-oven-or-other-hot-appliances-if-you-can-help-it-also-ensure-there-is-plenty-of-ventilation-space-behind-and-above-it-keep-the-fridge-at-40f-and-the-freezer-at-0f-empty-and-then-turn-your-fridge-off-if-you-go-on-a-long-vacation-but-make-sure-you-leave-the-door-open-aim-to-keep-your-fridge-at-least-three-quarters-full-to-maintain-maximum-efficiency-a-full-fridge-is-a-healthy-fridge-avoid-putting-warm-or-hot-food-in-the-fridge-or-freezerit-requires-more-energy-to-cool-it-down-air-condition-unit-for-home-purpose-use-window-unit-instead-of-split-unit-for-office-and-commercial-purpose-use-split-ac-instead-of-window-unit-consider-installing-a-programmable-t-just-set-the-times-and-temperatures-to-match-your-schedule-and-you-will-save-money-and-be-comfortably-cool-when-you-return-home-get-air-conditioner-maintenance-each-year-checks-the-condenser-coils-the-evaporator-coils-the-blower-wheel-the-filter-the-lubrication-and-the-electrical-contacts-replace-worn-and-dirty-equipment-for-maximum-efficiency-replace-air-conditioner-filters-every-month-turn-off-central-air-conditioning-30-minutes-before-leaving-your-home-consider-using-ceiling-or-portable-fans-to-circulate-and-cool-the-air-try-increasing-your-air-conditioner-temperature-even-1-degre 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https://eedemy.com/method-for-installation-of-conceal-surface-conduits-part-1-a-purpose-this-method-explains-the-sequence-of-activity-for-safely-installation-of-pvc-gi-conduits-and-its-accessories-in-the-concrete-slabs-columns-in-block-works-and-on-surface-as-per-the-standard-practice-and-code-b-storage-material-handling-the-storage-area-must-be-free-from-dust-and-water-leakages-seepages-manufacturer-recommendation-shall-always-be-followed-in-loadingunloading-and-storing-of-material-material-and-its-accessories-shall-be-unloaded-handle-with-care-in-designated-area-of-the-store-do-not-directly-drop-to-ground-to-avoid-any-damages-materials-shall-be-stored-in-a-dry-place-which-is-free-from-water-or-from-weather-effects-and-protection-should-be-given-to-the-material-by-means-of-covering-the-material-with-tarpaulin-sheet-the-material-will-be-stacked-unload-in-the-site-store-on-a-proper-stand-on-wooden-loft-on-a-flat-surface-at-a-sufficient-height-from-ground-if-material-are-dispatch-in-packs-or-pallets-each-pack-or-pallet-shall-be-lifted-individually-with-suitable-lifting-equipment-the-material-shall-be-transported-shifted-in-their-original-packing-to-site-location-the-material-should-be-visually-inspected-for-damage-which-may-have-occurred-during-transport-if-the-material-is-found-defective-it-shall-not-be-installed-and-the-cable-shall-be-returned-to-the-supplier-for-replacement-c-inspection-of-materials-check-the-material-according-to-its-type-size-make-visual-inspection-type-and-make-of-conduit-and-accessories-material-length-width-and-thickness-of-pvc-gi-ms-conduit-material-and-accessories-physical-damages-inspection-damage-on-material-and-its-accessories-in-case-of-any-damages-observed-during-inspection-the-concern-report-will-be-issued-and-material-shall-be-returned-to-the-supplier-for-replacement-d-concealed-conduit-in-slab-column-1-shifting-material-to-working-area-pvc-conduit-and-its-accessories-shall-be-carefully-unloaded-or-shifted-to-the-site-by-using-cranehydra-or-by-sufficient-manpower-and-moved-to-a-defined-installation-location-remove-the-packing-and-ensure-that-the-material-is-free-from-transportation-damages-check-and-ensure-that-approved-drawings-the-correct-size-and-type-of-conduit-its-accessories-are-ready-for-installation-ensure-that-conduit-and-its-accessories-received-from-site-store-for-the-installation-are-free-of-rusty-parts-and-damages-2-marking-electrical-point-wall-conduit-drop-on-slab-ensure-that-the-civil-activities-are-finished-ie-slab-shuttering-work-and-steel-work-and-site-is-ready-for-electrical-work-on-slab-after-completing-the-first-layer-of-steel-start-marking-of-ceiling-points-and-wall-drop-points-on-slab-as-per-approved-site-drawings-mark-first-the-wall-location-for-lower-floor-in-slab-as-per-latest-architecture-layout-so-that-it-will-be-easy-to-locate-the-drops-for-switch-wall-light-points-and-any-other-drops-required-for-electrical-system-mark-the-opening-size-in-slab-or-in-beam-ie-window-door-and-shaft-as-per-approved-electrical-drawing-to-avoid-passing-wall-conduit-drop-on-that-area-mark-the-electrical-points-on-the-slab-wall-conduit-drop-in-beam-as-per-approved-electrical-shop-drawing-make-sure-that-marking-of-wall-conduit-drop-is-placed-in-center-of-wall-it-is-not-out-from-wall-or-not-move-to-any-face-of-wall-for-initially-use-marker-chalk-for-making-location-of-electrical-point-on-slab-and-wall-drop-after-that-apply-oil-paint-on-that-location-before-conducting-work-so-after-de-shuttering-the-jb-or-conduit-drop-is-easily-visible-on-slab-or-on-beam-3-installation-of-junction-box-and-conduit-chalk-will-be-used-to-mark-the-pvc-conduit-route-make-sure-that-size-of-conduit-is-as-per-approved-electrical-shop-drawing-ceiling-conduits-shall-be-laid-on-the-prepared-shuttering-work-of-the-ceiling-slab-before-concrete-is-poured-the-conduits-boxes-accessories-joints-etc-shall-be-laid-along-with-the-conduits-use-deep-junction-box-for-surface-mounted-lighting-fixtures-and-for-cable-pulling-use-long-radius-bend-or-make-as-per-site-requirement-by-using-pvc-conduit-bending-spring-joints-between-pvc-conduit-fittings-shall-be-made-with-suitable-adhesive-try-to-avoid-the-overlapping-of-conduits-and-keep-some-distance-between-the-conduits-for-low-current-and-powerlights-to-maintain-at-least-20mm-spacing-gap-between-pvc-conduits-running-in-parallel-to-allow-adequate-sufficient-space-between-formwork-and-conduit-so-that-embedded-conduit-is-fully-covered-by-concrete-and-will-not-result-in-any-honeycomb-or-structural-defects-in-the-future-concealed-conduits-in-slabs-shall-be-brought-out-as-vertical-drops-in-beams-wherever-such-drops-are-required-all-vertical-conduits-in-beams-shall-be-left-protecting 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https://eedemy.com/method-for-installation-of-conceal-surface-conduits-part-2-september-18-2021-1-comment-4filling-chasing-area-all-grooves-chases-shall-be-properly-filled-and-concreted-and-finished-up-to-the-wall-surface-before-plastering-of-walls-is-taken-up-the-conduit-boxes-accessories-joints-etc-shall-be-laid-along-with-the-conduits-the-chases-shall-be-sufficiently-deep-and-properly-filled-with-cement-mortar-where-conduits-pass-through-expansion-joints-in-the-building-adequate-expansion-fittings-or-other-approved-services-shall-be-used-to-take-care-of-any-relative-movement-as-far-as-possible-chasing-of-wall-to-embed-the-conduits-to-be-avoided-chasing-is-filled-by-cement-mortar-15-ratio1-portion-of-the-cement5-portion-of-sand-shall-be-used-for-patchwork-in-chased-area-and-its-surface-is-rough-so-main-plaster-will-easily-joint-on-chasing-area-curing-shall-be-carried-out-for-a-minimum-of-three-days-make-sure-the-conduits-are-not-visible-from-outside-their-route-which-could-lead-to-improper-plastering-5wire-mesh-after-chasing-area-is-filled-by-mortar-chicken-wire-mesh-and-gi-nails-shall-be-applied-on-chasing-area-to-avoid-hair-crack-in-plaster-width-of-chicken-mesh-is-slightly-larger-than-chasing-area-after-installation-of-chicken-mesh-final-plaster-should-be-done-make-sure-that-nails-for-wire-mesh-should-not-damage-the-buried-pvc-conduit-a-6surface-conducting-take-the-approved-drawings-of-electrical-conduit-shop-drawing-with-section-details-mep-coordination-drawing-with-section-details-and-architectural-drawings-ensure-that-the-civil-people-have-finished-block-wall-and-plastering-with-adequate-curing-and-clearance-is-given-to-proceed-for-electrical-works-check-the-required-reference-markings-are-available-for-ffl-finished-floor-levels-all-required-materials-shall-be-shifted-and-stored-under-safe-custody-near-workplace-on-daily-basis-as-per-planned-quantity-1-marking-of-conduits-site-engineer-will-carry-out-a-site-survey-where-the-pvc-conduit-will-be-installed-as-per-approved-shop-drawings-mark-the-exact-position-of-the-conduit-route-with-the-blue-marker-string-and-then-install-conduit-saddles-all-runs-must-be-installed-as-a-complete-system-before-any-conductors-are-pulled-into-them-in-other-words-a-run-of-conduit-to-include-conduit-fittings-and-supports-must-be-complete-before-the-conductors-are-installed-a-run-of-conduit-should-be-as-straight-and-direct-as-possible-when-a-number-of-conduit-runs-are-to-be-installed-parallel-and-next-to-each-other-install-them-all-at-the-same-time-2-installation-of-conduits-a-pvc-conduit-and-accessories-conduits-shall-run-vertically-or-horizontally-only-for-surfaced-run-conduits-install-the-correct-type-and-size-of-the-conduits-as-per-approved-specification-and-drawing-conduit-pipes-shall-be-fixed-by-heavy-gauge-saddles-secured-to-suitable-wood-plugs-or-other-approved-plugs-with-screws-in-an-approved-manner-at-an-interval-of-not-more-than-1-meter-but-on-either-side-of-the-couplers-or-bends-or-similar-fittings-saddles-shall-be-fixed-at-a-distance-of-30cm-from-the-center-of-such-fittings-the-saddles-should-not-be-less-than-19mm-width-of-24-gauge-for-conduits-up-to-25-mm-dia-and-not-less-than-25mm-width-of-20-gauge-for-larger-diameter-conduits-where-conduit-pipes-are-to-be-laid-along-the-trusses-steel-joint-etc-the-same-shall-be-secured-by-means-of-special-clamps-made-of-ms-where-as-it-is-not-possible-to-drill-holes-in-the-trusses-members-suitable-clamps-with-bolts-and-nuts-shall-be-used-b-where-conduit-pipes-are-to-be-laid-above-false-ceiling-either-conduit-pipes-shall-be-clamp-to-false-ceiling-frame-work-or-suspended-with-suitable-supports-from-the-ceiling-slab-for-conduit-pipe-run-along-with-wall-the-conduit-pipe-shall-be-clamped-to-wall-above-false-ceiling-in-uniform-pattern-with-special-clamps-if-required-to-be-approved-by-the-engineer-in-charge-at-site-check-to-ensure-no-sharp-edges-within-the-conduit-joints-for-surfaced-conduit-and-to-ensure-proper-bonding-for-all-conduit-joint-for-concealed-pvc-conduit-by-foreman-skill-worker-sub-contractor-all-joints-in-pvc-conduits-other-than-screwed-joints-shall-be-cemented-with-a-waterproof-adhesive-this-adhesive-shall-be-as-recommended-by-the-conduit-manufacturer-all-saddles-tubes-and-boxes-must-be-in-perfect-alignment-to-avoid-any-appearance-of-warping-when-the-installation-is-complete-saddles-should-not-be-so-tight-as-to-prevent-expansion-of-the-conduit-power-conduit-and-lv-conduit-need-to-be-separate-power-lighting-circuit-should-be-run-in-separate-conduit-than-lv-circuit-data-wire-telephone-wire-tv-wire-conduit-conduits-shall-not-be-run-closer-than-15m-to-any-steam-or-hot-water-pipes-and-shall-be-run-underneath-such-pipes-rather-than-over-them-conduits-should-not-a 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https://eedemy.com/co-detection-control-systems-for-basement-car-parking-1-introduction-carbon-monoxide-co-one-of-the-most-toxic-components-of-vehicle-exhaust-and-it-is-a-significant-safety-concerns-in-basement-parking-area-when-concentrations-of-co-approach-unsafe-levels-the-ventilation-system-must-be-activated-to-normalize-co-level-of-the-parking-area-2-what-is-carbon-monoxide-carbon-monoxide-gas-has-a-simple-molecule-one-part-carbon-and-one-part-oxygen-carbon-monoxides-produce-due-to-incompletion-combustion-fails-to-burn-due-to-not-enough-oxygen-of-carbon-containing-compounds-like-wood-gasoline-coal-propane-natural-gas-and-heating-oil-co-produce-when-there-is-not-enough-oxygen-to-produce-carbon-dioxide-co2-such-as-when-operating-a-combustion-engine-in-an-enclosed-space-these-carbon-containing-compounds-arent-dangerous-when-it-burns-them-in-an-open-area-with-plenty-of-ventilation-but-carbon-monoxide-is-hazardous-in-confined-spaces-like-basements-kitchens-garages-or-campers-carbon-monoxide-is-hard-to-detect-without-a-sensor-which-is-one-of-the-reasons-its-so-dangerous-carbon-monoxide-co-is-dangerous-for-human-beings-and-will-cause-even-death-within-minutes-this-is-mainly-formed-in-underground-parking-basements-etc-the-level-of-co-concentration-is-measured-in-parts-per-million-ppm-for-example-100-ppm-co-3-effects-of-carbon-monoxide-carbon-monoxide-co-is-a-colorless-odorless-and-tasteless-gas-that-is-highly-toxic-for-humans-and-animals-it-bonds-with-hemoglobin-and-reduces-the-oxygen-carrying-capacity-of-blood-in-the-body-4-how-carbon-monoxide-is-generated-in-basement-in-a-basement-of-a-building-oxygen-levels-may-not-be-sufficient-and-the-combustion-may-not-be-complete-this-can-occur-in-vehicles-exhaust-gas-stoves-boilers-coal-heaters-etc-which-are-operated-in-the-basements-under-such-conditions-carbon-monoxide-is-generated-the-occupants-of-the-area-will-be-unaware-of-the-same-and-hence-it-becomes-a-dangerous-environment-hence-continuous-carbon-monoxide-co-monitoring-is-important-for-such-area-5-components-of-co-monitoring-system-for-car-parking-the-following-components-are-essentially-form-a-co-detection-co-monitoring-system-for-a-basement-car-parking-co-sensors-b-a-co-sensor-is-used-to-detect-the-level-of-co-and-give-an-output-signal-the-number-of-required-sensors-is-decided-based-on-the-size-of-the-area-or-car-park-all-sensors-will-be-wired-to-the-common-plc-panel-location-of-co-sensor-the-distance-between-the-co-sensor-and-the-source-of-co-is-important-the-air-polluted-with-hazardous-gases-have-to-be-in-physical-contact-with-the-gas-sensors-because-carbon-monoxide-is-slightly-lighter-than-air-and-it-may-be-found-with-warm-rising-air-hence-co-sensor-is-fitted-at-a-distance-of-3-feet-to-5-feet-from-the-ground-surface-b1-do-not-place-the-detector-right-next-to-or-over-a-fireplace-or-flame-producing-appliance-each-co-sensor-can-cover-approximately-5000-to-10000-sq-ft-of-open-space-co-gas-will-disperse-and-flow-with-natural-air-current-and-car-movement-using-the-average-of-7500-sq-ft-per-sensor-and-a-circular-radius-of-49-feet-the-sensors-area-coverage-could-be-scaled-and-placed-on-the-basement-layout-to-cover-the-open-floor-area-based-on-the-number-of-co-sensors-and-the-location-of-the-exhaust-fans-and-make-up-air-handlers-the-most-practical-mounting-location-for-a-co-sensor-within-a-basement-area-is-the-side-of-the-support-column-away-from-traffic-co-sensors-will-be-more-effective-if-placed-in-areas-where-co-levels-are-likely-to-be-high-for-example-do-not-place-sensors-adjacent-to-the-fresh-air-intake-programmable-logic-controller-plc-panel-all-the-inputs-from-the-co-sensors-are-connected-to-a-plc-programmable-logic-controller-for-proper-control-functioning-the-plc-will-provide-output-signals-to-the-vfd-based-on-the-inputs-from-the-sensors-variable-frequency-drive-vfd-b2-a-vfd-is-used-to-operate-a-motor-at-different-speeds-this-vfd-will-be-controlled-by-the-plc-and-will-control-the-exhaust-fans-if-the-co-content-is-more-the-exhaust-fan-operates-at-a-faster-speed-exhaust-fans-fresh-air-fans-b3-the-number-of-required-exhaust-fresh-air-fans-will-be-decided-based-on-the-size-and-shape-of-the-area-the-exhaust-fresh-air-fans-are-controlled-by-the-vfd-basically-the-exhaust-fans-fresh-air-fan-have-to-remove-the-contaminated-air-at-a-fast-rate-6-working-principle-and-system-architecture-a-number-of-co-monitoring-sensors-are-installed-at-various-points-of-the-basement-car-parking-the-number-of-required-sensors-is-decided-based-on-the-size-of-the-area-or-car-parking-all-co-sensors-are-wired-to-the-common-plc-panel-to-vfd-to-exhaust-fan-operations-co-sensors-detect-various-types-of-smoke-smoke-radicals-and-fumes-and-generates-a-contr 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https://eedemy.com/solar-panel-installation-guideline-october-2-2023-leave-a-comment-2121-solar-photovoltaic-power-generation-system-national-building-code-2016-building-type-plot-size-generation-requirement-residential-plotted-houses-100-m2-and-above-1-kwp-or-5-of-connected-load-whichever-is-higher-residential-group-housing-all-sizes-minimum-5-of-connected-load-business-educational-buildings-having-connected-load-of-30-kw-and-above-500-m2-and-above-5-kwp-or-5-of-connected-load-whichever-is-higher-mercantile-hotels-motels-assembly-industrial-and-institutional-buildings-500-m2-and-above-for-buildings-having-connected-load-of-a-50-to-1000-kw10-kwp-or-5-of-connected-load-whichever-is-higher-b-above-1-000-kw50-kwp-or-5-of-connected-load-whichever-is-higher-soalr-installation-central-electricity-authority-2023-121-path-way-for-solar-system-clear-pathways-of-minimum-75cm-in-width-with-hand-rails-for-roof-access-and-emergency-exit-shall-be-provided-for-roof-top-system-there-shall-be-clear-pathways-walkways-between-the-rows-or-columns-of-solar-panels-which-is-necessary-for-cleaning-and-maintenance-fencing-ground-mounted-solar-installations-shall-be-protected-by-fencing-or-other-means-not-less-than-18-meter-in-height-so-as-to-prevent-unauthorized-entry-isolating-device-disconnection-switches-or-circuit-breakers-provided-in-combiner-boxes-to-disconnect-the-photovoltaic-system-from-all-other-conductors-of-the-system-shall-be-located-at-a-readily-accessible-location-three-phases-on-the-alternating-current-side-and-positive-and-negative-conductor-on-the-direct-current-side-shall-be-marked-and-identified-with-different-colours-manual-disconnection-switch-to-isolate-the-system-from-grid-and-shall-be-situated-outside-the-alternating-current-combiner-box-inverter-inverter-unit-for-solar-photovoltaics-shall-be-installed-in-the-periphery-of-the-building-and-as-near-as-the-solar-panel-protection-protection-shall-be-deployed-for-both-input-and-output-on-site-for-overload-surge-current-surge-voltage-short-circuit-high-temperature-over-voltage-under-voltage-and-over-frequency-under-frequency-reverse-polarity-and-lightning-the-solar-photovoltaic-power-plant-shall-be-provided-with-lightning-and-over-voltage-protection-by-deploying-required-number-of-lightning-arresters-as-per-the-relevant-standards-guidelines-for-installation-of-solar-energy-system-government-of-kerala-electrical-inspectorate-solar-system-approval-10kw-and-up-to-and-including-30kw-completion-report-and-sld-shall-be-submitted-by-the-consumer-through-a-competent-electricals-contractor-and-sanction-for-energization-shall-be-obtained-from-the-district-office-concerned-30kw-to-5o0kw-prior-scheme-approval-and-sanction-for-energization-orders-shall-be-obtained-from-the-district-office-concerned-above-500kw-prior-scheme-approval-and-sanction-for-energization-orders-shall-be-obtained-from-the-office-of-the-chief-electrical-inspector-panel-mounting-structure-galvanized-iron-gl-or-aluminum-shall-be-used-for-module-mounting-structures-be-located-at-a-height-of-at-least-244-m-above-the-ground-level-cable-size-cable-size-for-pv-string-cable-pv-sub-array-cable-and-pv-array-main-cable-shall-be-selected-as-per-section-737-of-iec-625482016-pv-cell-pv-string-connected-in-parallel-shall-have-matched-open-circuit-voltage-within-5-per-string-to-avoid-circulating-current-refer-section-516-of-iec-625482016-solar-pv-module-details-such-as-number-of-modules-wattage-number-of-cells-voltage-current-etc-shall-be-verified-inverter-inverter-capacity-shall-be-selected-based-on-the-solar-pv-generation-so-that-maximum-generation-can-be-utilized-inverter-protection-settings-installer-details-and-emergency-shutdown-procedures-shall-be-displayed-on-site-harmonic-injection-pv-system-shall-not-inject-dc-current-greater-than-1-percent-of-the-inverter-rated-output-current-into-the-grid-solar-inverters-shall-be-rated-for-thd-of-less-than-3-percent-of-power-injected-into-the-grid-harmonic-current-injections-from-a-generating-station-shall-not-exceed-the-limits-specified-in-ieee-519-the-distributed-generating-resource-shall-not-inject-direct-current-greater-than-05-of-the-full-rated-output-at-the-interconnection-point-paralleling-the-system-paralleling-device-of-distributed-generation-resource-shall-be-capable-of-withstanding-220-of-the-nominal-voltage-at-the-interconnection-point-voltage-fluctuation-every-time-the-generating-station-is-synchronised-to-the-electricity-system-it-shall-not-cause-voltage-fluctuation-greater-than-5-at-the-point-of-connection-the-distributed-generating-resource-shall-not-introduce-flicker-beyond-the-limits-specified-in-iec-61000-earthing-up-to-5kw-solar-plants-2nos-of-earth-electrodes-are-sufficient-and-la-shall-be-provided-in-lightning-prone-area-above-5kw-and-up-to-100kw-solar-plants-3nos-of-ea 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https://eedemy.com/quick-reference-lift-service-duct-hvac-sub-station-may-31-2024-leave-a-comment-lifts-model-building-bye-laws-2016-ministry-of-urban-development-government-of-india-head-clause-description-lifts-710a-provision-of-the-lifts-shall-be-made-for-all-multi-storied-building-having-a-height-of-150-m-and-above-710-b-grounding-switch-at-ground-floor-level-to-enable-the-fire-service-to-ground-the-lift-car-in-case-of-emergency-shall-also-be-provided-710c-the-lift-machine-room-shall-be-separate-and-no-other-machinery-be-installed-in-it-lift-enclosure-7101a-walls-of-lift-enclosures-shall-have-a-fire-rating-of-two-hours-lift-shafts-shall-have-a-vent-at-the-top-of-area-not-less-than-02-sq-m-7101c-landing-door-in-lift-enclosures-shall-have-a-fire-resistance-of-not-less-than-one-hour-7101d-the-number-of-lifts-in-one-lift-bank-shall-not-exceed-four-a-wall-of-two-hours-fire-rating-shall-separate-individual-shafts-in-a-bank-7101e-lift-car-door-shall-have-a-fire-resistance-rating-of-1-hour-7101f-for-buildings-150-m-and-above-in-height-collapsible-gates-shall-not-be-permitted-for-lifts-and-solid-doors-with-fire-resistance-of-at-least-one-hour-shall-be-provided-7101g-if-the-lift-shaft-and-lobby-is-in-the-core-of-the-building-a-positive-pressure-between-25-and-30-pa-shall-be-maintained-in-the-lobby-and-a-possible-pressure-of-50-pa-shall-be-maintained-in-the-lift-shaft-the-mechanism-for-the-pressurization-shall-act-automatically-with-the-fire-alarmsprinkler-system-and-it-shall-be-possible-to-ope 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https://eedemy.com/ev-charging-march-24-2024-leave-a-comment-central-electricity-authority-measures-relating-to-safety-and-electric-supply-2010-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-chapter-xi-117-public-charging-stations-private-charging-at-residences-offices-shall-be-permitted-distribution-companies-discoms-may-facilitate-the-same-public-charging-stations-pcs-shall-be-a-de-licensed-activity-and-any-individualentity-is-free-to-set-up-public-charging-stations-provided-that-such-stations-meet-the-technical-safety-as-well-as-performance-standards-and-protocols-laid-down-below-as-well-as-any-further-norms-standards-specifications-laid-down-by-ministry-of-power-and-central-electricity-authority-cea-from-time-to-time-protection-all-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-shall-be-provided-with-protection-against-the-overload-of-input-supply-and-output-supply-fittings-the-electric-vehicle-charging-station-shall-be-equipped-with-a-protective-device-against-the-uncontrolled-reverse-power-flow-from-vehicle-suitable-lightning-protection-system-shall-be-provided-for-the-electric-vehicles-charging-stations-as-per-indian-standards-code-is-iec-62305-a-cord-extension-set-or-second-supply-lead-shall-not-be-used-in-addition-to-the-supply-lead-for-the-connection-of-the-electric-vehicle-to-the-electric-vehicle-charging-point-and-it-shall-be-so-constructed-so-that-it-cannot-be-used-as-a-cord-extension-set-an-adaptor-shall-not-be-used-to-connect-a-vehicle-connector-to-a-vehicle-inlet-height-all-electric-vehicle-charging-points-shall-be-installed-so-that-any-socket-outlet-of-supply-is-at-least-800-mm-above-the-finished-ground-level-area-the-electric-vehicle-parking-place-shall-be-such-that-the-connection-on-the-vehicle-when-parked-for-charging-shall-be-within-5-meters-from-the-electric-vehicle-charging-point-portable-socket-outlets-are-not-permitted-to-be-used-for-electric-vehicle-charging-dc-charging-a-vehicle-connector-used-for-direct-current-dc-charging-shall-be-locked-on-a-vehicle-inlet-if-the-voltage-is-higher-than-60-v-dc-and-the-vehicle-connector-shall-not-be-unlocked-if-the-locking-mechanism-is-engaged-when-hazardous-voltage-is-detected-through-charging-process-including-after-the-end-of-charging-and-in-case-of-charging-system-malfunction-a-means-for-safe-disconnection-shall-be-provided-the-direct-current-dc-electric-vehicle-charging-point-shall-disconnect-supply-of-electricity-to-prevent-overvoltage-at-the-battery-if-output-voltage-exceeds-maximum-voltage-limit-sent-by-the-vehicle-the-electric-vehicle-charging-points-shall-not-energize-the-charging-cable-when-the-vehicle-connector-is-unlocked-and-the-voltage-at-which-the-vehicle-connector-unlocks-shall-be-lower-than-60v-earth-protection-system-for-charging-stations-all-residual-current-device-for-the-protection-of-supplies-for-electric-vehicle-shall-a-have-a-residual-operating-current-of-not-greater-than-30-ma-b-interrupt-all-live-conductors-including-the-neutral-c-have-a-performance-at-least-equal-to-type-a-and-be-in-conformity-with-is-732-2018-each-electric-vehicle-charging-points-shall-be-supplied-individually-by-a-dedicated-final-sub-circuit-protected-by-an-overcurrent-protective-device-complying-with-iec-60947-2-iec-60947-6-2-or-the-iec-60269-series-and-the-overcurrent-protective-device-shall-be-part-of-a-switchboard-all-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-shall-be-supplied-from-a-sub-circuit-protected-by-a-voltage-independent-residual-current-device-and-also-providing-personal-protection-that-is-compatible-with-a-charging-supply-for-an-electric-vehicle-all-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-shall-be-provided-with-an-earth-continuity-monitoring-system-that-disconnects-the-supply-in-the-event-that-the-earthing-connection-to-the-vehicle-becomes-ineffective-a-protective-earth-conductor-shall-be-provided-to-establish-an-equipotential-connection-between-the-earth-terminal-of-the-supply-and-the-conductive-parts-of-the-vehicle-which-shall-be-of-sufficient-rating-to-satisfy-the-requirements-of-iec-60364-5-54-fire-fighting-system-in-electric-vehicle-charging-stations-enclosure-of-charging-stations-shall-be-made-of-fire-retardant-material-with-self-extinguishing-property-and-free-from-halogen-fire-detection-alarm-and-control-system-shall-be-provided-as-per-relevant-indian-standards-power-supply-cables-used-in-charging-station-or-charging-points-shall-conform-to-iec-62893-1-and-its-testing-of-charging-stations-all-apparatus-of-charging-stations-shall-have-the-insulation-resistance-value-as-stipulated-in-the-relevant-iec-61851-1-inspection-and-periodic-assessment-of-charging-stations-every-charging-station-shall-be-tested-and-inspected-by-the-owner-or-the-electrical-inspector-or-chartered-electrical-safety-engineer-before-energization-of-charging-stations-the-owner-of-the-charging-station-shall-ensure-that-test-and-inspection-of-charging 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https://eedemy.com/electrical-abstract-gujarat-fire-prevention-and-life-safety-regulations-2023-february-20-2024-1-comment-electrical-clause-gujarat-fire-prevention-and-life-safety-regulations-2023-clause-head-description-17-18-electrical-duct-buildings-height-more-than-15-meters-up-to-70-meters-electrical-duct-should-have-sealed-metal-doors-with-metal-frame-or-fire-rated-doors-at-each-floor-level-opening-of-the-duct-shall-be-from-basement-to-terrace-level-153-17-18-19-electrical-installations-buildings-of-height-up-to-45-meters-electric-cablewires-used-shall-be-of-700-volts-grading-with-mechanical-circuit-breaker-and-earth-leak-circuit-breaker-mcb-and-elcb-buildings-of-height-more-than-15-meters-up-to-70-meters-electric-cablewires-used-shall-be-of-900-volts-grading-with-mechanical-circuit-breaker-and-earth-leak-circuit-breaker-mcb-and-elcb-buildings-of-height-more-than-15-meters-up-to-70-meters-electrical-installations-from-fire-safety-point-of-view-shall-comply-with-is-1646-use-of-fire-resistance-cables-and-wires-1531-electrical-installations-buildings-of-height-more-than-15-meters-up-to-70-meters-separate-uninterrupted-standalone-power-supply-shall-be-provided-for-emergency-services-which-includes-fire-pump-sprinkler-pump-fire-lift-staircase-lighting-1523-sub-stations-the-sub-station-shall-have-separate-fire-resisting-walls-surroundings-and-shall-necessarily-be-located-at-the-periphery-of-the-floor-having-separate-access-preferably-from-fire-escape-staircase-the-outside-walls-ceiling-and-floor-including-doors-and-windows-to-the-sub-station-area-shall-be-of-2-hours-fire-rating-oil-filled-equipment-at-basement-a-sub-station-or-a-switch-station-with-oil-filled-equipment-must-not-be-located-in-the-building-when-housed-inside-the-building-the-transformer-shall-be-of-premises-by-wallsdoorscut-outs-having-fire-resistance-rating-of-4-hours-the-sub-station-area-needs-to-be-maintained-at-negative-air-pressure-and-area-in-substation-shall-not-be-used-as-storagedump-areas-transformer-in-building-area-no-transformer-shall-be-allowed-inside-the-building-substation-to-be-provided-at-rear-corner-of-a-building-unit-after-leaving-enough-open-space-around-the-building-for-firefighting-requirements-1511-electrical-services-back-up-supply-electric-supply-for-fire-pumpfire-lift-shall-be-provided-separately-and-not-get-switched-off-along-with-the-main-supply-of-building-fire-retardant-sealant-the-electric-distribution-cablewiring-shall-be-laid-in-a-separate-duct-the-duct-shall-be-sealed-at-every-floor-with-non-combustible-materials-having-the-same-fire-resistance-as-that-of-the-duct-separate-conduit-low-and-medium-voltage-wiring-running-in-shaft-and-in-false-ceiling-shall-run-in-separate-conduits-separate-circuit-separate-circuits-for-firefighting-pumps-lifts-staircases-corridor-lighting-and-blowers-for-pressurizing-system-shall-be-provided-directly-from-the-main-switch-gear-panel-and-these-circuits-shall-be-laid-in-separate-conduit-pipes-so-that-fire-in-one-circuit-will-not-affect-the-others-such-circuits-shall-be-protected-at-origin-by-an-automatic-circuit-breaker-with-its-no-volt-coil-removed-master-switches-controlling-essential-service-circuits-shall-be-clearly-labelled-electrical-room-an-independent-and-well-ventilated-electrical-service-room-shall-be-provided-on-the-ground-level-or-first-basement-with-direct-access-from-outside-or-from-the-corridor-for-the-purpose-of-termination-of-electric-supply-from-the-licensees-service-and-alternative-supply-cables-fire-door-the-doors-provided-for-the-service-room-shall-have-fire-resistance-of-not-less-than-2-hours-electrical-room-at-basement-if-service-room-is-located-at-the-first-basement-it-should-have-automatic-fire-extinguishing-system-1520-service-ductsshafts-fire-door-electrical-shafts-ducts-shall-have-not-less-than-2-hours-fire-resistance-and-for-other-services-shaftsducts-the-fire-resistance-shall-be-not-less-than-1-hour-fire-retardant-sealant-all-such-ducts-shafts-shall-be-properly-sealed-and-fire-stopped-at-all-floor-levels-opening-at-terrace-a-vent-opening-at-the-top-of-the-service-shaft-shall-be-provided-having-between-one-fourth-and-one-half-of-the-area-of-the-shaft-refuse-cute-refuse-chutes-shall-have-opening-at-least-1-m-above-roof-level-for-venting-purpose-and-they-shall-have-an-enclosure-wall-of-non-combustible-material-with-fire-resistance-of-not-less-than-2-hours-they-shall-not-be-located-within-the-staircase-enclosure-or-service-shafts-or-air-conditioning-shafts-inspection-panel-and-doors-shall-be-tight-fitting-with1-hour-fire-resistance-the-chutes-should-be-as-far-away-as-possible-from-exits-155-exit-door-exit-area-illumination-exit-signage-exits-shall-be-clearly-visible-and-the-route-to-reach-the-exits-shall-be-clearly-marked-and-signs-posted-to-guide-the-o 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https://eedemy.com/solar-panel-installation-guideline-october-2-2023-leave-a-comment-2121-solar-photovoltaic-power-generation-system-national-building-code-2016-building-type-plot-size-generation-requirement-residential-plotted-houses-100-m2-and-above-1-kwp-or-5-of-connected-load-whichever-is-higher-residential-group-housing-all-sizes-minimum-5-of-connected-load-business-educational-buildings-having-connected-load-of-30-kw-and-above-500-m2-and-above-5-kwp-or-5-of-connected-load-whichever-is-higher-mercantile-hotels-motels-assembly-industrial-and-institutional-buildings-500-m2-and-above-for-buildings-having-connected-load-of-a-50-to-1000-kw10-kwp-or-5-of-connected-load-whichever-is-higher-b-above-1-000-kw50-kwp-or-5-of-connected-load-whichever-is-higher-soalr-installation-central-electricity-authority-2023-121-path-way-for-solar-system-clear-pathways-of-minimum-75cm-in-width-with-hand-rails-for-roof-access-and-emergency-exit-shall-be-provided-for-roof-top-system-there-shall-be-clear-pathways-walkways-between-the-rows-or-columns-of-solar-panels-which-is-necessary-for-cleaning-and-maintenance-fencing-ground-mounted-solar-installations-shall-be-protected-by-fencing-or-other-means-not-less-than-18-meter-in-height-so-as-to-prevent-unauthorized-entry-isolating-device-disconnection-switches-or-circuit-breakers-provided-in-combiner-boxes-to-disconnect-the-photovoltaic-system-from-all-other-conductors-of-the-system-shall-be-located-at-a-readily-accessible-location-three-phases-on-the-alternating-current-side-and-positive-and-negative-conductor-on-the-direct-current-side-shall-be-marked-and-identified-with-different-colours-manual-disconnection-switch-to-isolate-the-system-from-grid-and-shall-be-situated-outside-the-alternating-current-combiner-box-inverter-inverter-unit-for-solar-photovoltaics-shall-be-installed-in-the-periphery-of-the-building-and-as-near-as-the-solar-panel-protection-protection-shall-be-deployed-for-both-input-and-output-on-site-for-overload-surge-current-surge-voltage-short-circuit-high-temperature-over-voltage-under-voltage-and-over-frequency-under-frequency-reverse-polarity-and-lightning-the-solar-photovoltaic-power-plant-shall-be-provided-with-lightning-and-over-voltage-protection-by-deploying-required-number-of-lightning-arresters-as-per-the-relevant-standards-guidelines-for-installation-of-solar-energy-system-government-of-kerala-electrical-inspectorate-solar-system-approval-10kw-and-up-to-and-including-30kw-completion-report-and-sld-shall-be-submitted-by-the-consumer-through-a-competent-electricals-contractor-and-sanction-for-energization-shall-be-obtained-from-the-district-office-concerned-30kw-to-5o0kw-prior-scheme-approval-and-sanction-for-energization-orders-shall-be-obtained-from-the-district-office-concerned-above-500kw-prior-scheme-approval-and-sanction-for-energization-orders-shall-be-obtained-from-the-office-of-the-chief-electrical-inspector-panel-mounting-structure-galvanized-iron-gl-or-aluminum-shall-be-used-for-module-mounting-structures-be-located-at-a-height-of-at-least-244-m-above-the-ground-level-cable-size-cable-size-for-pv-string-cable-pv-sub-array-cable-and-pv-array-main-cable-shall-be-selected-as-per-section-737-of-iec-625482016-pv-cell-pv-string-connected-in-parallel-shall-have-matched-open-circuit-voltage-within-5-per-string-to-avoid-circulating-current-refer-section-516-of-iec-625482016-solar-pv-module-details-such-as-number-of-modules-wattage-number-of-cells-voltage-current-etc-shall-be-verified-inverter-inverter-capacity-shall-be-selected-based-on-the-solar-pv-generation-so-that-maximum-generation-can-be-utilized-inverter-protection-settings-installer-details-and-emergency-shutdown-procedures-shall-be-displayed-on-site-harmonic-injection-pv-system-shall-not-inject-dc-current-greater-than-1-percent-of-the-inverter-rated-output-current-into-the-grid-solar-inverters-shall-be-rated-for-thd-of-less-than-3-percent-of-power-injected-into-the-grid-harmonic-current-injections-from-a-generating-station-shall-not-exceed-the-limits-specified-in-ieee-519-the-distributed-generating-resource-shall-not-inject-direct-current-greater-than-05-of-the-full-rated-output-at-the-interconnection-point-paralleling-the-system-paralleling-device-of-distributed-generation-resource-shall-be-capable-of-withstanding-220-of-the-nominal-voltage-at-the-interconnection-point-voltage-fluctuation-every-time-the-generating-station-is-synchronised-to-the-electricity-system-it-shall-not-cause-voltage-fluctuation-greater-than-5-at-the-point-of-connection-the-distributed-generating-resource-shall-not-introduce-flicker-beyond-the-limits-specified-in-iec-61000-earthing-up-to-5kw-solar-plants-2nos-of-earth-electrodes-are-sufficient-and-la-shall-be-provided-in-lightning-prone-area-above-5kw-and-up-to-100kw-solar-plants-3nos-of-ea 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https://eedemy.com/sub-station-fence-guideline-september-1-2023-1-comment-indian-electricity-act-1910-and-indian-electricity-rules-1956-rule-68b-fence-in-the-case-of-outdoor-type-of-sub-station-a-metallic-fencing-of-not-less-than-18-meter-height-shall-be-erected-around-the-transformer-bs-1722-102019-fence-anti-intruder-fences-in-chain-link-and-welded-mesh-for-anti-intruder-chain-link-or-welded-mesh-fences-and-gates-of-at-least-24-meter-in-height-for-situations-that-require-a-higher-level-of-protection-nec-11031-enclosure-for-electrical-installations-fence-a-fence-shall-not-be-less-than-21-meter-7-ft-in-height-or-a-combination-of-18-meter-6-ft-or-more-of-fence-fabric-and-a-300-mm-1-ft-or-more-extension-utilizing-three-or-more-strands-of-barbed-wire-or-equivalent-rajasthan-rajya-vidyut-prasaran-nigam-limited-fence-fencing-and-gates-shall-be-provided-for-switchyard-area-as-per-general-electrical-layout-plan-the-height-of-fence-post-shall-be-at-least-3050-mm-the-haryana-building-code-2017-fence-boundary-wall-up-to-the-height-of-2400mm-may-be-permitted-by-the-competent-authority-in-electric-sub-stations-transformer-stations-industrial-buildings-workshops-factories-institutional-buildings-hospitals-educational-buildings-schools-colleges-including-hostels-and-other-uses-of-public-utility-undertakings-and-strategically-sensitive-buildings-guide-to-the-safety-health-and-welfare-at-work-ireland-fence-the-transformer-or-switchgear-is-adequately-protected-either-by-suitable-fencing-not-less-than-2400mm-high-or-by-some-other-effective-means-such-as-high-walls-or-some-other-effective-means-for-preventing-any-unauthorized-person-gaining-access-to-the-equipment-or-to-anything-connected-there-to-which-is-used-as-a-conductor-unless-it-is-completely-enclosed-by-i-a-metal-casing-which-is-connected-to-earth-or-ii-some-other-equally-suitable-non-metal-casing-national-building-code-of-india-2016-clause-46-b-enclose-any-part-of-the-substation-which-is-open-to-the-air-with-a-fence-earthed-efficiently-at-both-ends-or-wall-not-less-than-1-800-mm-preferably-not-less-than-2400-mm-in-height-to-prevent-so-far-as-is-reasonably-practicable-danger-of-electric-shock-or-unauthorized-access-clause-53610-electrical-installations-in-a-room-or-cubicle-or-in-an-area-surrounded-by-wall-fence-access-to-which-is-controlled-by-lock-and-key-shall-be-considered-accessible-to-authorized-persons-only-such-installations-shall-be-efficiently-protected-by-fencing-not-less-than-1-800-mm-in-height-or-other-means-so-as-to-prevent-access-to-the-electric-supply-lines-and-apparatus-therein-by-an-undesignated-person-and-the-fencing-of-such-area-shall-be-earthed-efficiently-nec-table-11031-minimum-distance-from-fence-to-live-parts-nominal-voltage-minimum-distance-from-live-part-1kv-to-137kv-305-meter-138kv-to-23kv-457-meter-over-23kv-549-meter-eskom-transmission-substations-table-1-security-and-safety-fences-fence-fence-type-ip-spacing-strain-posts-spacing-security-24-meter-high-welded-mesh-fence-40m-maximum-40m-maximum-where-distance-between-corner-posts-exceed-90m-safety-18-meter-high-diamond-mesh-45m-maximum-60m-maximum-where-distance-between-corner-posts-exceed-90m-outdoor-transformer-panel-fencing-as-per-ugvcl-fence-height-1600-mm-1500100-mm-above-ground-and-450-mm-in-ground-minimum-width-and-length-as-per-site-conditions-and-as-decided-by-eic-engineer-in-charge-fencing-gate-fencing-gate-should-have-door-with-two-shutters-with-one-heavy-duty-ss-aldrop-of-size-not-less-than-16-mm-da-and-350-mm-length-gate-is-to-be-provided-as-per-site-conditions-gate-should-be-suitably-stiffened-to-prevent-sagging-3nos-of-hinges-of-100-mm-size-on-each-door-and-shall-be-of-heavy-duty-ss-and-facilitate-of-outward-180-degree-movement-of-the-gate-flaps-left-door-of-gate-should-be-provided-with-stopper-of-300-mm-and-dia-of-10-mm-at-upper-and-lower-part-of-fencing-with-proper-locking-arrangement-grade-of-material-for-fencing-pultruded-frp-uv-and-fire-resistant-conforming-to-is-6746-bracing-flat-smc-molded-frp-flat-35-x5mm-and-length-300-mm-vertical-post-pultruded-frp-the-vertical-post-shall-be-made-out-of-frp-pultruded-square-hollow-section-of-size-50x50x5-mm-such-posts-shall-be-kept-at-a-distance-not-exceeding-1000-mm-and-shall-be-grouted-in-the-ground-with-cc-of-ratio-124-in-the-pit-of-size-300x300x450-mm-post-should-be-buried-in-foundation-at-least-450-mm-from-ground-level-posts-at-corners-and-gate-openings-may-be-of-different-sizeshape-so-as-to-take-care-of-the-fencing-requirements-sub-frame-section-frp-box-section-of-50-x-25-x-5mm-rails-rails-shall-be-made-out-of-frp-notch-bars-of-12-mm-dia-provided-at-equal-spacing-not-exceeding200-mm-centre-to-centre-the-rails-are-placed-horizontally-and-height-of-the-1st-rail-from-the-ground-as-well-as-gap-between-the-rails-sh 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https://eedemy.com/method-for-installation-of-hvac-system-part-2-indoor-unit-installation-a-high-wall-unit-the-installation-of-the-split-air-conditioners-is-a-crucial-job-if-the-installation-is-done-accurately-air-conditioner-will-give-optimum-cooling-but-if-it-is-not-done-properly-we-wont-get-the-desired-cooling-effect-a-poor-installations-also-leads-to-frequent-maintenance-problems-several-factors-have-to-consider-during-the-installation-of-split-air-conditioner-strength-of-wall-to-hold-the-ac-the-indoor-unit-of-split-ac-must-be-installed-on-a-wall-strong-enough-to-hold-the-units-weight-proper-spacing-between-wall-and-ac-unit-the-indoor-unit-of-split-ac-requires-at-least-15-cm-of-open-space-surrounding-its-top-and-sides-for-proper-air-flow-appropriate-installation-height-from-ground-mount-the-indoor-unit-of-split-ac-at-a-height-of-7-to-8-feet-above-the-ground-for-adequate-cooling-inside-the-room-correct-tilt-angle-of-indoor-unit-while-fixing-the-aluminum-bracket-on-wall-make-sure-that-the-bracket-is-given-a-slight-tilt-angle-so-that-the-indoor-unit-of-split-ac-when-fitted-is-also-at-a-slight-angle-to-enable-unrestricted-flow-of-the-condensed-water-from-the-drain-pipe-b-cassate-type-air-inlet-and-outlet-should-be-clear-of-obstructions-ensuring-proper-airflow-throughout-the-room-condensate-can-be-easily-and-safely-drained-a-structure-strong-enough-to-withstand-four-4-times-the-full-weight-and-vibration-of-the-unit-filter-can-be-easily-accessed-for-cleaning-leave-enough-free-space-to-allow-access-for-routine-maintenance-do-not-install-in-a-laundry-room-or-by-a-swimming-pool-due-to-chemical-sorrowing-cassette-coil-indoor-unit-hanger-mounting-depending-on-the-type-of-ceiling-attach-the-threaded-hanger-bolts-securely-to-the-support-stud-before-lifting-the-indoor-unit-to-the-installation-location-insert-the-upper-nuts-flat-washers-with-insulation-flat-washers-without-insulation-lower-nuts-and-double-locking-nuts-on-the-threaded-hanger-bolts-lift-the-ceiling-cassette-main-body-to-the-threaded-hanger-bolts-insert-the-unit-mounting-brackets-between-washers-and-then-fasten-it-securely-pack-the-indoor-unit-with-plastic-bag-after-hoisting-to-protect-them-from-dust-entering-louvers-allow-for-ventilation-intake-and-exhaust-air-based-on-maximum-outdoor-unit-fan-capacity-select-the-size-type-and-orientation-of-architectural-louvers-with-adequate-net-free-area-face-velocity-to-ensure-the-total-external-static-pressure-from-the-outdoor-unit-fan-does-not-exceed-design-limitations-no-obstructions-must-be-placed-in-front-of-the-louver-that-could-hamper-the-free-flow-throw-of-air-roof-top-openings-and-or-discharge-and-supply-louvers-must-be-equipped-with-screens-to-prevent-bird-and-insect-infiltration-louver-angle-is-not-more-than-15-deg-horizontally-space-between-louvers-is-not-more-than-4-inch-if-louver-open-rate-is-too-small-it-will-create-noise-from-louver-blade-vibrations-insufficient-air-flow-exchange-creates-drop-in-outdoor-unit-performance-and-may-create-air-conditioner-stop-operating-refrigerant-drain-pipe-installation-work-a-pipe-support-a-properly-installed-pipe-system-will-have-sufficient-supports-to-avoid-pipes-from-sagging-during-the-life-of-the-system-sagging-pipes-become-oil-traps-that-lead-to-equipment-malfunction-pipe-supports-must-never-touch-the-pipe-wall-supports-shall-be-installed-outside-around-the-primary-pipe-insulation-jacket-insulate-the-pipe-first-because-pipe-supports-shall-be-installed-outside-around-the-primary-pipe-insulation-jacket-field-provided-pipe-supports-must-be-designed-to-meet-local-codes-if-allowed-by-code-use-fiber-straps-or-split-ring-hangers-suspended-from-the-ceiling-on-all-thread-rods-fiber-straps-or-split-ring-hangers-can-be-used-as-long-as-they-do-not-compress-the-pipe-insulation-place-a-second-layer-of-insulation-over-the-pipe-insulation-jacket-to-prevent-chafing-and-compression-of-the-primary-insulation-in-the-confines-of-the-support-clamp-as-necessary-place-supports-closer-for-segments-where-potential-sagging-could-occur-maximum-spacing-of-pipe-supports-shall-meet-local-codes-if-local-codes-do-not-specify-pipe-support-spacing-pipe-shall-be-supported-wherever-the-pipe-changes-direction-place-a-hanger-within-twelve-12-inches-on-one-side-and-within-twelve-12-to-19-inches-of-the-bend-on-the-other-side-support-piping-at-indoor-units-y-branch-and-header-fittings-supports-must-be-strong-enough-the-supports-should-be-full-thread-booms-and-their-diameters-should-be-10mm-dual-nuts-should-be-adopted-t 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https://eedemy.com/method-for-wrapping-coating-holiday-test-for-fire-fighting-pipe-august-3-2021-1-comment-purpose-this-method-describes-the-detailed-procedure-for-installation-testing-of-wrapping-coating-and-holiday-test-for-fire-pipes-as-per-the-standard-practice-and-codes-general-equipment-tools-the-equipment-that-will-be-engaged-for-installation-of-fire-pipe-works-will-be-tool-box-welding-machine-grinding-machine-cutting-machine-chain-block-pipe-wrench-hand-tools-gloves-hammer-portable-lights-manual-excavation-tools-removable-barricades-scaffolding-mobile-scaffold-ladder-spirit-level-marker-holiday-test-machine-measuring-tape-storage-material-handling-the-storage-area-must-be-free-from-dust-and-the-materials-should-be-stacked-in-proper-manner-to-avoid-any-damages-the-material-shall-be-transported-in-their-original-packing-to-site-location-all-materials-shall-be-stored-in-a-covered-warehouse-in-a-location-as-cool-as-possible-and-protected-from-the-ingress-of-dirt-dust-moisture-etc-any-coating-materials-show-evidence-of-deterioration-due-to-weathering-or-damage-due-to-mishandling-while-are-in-the-custody-contractor-shall-be-replaced-by-the-contractor-chemicals-must-be-stored-in-well-ventilated-location-and-away-from-direct-sunlight-inspection-of-materials-inspection-of-wrapping-coating-check-the-reference-of-delivered-material-against-approved-submittal-check-the-material-against-the-purchase-order-check-type-of-material-size-of-material-make-of-material-chemicals-such-as-paints-primer-and-thinner-check-their-expiration-date-before-receiving-physical-damages-inspection-in-case-of-any-damages-observed-during-inspection-the-material-shall-be-returned-to-the-supplier-for-replacement-sequences-of-wrapping-works-wrapping-system-shall-comprise-the-followings-sequences-a-surface-preparations-prior-to-brush-cleaning-all-oil-grease-on-the-pipe-surface-shall-be-thoroughly-removed-by-flushing-with-suitable-solvent-and-wiping-with-clean-tags-rusted-materials-surface-shall-be-adequate-scrubbed-manually-with-stiff-wire-brush-where-ever-surface-get-rusted-prior-to-application-of-primer-surface-shall-be-completely-free-from-rust-mill-scale-grease-weld-spatter-weld-slag-dirt-dust-oil-and-any-other-foreign-matter-and-to-be-dry-at-time-of-application-oil-and-grease-shall-be-removed-using-an-approved-solvent-white-spirit-and-paint-thinners-are-suitable-solvents-kerosene-shall-not-be-used-mechanical-cleaning-machines-shall-not-employ-knives-or-other-tools-which-may-produce-notches-or-gauges-on-the-pipe-surface-blast-cleaning-machines-shall-be-maintained-in-correct-adjustment-and-replacement-tools-shall-be-available-throughout-the-cleaning-process-all-weld-joints-shall-be-cleaned-manually-with-stiff-wire-brushbuffing-the-coat-of-primer-shall-be-given-as-soon-as-practicable-and-before-detrimental-corrosion-or-recontamination-occurs-the-cleaned-surface-shall-never-be-left-unprotected-overnight-the-cleaning-method-employed-shall-not-result-in-thinning-of-the-pipe-wall-beyond-the-limits-of-the-pipe-specification-cleaning-shall-be-carried-out-immediately-before-application-of-the-priming-coat-and-shall-be-to-the-satisfaction-of-owner-if-the-outside-of-the-pipe-becomes-contaminated-with-any-foreign-matter-b-application-of-primer-immediately-after-cleaning-the-surface-shall-be-applied-with-one-coat-of-primer-before-application-of-coal-tar-wrapping-the-entire-surface-of-pipe-should-be-primed-the-primer-shall-be-applied-in-a-thin-layer-without-runs-sags-drips-holidays-gaps-or-voids-or-other-defects-if-any-defects-may-be-found-in-the-primed-surface-the-pipe-shall-be-re-cleaned-and-primed-to-the-required-standard-and-to-the-satisfaction-of-principalengineer-no-specific-time-gap-between-two-coats-needs-to-be-maintained-but-after-the-coat-of-primer-the-coating-should-before-the-primer-is-completely-hardened-the-primer-shall-be-suitable-for-brush-or-spray-application-and-still-form-at-thin-uniform-coating-with-an-approximate-40-micrometer-dry-film-thickness-according-to-vendors-instruction-freshly-primed-pipe-shall-be-properly-supported-on-racks-and-allowed-to-be-uncontaminated-by-moisture-dirt-or-other-foreign-matter-if-application-is-done-in-cold-weather-the-surface-of-the-pipe-shall-be-pre-heated-until-it-is-warm-to-touch-and-traces-of-moisture-are-removed-and-then-primer-shall-be-applied-and-allowed-to-dry-coating-and-wrapping-shall-not-be-started-until-that-section-of-line-has-been-tested-and-accepted-the-primer-shall-be-suitable-for-brush-or-spray-application-and-still-form-at-thin-uniform-coating-with-an-approximate-40-micrometer-dry-film-thickness-according-to-vendors-instruction-primer-shall-be-applied-at-an-average-rate-012-liter-per 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https://eedemy.com/method-of-statement-for-fire-fighting-works-part-1-purpose-this-method-describes-the-detailed-procedure-for-installation-and-testing-of-wet-raiser-fire-protection-system-pipes-sprinkler-fire-pumps-valves-and-fire-fighting-accessories-as-per-the-standard-practice-and-codes-general-equipment-tools-the-equipment-that-will-be-engaged-for-installation-of-fire-fighting-works-will-be-tool-box-welding-machine-drilling-machine-with-various-bits-grinding-machine-cutting-machine-threading-machine-chain-block-pipe-wrench-hand-tools-gloves-hammer-portable-lights-manual-excavation-tools-removable-barricades-scaffolding-mobile-scaffold-ladder-spirit-level-screwdriver-pliers-spanner-marker-pressure-gauge-level-gauge-spirit-level-measuring-tape-pressure-test-pump-storage-material-handling-the-storage-area-must-be-free-from-dust-and-the-materials-should-be-stacked-in-proper-manner-to-avoid-any-damages-the-material-shall-be-stored-in-designated-area-of-the-store-to-protect-the-ms-pipe-and-other-fire-fighting-accessories-against-effects-of-weather-and-environment-the-material-shall-be-transported-in-their-original-packing-to-site-location-the-pipes-will-be-stacked-in-the-site-store-on-a-proper-stand-on-wooden-loft-on-a-flat-surface-at-a-height-not-exceeding-17m-from-the-bottom-layer-all-open-ends-of-pipes-will-be-covered-to-protect-from-foreign-matter-dirtdebris-fittings-will-be-separately-packed-and-stored-as-per-the-sizes-required-for-the-project-chemicals-must-be-stored-in-well-ventilated-location-and-away-from-direct-sunlight-inspection-of-materials-inspection-of-pipe-valve-flanges-check-type-of-material-size-of-material-make-of-material-chemicals-such-as-paints-primer-and-thinner-check-their-expiration-date-before-receiving-physical-damages-inspection-in-case-of-any-damages-observed-during-inspection-the-concern-report-will-be-issued-and-material-shall-be-returned-to-the-supplier-for-replacement-installation-procedure-1-pipe-hanger-support-installations-piping-route-will-be-the-as-per-most-advantageous-manner-possible-with-respect-to-headroom-valve-access-opening-and-equipment-clearance-and-clearance-for-other-work-the-line-layout-should-be-verified-from-site-in-charge-after-marking-the-pipe-routes-the-anchoring-points-will-be-drilled-according-to-the-required-support-spacing-as-shown-on-the-approved-shop-drawings-pipe-diameter-mm-maximum-hanger-spacing-mm-rod-size-mm-25-2000-8-32-2500-8-40-2500-8-50-2500-8-65-2500-10-80-2500-10-100-2500-12-150-3000-16-200-3000-16-as-per-site-requirement-fabrication-support-may-be-used-mark-out-the-location-of-hanger-thread-rods-for-pipe-installation-as-per-the-approved-construction-drawing-fasteners-and-fully-threaded-rods-shall-be-used-for-installing-the-pipe-supports-the-sizes-of-pipe-supports-and-installation-shall-be-in-accordance-with-manufacturers-recommendations-for-single-pipes-of-size-100-mm-and-above-with-the-prior-approval-50xx50xx6-mm-ms-angle-iron-and-for-double-pipe-75x75x6mm-with-u-clamp-with-fastener-may-be-used-for-supporting-horizontal-pipe-from-ceiling-drill-the-marked-position-for-hangers-and-supports-by-using-the-drill-bit-of-appropriate-size-fix-the-unfix-anchor-at-drilled-position-by-gentle-and-uniformly-hammering-fix-the-threaded-rod-of-appropriate-diameter-and-size-length-in-the-anchor-by-twisting-by-turning-after-fixing-the-threaded-rod-insert-a-washer-of-appropriate-size-in-to-the-rod-finally-fix-the-washer-near-to-the-slab-by-tightening-a-nut-over-it-this-will-improve-the-strength-and-load-bearing-capacity-of-threaded-rod-for-installing-pipes-vertically-or-horizontally-inside-the-building-standard-pipe-supports-of-reputed-make-shall-be-used-following-supports-shall-be-used-clevis-hangers-or-ms-chanel-for-horizontal-supports-to-adjust-varying-heights-the-pipe-route-should-be-min-500mm-away-from-wall-supports-will-be-arranged-as-near-as-possible-to-pipe-joints-and-any-change-in-direction-vertical-riser-support-risers-shall-be-supported-by-pipe-clamps-or-by-hangers-located-on-the-horizontal-connections-within-24-inches-06-meter-of-the-centerline-of-the-riser-2-pipe-welding-fabrication-welding-machine-welding-machines-shall-be-in-good-working-condition-and-shall-have-proper-control-for-regulating-current-location-of-welding-machines-and-the-distribution-boards-to-be-connected-with-them-shall-be-verified-by-site-electrical-team-to-avoid-overloading-of-the-distribution-boards-cables-and-electrical-power-sources-all-welding-machine-other-electrical-tools-the-electric-cables-distribution-boards-and-connections-for-machines-shall-be-carefully-checked-once-a-month-to-maintained-it-in-a-good-working-condition-weld 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/method-of-statement-for-fire-fighting-works-part-2-5-vertical-risers-vertical-risers-shall-be-parallel-to-walls-and-column-lines-and-shall-be-straight-and-in-plumb-risers-passing-from-floor-to-floor-shall-be-supported-at-each-floor-by-ms-angle-with-clamp-as-per-specification-of-pipe-support-the-space-in-the-floor-cut-outs-around-the-pipes-work-may-be-closed-using-cement-concrete-124-mix-or-steel-sheet-from-the-fire-safety-considerations-taking-care-to-see-that-a-small-annular-space-is-left-around-the-pipes-to-prevent-transmission-of-vibration-to-the-structure-riser-shall-have-suitable-supports-at-the-lowest-point-6-sprinkler-heads-accessories-installation-of-sprinkler-heads-will-be-done-after-pipe-work-flushing-is-completed-apply-the-ptfe-tape-only-to-the-male-portion-of-the-sprinkler-and-install-the-upright-sprinkler-head-using-the-wrench-provided-by-the-manufacturer-and-in-such-a-way-that-the-arms-are-parallel-to-the-branch-pipe-maintain-a-clearance-of-1-between-the-deflector-of-upright-sprinkler-and-ceiling-ensure-that-sprinkler-heads-have-the-correct-finish-and-temperature-rating-for-fixing-sprinkler-heads-15-mm-dia-ms-socket-is-to-be-screwed-to-range-pipes-at-the-locations-as-per-drawings-dead-plug-shall-be-fixed-in-the-socket-if-sprinkler-head-is-to-be-provided-away-from-range-pipe-ms-pipe-nipple-of-suitable-size-be-used-to-extend-the-sprinkler-head-and-socket-is-welded-at-desired-location-during-occupation-of-the-building-sprinkler-heads-shall-be-provided-in-place-of-dead-plugs-teflon-tape-shall-be-used-on-threaded-portion-7-fire-hose-reel-fire-hose-cabinets-check-cabinets-are-approved-size-and-dimension-inspect-for-signs-of-damage-locate-exact-location-of-these-cabinets-as-per-approved-shop-drawings-and-with-careful-measure-of-elevation-and-plumb-fix-cabinet-using-recommended-anchor-and-bolts-proceed-with-installation-of-accessories-lock-shield-valve-landing-valves-etc-taking-in-consideration-of-approval-for-these-devices-prior-to-the-installation-foreman-will-read-understand-and-strictly-follow-the-manufacturers-instructions-examine-the-location-of-the-hose-reel-cabinets-and-ensure-that-opening-is-sufficient-for-fixing-all-equipment-and-the-mounting-height-of-the-hose-valve-and-hose-racks-is-as-per-the-approved-shop-drawings-and-to-the-requirements-hose-reel-hose-valves-and-fire-extinguishers-are-of-approved-type-and-have-the-correct-rating-the-cabinet-without-the-equipment-will-be-installed-where-applicable-branches-to-the-hose-rack-reel-hose-valve-will-be-installed-on-site-to-ensure-actual-entry-point-to-the-cabinet-location-of-pipe-sleeves-shall-be-as-per-approved-drawings-hose-reel-valve-will-be-installed-as-per-the-manufacturers-instructions-at-the-correct-mounting-height-keep-fire-extinguisher-inside-the-cabinet-along-with-the-hose-rack-ensure-that-the-top-of-the-wall-mounted-extinguisher-do-not-exceed-from-the-levels-as-per-approved-drawing-and-specification-8-drain-piping-of-the-system-fittings-will-be-of-the-eccentric-pattern-to-ensure-proper-drainage-and-the-elimination-of-air-pockets-wherever-necessary-in-sprinkler-network-at-far-end-drain-pipe-shall-be-provided-on-last-sprinkler-to-remove-air-from-sprinkler-network-9-sleeves-the-branch-lines-will-be-hanged-to-the-proper-level-and-will-be-connected-to-the-cross-main-where-piping-is-embedded-or-passing-through-masonry-or-concrete-sleeves-will-be-provided-as-per-specification-mostly-of-ms-or-gi-material-pipe-sleeves-of-diameter-larger-than-the-pipe-by-least-50-mm-shall-be-provided-wherever-pipes-pass-through-walls-and-the-annular-spaces-shall-be-filled-with-felt-and-finished-with-retaining-rings-10-sealant-after-the-removal-of-the-concrete-forms-and-installation-of-the-pipeline-the-annular-space-between-the-sleeve-and-the-pipe-shall-be-filled-with-caulking-material-leaving-enough-space-at-both-ends-of-the-sleeve-for-sealing-11-under-ground-pipe-where-mild-steel-pipes-are-to-be-buried-under-ground-the-same-shall-be-treated-anti-corrosion-treatment-the-top-of-the-pipes-shall-be-not-less-than-100-cm-below-the-ground-level-where-this-is-not-practicable-permission-of-the-engineer-in-charge-shall-be-obtained-for-burying-the-pipes-at-lesser-depth-after-the-pipes-have-been-laid-the-trench-shall-be-refilled-with-the-excavated-soil-and-rammed-and-any-extra-soil-shall-be-removed-from-the-site-of-work-by-the-contractor-underground-pipe-shall-be-laid-at-least-1-meter-away-from-the-face-of-the-building-preferably-along-the-roads-and-foot-paths-as-far-as-possible-lying-of-pipes-under-road-pavement-and-large-open-spaces-shall-be-avoided-to-facilitate-detection-of-leak-and-isolation-of-defective-portion-of-pipe-valves-shall-be-provided-in-underground-pipe-at-suitable-locations-a 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/guideline-for-manual-call-point-january-7-2026-1-comment-manual-call-point-reference-area-code-clause-no-descriptions-mounting-height-nfpa-72-17145-the-operable-part-must-be-between-107-meter-to-122-meter-above-the-finished-floor-bs-5839-12025-202-typically-mounted-at-14-meters-02m-above-or-03m-below-allowing-placement-between-11-meter-and-16-meter-for-disabled-access-heights-may-be-lowered-to-09-meter-to-12-meter-is-2189-638-call-points-shall-be-fixed-at-a-height-of-14-meter-above-the-surrounding-floor-level-at-easily-accessible-we-illuminated-and-conspicuous-positions-which-are-free-of-obstructions-from-door-distance-nfpa-72-171596-pull-stations-are-required-to-be-located-within-15-meters-of-each-exit-doorway-on-every-floor-ensuring-they-are-easily-reachable-during-emergencies-nfpa-101-9623-the-manual-fire-alarm-box-shall-be-located-within-1525-mm-of-exit-doorways-nfpa-101-9624-manual-fire-alarm-boxes-shall-be-mounted-on-both-sides-of-grouped-openings-over-40-ft-122-meter-in-width-and-within-1525-mm-of-each-side-of-the-opening-travel-distance-nfpa-101-9625-no-horizontal-distance-on-that-floor-exceeding-200-ft-61-meter-shall-need-to-be-traversed-to-reach-a-manual-fire-alarm-box-bs-5839-12025-202-mcps-must-be-on-escape-routes-and-distribution-of-mcps-should-be-such-that-no-one-need-travel-more-than-45-meter-in-certain-route-or-30-meter-if-layouts-are-uncertain-for-disabled-residents-this-should-be-adapted-to-within-25-meter-to-16-meter-of-each-other-for-high-risk-areas-eg-kitchens-or-cellulose-paint-spraying-a-mcp-should-be-sited-in-close-proximity-nfpa-72-171595-additional-manual-fire-alarm-boxes-shall-be-provided-so-that-the-travel-distance-to-the-nearest-manual-fire-alarm-box-will-not-exceed-200-ft-61-meter-measured-horizontally-on-the-same-floor-is-2189-638-manual-call-points-shall-be-so-located-that-to-give-an-alarm-no-person-in-the-premises-has-to-travel-distance-of-more-than-30-meter-to-reach-them-when-manual-call-points-are-also-installed-external-to-the-building-the-travel-distance-shall-be-45-meter-is-2189-638-where-necessary-the-travel-distance-may-require-to-be-reduced-to-less-than-30-meter-for-example-where-there-is-difficulty-in-free-access-within-the-risk-or-in-potentially-dangerous-risks-location-bs-5839-12025-not-placing-mcps-at-non-final-exits-or-in-unsupervised-areas-like-shopping-centers-is-2189-638-manual-call-point-shall-be-located-preferably-near-entry-to-staircases-at-various-levels-nbc-2016-j-914-manual-call-stations-shall-be-provided-at-central-locations-on-each-platform-near-emergency-plunger-and-at-least-two-on-the-concourse-on-each-sidewall-when-the-concourse-is-in-two-halves-at-least-one-manual-call-station-shall-be-provided-on-each-side-bs-5839-12017-202-mcps-should-be-located-on-escape-routes-and-in-particular-at-all-story-exits-and-all-exits-to-open-air-that-lead-to-an-ultimate-place-of-safety-whether-or-not-the-exits-are-specifically-designated-as-fire-exits-staircase-landing-bs-5839-12017-202-mcps-should-not-be-located-on-stairway-landings-as-persons-travelling-down-the-stairway-might-operate-an-mcp-several-floors-below-that-on-which-a-fire-is-located-resulting-in-evacuation-of-inappropriate-areas-protecting-cover-duct-proof-bs-5839-12025-mcp-may-provide-fitting-covers-or-guards-to-prevent-false-alarms-and-damage-nfpa-72-17147-listed-protective-covers-shall-be-permitted-to-be-installed-over-single-or-double-action-manually-actuated-alarm-initiating-devices-is-2189-638-manual-call-points-shall-be-housed-in-dust-pre-of-and-moisture-proof-enclosure-properly-sealed-with-rubber-lining-recess-mounting-is-2189-638-where-the-call-points-are-not-visible-from-the-front-as-in-the-case-of-a-long-corridor-they-shall-be-surface-mounted-or-semi-recessed-in-order-to-present-a-side-profile-area-of-not-less-than-750-mm-bs-5839-12017-202-mcps-may-be-flush-mounted-in-locations-where-they-will-be-seen-readily-but-where-they-will-be-viewed-from-the-side-eg-corridors-they-should-be-surface-mounted-or-only-semi-recessed-with-the-front-face-proud-of-the-mounting-surface-by-no-less-than-15-mm-mcp-glass-size-thickness-is-2189-638-the-glass-surface-shall-be-minimum-30-mm-in-area-and-glass-thickness-shall-not-exceed-2-mm-mcp-pull-station-nfpa-72-17146-manually-actuated-alarm-initiating-devices-shall-be-permitted-to-be-single-action-or-double-action-nbc-2016-6422-the-manual-call-points-shall-be-break-glass-and-not-pull-stations-color-nfpa-72-171483-unless-installed-in-an-environment-that-precludes-the-use-of-red-paint-or-red-plastic-manual-fire-alarm-boxes-shall-be-red-in-color 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/fire-door-fire-wall-fire-sealant-fire-rated-equipments-guideline-august-29-2025-leave-a-comment-fire-door-fire-wall-fire-sealant-fire-rated-equipments-code-clause-no-area-descriptions-nbc-2016-224-fire-tower-wall-fire-tower-door-fire-tower-an-enclosed-shaft-having-protected-area-of-120-min-fire-resistance-rating-comprising-protected-lobby-staircase-and-fireman-lift-connected-directly-to-exit-discharge-or-through-exit-passageway-with-120-min-fire-resistant-wall-at-the-level-of-exit-discharge-to-exit-discharge-the-fire-fighting-shaft-shall-be-equipped-with-120-min-fire-doors-nbc-2016-511g-fire-fighting-shaft-fire-hose-cabinet-door-hydrants-for-firefighting-and-hose-reels-shall-be-located-in-the-lobby-in-firefighting-shaft-those-hydrants-planned-to-be-provided-near-fire-exit-staircase-on-the-floor-shall-be-within-5-m-from-exit-door-in-exit-access-such-hydrant-cabinet-may-finish-with-doors-to-meet-interior-finishes-with-requirement-of-glass-panel-to-provide-visibility-to-the-installations-inside-and-inscribed-with-the-word-fire-hose-cabinet-of-letter-size-75-mm-in-height-and-12-mm-in-width-such-door-of-the-fire-hose-cabinet-need-not-be-fire-resistant-rated-the-location-of-such-cabinets-shall-be-shown-on-floor-plan-and-duly-displayed-in-the-landing-of-the-respective-fire-exit-staircase-nbc-2016-3454-electrical-shaft-door-the-inspection-door-for-electrical-shaftsducts-shall-be-not-less-than-120-min-fire-resistance-model-building-bye-laws-2016-714d-electrical-shaft-door-the-inspection-panel-doors-and-any-other-opening-in-the-shaft-shall-be-provided-with-airtight-fire-doors-having-fire-resistance-of-not-less-then-1-hour-gujarat-fire-prevention-and-life-safety-regulations-2023-152-electrical-shafts-door-electrical-shafts-shall-have-not-less-than-2-hours-fire-resistance-model-building-bye-laws-2016-713a-service-shafts-door-service-duct-shall-be-enclosed-by-walls-and-door-if-any-of-2-hours-fire-rating-if-ducts-are-larger-than-10-sq-m-the-floor-should-seal-them-but-provide-suitable-opening-for-the-pipes-to-pass-through-with-the-gaps-sealed-gujarat-fire-prevention-and-life-safety-regulations-2023-152-service-shafts-door-services-shafts-other-than-electrical-shaft-the-fire-resistance-shall-be-not-less-than-1-hour-nbc-2016-3454-plumbing-shaft-door-inside-the-building-for-plumbing-shafts-in-the-core-of-the-building-with-shaft-door-opening-inside-the-building-the-shafts-shall-have-inspection-doors-having-fire-resistance-rating-not-less-than-30-min-nbc-2016-3454-plumbing-shaft-door-outside-the-building-for-plumbing-shafts-doors-which-open-in-wet-areas-or-in-naturally-ventilated-areas-or-on-external-wall-of-the-building-the-shafts-may-not-require-doors-having-any-specified-fire-rating-nbc-2016-3454-service-shafts-sealing-service-ducts-and-shafts-openings-in-walls-or-floors-which-are-necessary-to-be-provided-to-allow-passages-of-all-building-services-like-cables-electrical-wirings-telephone-cables-plumbing-pipes-etc-shall-be-protected-by-enclosure-in-the-form-of-ductsshafts-having-a-fire-resistance-not-less-than-120-min-central-electricity-authority-382-service-shafts-sealing-no-other-service-pipes-shall-be-taken-along-the-ducts-provided-for-laying-power-cables-all-ducts-provided-for-power-cables-and-other-services-shall-be-provided-with-fire-barrier-at-each-floor-crossing-nbc-2016-3454-electrical-cable-sealing-the-space-between-the-electrical-cablesconduits-and-the-wallsslabs-shall-be-filled-in-by-a-fire-stop-material-having-fire-resistance-rating-of-not-less-than-120-min-this-shall-exclude-requirement-of-fire-stop-sealing-for-low-voltage-services-shaft-nbc-2016-3461-electrical-shaft-sealing-the-electric-distribution-cableswiring-shall-be-laid-in-a-separate-shaft-the-shaft-shall-be-sealed-at-every-floor-with-fire-stop-materials-having-the-same-fire-resistance-as-that-of-the-floor-is-is-3034-electrical-cable-entry-sealing-all-cable-entries-in-the-switch-gear-room-shall-be-effectively-sealed-by-use-of-fire-stops-model-building-bye-laws-2016-714a-electrical-shaft-sealing-the-electric-distribution-cableswiring-shall-be-laid-in-a-separate-duct-shall-be-sealed-at-every-floor-with-non-combustible-material-having-the-same-fire-resistance-as-that-of-the-duct-gujarat-fire-prevention-and-life-safety-regulations-2023-1511-electrical-services-shaft-sealing-the-electric-distribution-cablewiring-shall-be-laid-in-a-separate-duct-the-duct-shall-be-sealed-at-every-floor-with-non-combustible-materials-having-the-same-fire-resistance-as-that-of-the-duct-nbc-2016-3463-meter-room-door-meter-rooms-on-upper-floors-shall-not-open-into-staircase-enclosures-and-should-be-ventilated-directly-to-open-air-outside-or-in-electrical-room-of-120-min-fire-resistant-walls-gujarat-fire-prevention-and-life-safety-regulations-2023-1511-electrical-servi 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https://eedemy.com/hydrostatic-test-pressure-working-pressure-rating-for-fire-system-july-28-2025-leave-a-comment-fire-system-hydrostatic-test-pressure-rating-the-hydrostatic-test-for-a-fire-water-line-system-is-to-pressurize-the-system-with-water-to-a-level-beyond-its-normal-operating-pressure-to-identify-any-leakages-and-weakness-in-pipes-and-its-components-to-ensure-that-fire-system-can-withstand-overpressure-in-fire-scenarios-hydro-test-can-help-to-identifying-and-repairing-these-leaks-before-the-system-is-put-into-service-to-prevents-potential-safety-hazards-environmental-damage-and-costly-downtime-this-test-is-crucial-for-verifying-that-the-fire-system-can-withstand-potential-pressures-during-a-fire-event-the-test-pressure-is-very-important-to-identify-the-leakages-if-pressure-is-too-high-than-it-may-be-damage-fire-pipes-its-components-and-if-the-pressure-is-too-low-than-it-will-not-identify-various-leakages-or-weak-point-of-the-fire-system-in-potential-overpressure-scenarios-fire-sprinkler-system-hydrostatic-test-pressure-rating-code-descriptions-nfpa-13-section-29211-hydrostatic-tests-acceptance-new-or-modified-sprinkler-installations-system-working-pressure-less-than-150-psi-10-kgcm2-should-a-hydrostatic-pressure-test-of-no-less-than-200-psi-138-kgcm2-for-2-hours-with-zero-loss-in-pressure-at-the-reference-gauge-or-visual-observation-of-a-leak-nfpa-13-section-29213-where-the-system-having-working-pressure-above-150-psi-10kgcm2-then-it-must-be-tested-to-the-system-working-pressure-50-psi-34-kgcm2-example-for-200-psi-working-pressure-have-testing-pressure-of-1434-174-kgcm2-nfpa-13-section-29214-where-fire-pump-is-used-for-a-system-testing-pressure-shall-be-determined-by-using-the-shut-off-pressure-of-the-pump-excluding-any-limiting-device-nfpa-13-section-101022-underground-piping-all-piping-and-attached-appurtenances-subjected-to-system-working-pressure-shall-be-hydrostatically-tested-at-200-psi-138-kgcm2-or-50-psi-35-kgcm2-in-excess-of-the-system-working-pressure-whichever-is-greater-and-shall-maintain-that-pressure-5-psi-035-kgcm2-for-2-hours-nfpa-13-section-25211-systems-acceptance-all-piping-and-attached-appurtenances-subjected-to-a-working-pressure-less-than-150-psi-10kgcm2-shall-be-hydrostatically-tested-at-200-psi-138-kgcm2-and-shall-maintain-that-pressure-without-loss-for-2-hours-portions-of-systems-where-working-pressures-in-excess-of-150-psi-104-kgcm2-shall-be-tested-at-a-pressure-of-50-psi-35-bar-in-excess-of-working-pressure-nfpa-20-section-14121-suction-and-discharge-piping-shall-be-hydrostatically-tested-at-not-less-than-200-psi-138-kgcm2-pressure-or-at-50-psi-34-kgcm2-in-excess-of-the-maximum-pressure-to-be-maintained-in-the-system-whichever-is-greater-the-pressure-shall-be-maintained-without-loss-for-2-hours-nfpa-25-section-6321-a-working-pressure-less-than-150-psi-10kgcm2-shall-be-hydrostatic-tests-of-not-less-than-200-psi-138-kgcm2-pressure-for-2-hours-or-at-50-psi-34-kgcm2-in-excess-of-the-maximum-pressure-where-maximum-pressure-is-in-excess-of-150-psi-103-bar-shall-be-conducted-every-5-years-on-manual-standpipe-systems-and-semiautomatic-dry-standpipe-systems-including-piping-in-the-fire-department-connection-nfpa-25-section-1374-the-piping-from-the-fire-department-connection-to-the-fire-department-check-valve-shall-be-hydrostatically-tested-at-150-psi-10-kgcm2-for-2-hours-at-least-once-every-5-years-nfpa-14-section-1141-requires-all-fdcs-to-be-tested-hydrostatically-at-not-less-than-200psi-14-kgcm2-or-50psi-35-kgcm2-in-excess-of-the-system-working-pressure-whichever-is-greater-for-a-duration-of-2-hours-is-151052-section-1016-the-installation-piping-from-the-pumphouse-up-to-the-installation-valve-and-also-the-installation-piping-with-sprinklers-shall-be-capable-of-withstanding-for-two-hours-a-pressure-equivalent-to-150-of-the-maximum-working-pressure-maximum-pressure-may-be-derive-from-fire-pump-data-sheet-is-13039-section-71-after-installation-the-system-should-be-capable-of-withstanding-pressure-equal-to-150-of-the-maximum-working-pressure-for-2-hour-maximum-pressure-may-be-derive-from-fire-pump-data-sheet-is-3844-section-81-the-system-should-be-tested-before-use-by-charging-with-water-to-a-pressure-of-700-kpa-7-kgcm2-measured-at-the-inlet-for-a-period-of-at-least-30-minutes-during-this-period-an-inspection-of-the-system-should-be-done-to-check-that-no-leakage-of-water-is-taking-place-at-any-of-the-joints-or-landing-valves-and-the-pressure-in-the-system-does-not-drop-by-more-than-50-kpa-05-kgcm2-bs-9251-section-622-the-installation-pipework-should-be-pressurized-to-a-minimum-pressure-of-15-bar-152-kgcm2-or-to-15-times-the-maximum-working-pressure-whichever-is-the-greater-for-1-hour-if-the-sprin 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2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-transformer-voltage-drop-due-to-starting-of-multiple-no-of-motors-calculate-voltage-drop-in-transformer-1000kva-110480kv-impedance-575-due-to-starting-of-300kw-three-phase-motor-and-5kw-single-phase-motor-460v-line-line-08-power-factor-locked-rotor-current-is-450-and-the-allowable-voltage-drop-at-transformer-secondary-terminal-is-10-motor-current-torque-motor-full-load-current-kwx10001732x-volt-l-lx-pf-motor-full-load-current30010001732x460x08-471-amp-motor-full-load-current-kwx1000-volt-l-px-pf-motor-full-load-current101000-4601732x08-24-amp-total-motor-full-load-current47124494-amp-motor-inrush-kva-at-starting-irsmvolt-x-locked-rotor-current-x-full-load-currentx1732-1000-motor-inrush-kva-at-starting-irsm460-x-2118x494x1732-10001772-kva-transformer-transformer-full-load-current-kva1732xvolt-transformer-full-load-current100017324801203-amp-short-circuit-current-at-tc-secondary-isc-transformer-full-load-current-impedance-short-circuit-current-at-tc-secondary-1203575-20919-amp-maximum-kva-of-tc-at-rated-short-circuit-current-q1-volt-x-iscx17321000-maximum-kva-of-tc-at-rated-short-circuit-current-q1-480x20919x17321000-17391-kva-voltage-drop-at-transformer-secondary-due-to-motor-inrush-vd-irsm-q1-voltage-drop-at-transformer-secondary-due-to-motor-inrush-vd-177217391-102-motor-full-load-current65-of-transformer-full-load-current-494-amp-65x1203-amp-471-amp-781-amp-here-motor-full-load-currenttc-full-load-current-but-voltage-drop-is-high-1020-so-size-of-transformer-is-not-adequate-required-to-increase-the-size-of-transformer 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-solar-panel-calculate-size-of-solar-panel-no-of-solar-panel-and-size-of-inverter-for-following-electrical-load-electrical-load-detail-1-nos-of-100w-computer-use-for-8-hoursday-2-nos-of-60w-fan-use-for-8-hoursday-1-nos-of-100w-cfl-light-use-for-8-hoursday-solar-system-detail-solar-system-voltage-as-per-battery-bank-48v-dc-loose-wiring-connection-factor-20-daily-sunshine-hour-in-summer-6-hoursday-daily-sunshine-hour-in-winter-45-hoursday-daily-sunshine-hour-in-monsoon-4-hoursday-inverter-detail-future-load-expansion-factor-10-inverter-efficiency-80-inverter-power-factor-08-calculation-step-1-calculate-electrical-usages-per-day-power-consumption-for-computer-no-x-watt-x-use-hoursday-power-consumption-for-computer-1x100x8-800-watt-hrday-power-consumption-for-fan-no-x-watt-x-use-hoursday-power-consumption-for-fan-2x60x8-960-watt-hrday-power-consumption-for-cfl-light-no-x-watt-x-use-hoursday-power-consumption-for-cfl-light-1x100x8-800-watt-hrday-total-electrical-load-800960800-2560-watt-hrday-step-2-calculate-solar-panel-size-average-sunshine-hours-daily-sunshine-hour-in-summer-winter-monsoon-3-average-sunshine-hours-6454-3-8-hours-total-electrical-load-2560-watt-hrday-required-size-of-solar-panel-electrical-load-avg-sunshine-x-correction-factor-required-size-of-solar-panel-2560-48-x-12-6356-watt-required-size-of-solar-panel-6356-watt-step-3-calculate-no-of-solar-panel-array-of-solar-panel-if-we-use-250-watt-24v-solar-panel-in-series-parallel-type-connection-in-series-parallel-connection-both-capacity-watt-and-volt-are-increases-no-of-string-of-solar-panel-watt-size-of-solar-panel-capacity-of-each-panel-no-of-string-of-solar-panel-watt-6356-250-25-nos-say-3-nos-no-of-solar-panel-in-each-string-solar-system-volt-each-solar-panel-volt-no-of-solar-panel-in-each-string-4824-2-nos-total-no-of-solar-panel-no-of-string-of-solar-panel-x-no-of-solar-panel-in-each-string-total-no-of-solar-panel-32-6-nos-total-no-of-solar-panel-6-nos-step-4-calculate-electrical-load-load-for-computer-no-x-watt-load-for-computer-1100-100-watt-load-for-fan-no-x-watt-load-for-fan-260-120-watt-load-for-cfl-light-no-x-watt-load-for-cfl-light-1100-100-watt-total-electrical-load-100120100-320-watt-step-5-calculate-size-of-inverter-total-electrical-load-in-watt-320-watt-total-electrical-load-in-va-watt-pf-total-electrical-load-in-va-32008-400va-size-of-inverter-total-load-x-correction-factor-efficiency-size-of-inverter-320-x-12-80-440-watt-size-of-inverter-400-x-12-80-600-va-size-of-inverter-440-watt-or-600-va-summary-required-size-of-solar-panel-6356-watt-size-of-each-solar-panel-250-watt-12-v-no-of-string-of-solar-panel-3-nos-no-of-solar-panel-in-each-string-2-nos-total-no-of-solar-panel-6-nos-total-size-of-solar-panel-750-watt-size-of-inverter-440-watt-or-600-va 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-main-elcb-brach-mcb-of-distribution-box-design-distribution-box-of-one-house-and-calculation-of-size-of-main-elcb-and-branch-circuit-mcb-as-following-load-detail-power-supply-is-430v-p-p-230-p-n-50hz-consider-demand-factor-06-for-non-continuous-load-1-for-continuous-load-for-each-equipment-branch-circuit-1-4-no-of-1phase-40w-lamp-of-non-continues-load-2-nos-of-1ph-60w-fan-of-non-continues-load-branch-circuit-2-2-no-of-1ph-200w-computer-of-non-continues-load-branch-circuit-3-1-no-of-1ph-200w-freeze-of-continues-load-branch-circuit-4-8-no-of-1ph-40w-lamp-of-non-continues-load-2-nos-of-1ph-60w-fan-of-non-continues-load-branch-circuit-5-4-no-of-1ph-40w-lamp-of-non-continues-load-1-nos-of-1ph-60w-fan-of-non-continues-load-1-nos-of-1ph-150w-tv-of-continues-load-branch-circuit-6-1-no-of-1p-17kw-geyser-of-non-continues-load-branch-circuit-7-1-no-of-1ph-3kw-ac-of-non-continues-load-branch-circuit-8-1-no-of-3ph-1hp-motor-pump-of-non-continues-load-untitled-fault-current-voltage-fault-current-230v-6ka-430v-10ka-11kv-25ka-class-of-mcbelcbrccb-type-of-load-class-sensitivity-lighting-b-class-in30ma-heater-b-class-in30ma-drive-c-class-in100ma-ac-c-class-in30ma-motor-c-class-in100ma-ballast-c-class-in30ma-induction-load-c-class-in100ma-transformer-d-class-in100ma-size-of-mcbelcb-current-amp-lighting-load-mcbelcb-amp-heatingcoolingmotor-pump-load-mcbelcb-amp-10-to-40-6-16-60-10-16-100-16-16-160-20-20-200-25-25-250-32-32-320-40-40-400-45-45-450-50-50-500-63-63-630-80-80-800-100-100-1000-125-125-1250-225-225-2250-600-600-6000-800-800-8000-1600-1600-16000-2000-2000-20000-3000-3000-30000-3200-3200-32000-4000-4000-40000-5000-5000-50000-6000-6000-60000-6000-6000-calculation-size-of-mcb-for-branch-circuit-1-load-current-of-lamp-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-4x40x06230040amp-load-current-of-fan-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-2x60x06230031amp-branch-circuit-1-current-as-per-nec-non-continues-load125-continues-load-branch-circuit-1-current-as-per-nec-040311250-073amp-type-of-loadlighting-type-class-of-mcbb-class-size-of-mcb6-amp-no-of-pole-of-mcbsingle-pole-size-of-mcb-for-branch-circuit-2-load-current-of-computer-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-2x200x06230104amp-branch-circuit-2-current-as-per-nec-non-continues-load125-continues-load-branch-circuit-2-current-as-per-nec-1041250-104amp-type-of-loadlighting-type-class-of-mcbb-class-size-of-mcb6-amp-breaking-capacity-6ka-no-of-pole-of-mcbsingle-pole-size-of-mcb-for-branch-circuit-3-load-current-of-freeze-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-1x200x06230087amp-branch-circuit-3-current-as-per-nec-non-continues-load125-continues-load-branch-circuit-3-current-as-per-nec-0871250-087amp-type-of-loadlighting-type-class-of-mcbb-class-size-of-mcb6-amp-breaking-capacity-6ka-no-of-pole-of-mcbsingle-pole-size-of-mcb-for-branch-circuit-4-load-current-of-lamp-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-8x40x06230083amp-load-current-of-fan-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-2x60x06230031amp-branch-circuit-4-current-as-per-nec-non-continues-load125-continues-load-branch-circuit-4-current-as-per-nec-0830311250-115amp-type-of-loadlighting-type-class-of-mcbb-class-size-of-mcb6-amp-breaking-capacity-6ka-no-of-pole-of-mcbsingle-pole-size-of-mcb-for-branch-circuit-5-load-current-of-lamp-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-4x40x06230042amp-load-current-of-fan-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-1x60x06230016amp-load-current-of-tv-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-1x150x1230065amp-branch-circuit-5-current-as-per-nec-non-continues-load125-continues-load-branch-circuit-5-current-as-per-nec-042016125065-057082139amp-type-of-loadlighting-type-class-of-mcbb-class-size-of-mcb6-amp-breaking-capacity-6ka-no-of-pole-of-mcbsingle-pole-size-of-mcb-for-branch-circuit-6-load-current-of-geyser-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-1x1700x06230443amp-branch-circuit-6-current-as-per-nec-non-continues-load125-continues-load-branch-circuit-6-current-as-per-nec-4431250-443amp-type-of-loadheating-cooling-type-class-of-mcbc-class-size-of-mcb16-amp-breaking-capacity-6ka-no-of-pole-of-mcbsingle-pole-size-of-mcb-for-branch-circuit-7-load-current-of-ac-no-x-watt-x-demand-factorvolt-1x3000x06230783amp-branch-circuit-7-current-as-per-nec-non-continues-load125-continues-load-branch-circuit-7-current-as-per-nec-7831250-783amp-type-of-loadheating-cooling-type 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-weight-of-electrical-panel-example-1-single-compartment-panel-calculate-electrical-panel-weight-having-height-of-800mm-width-of-200mm-and-depth-of-500mm-the-panel-material-is-crca-steel-having-2mm-thickness-crca-steel-density-is-7860-kgm3-panel-is-mounted-on-ms-angle-stand-of-25x25x45-mm-height-of-stand-is-500mm-weight-of-ms-angle-is-16kgmeter-1-calculation-we-need-to-calculate-weight-of-crca-steel-sheet-for-front-top-and-side-of-panel-front-side-front-back-from-front-side-we-can-see-either-3-nos-of-plate-front-back-and-switchgear-mounting-plate-or-2-nos-of-plate-front-and-back-according-to-type-of-panel-front-back-side-steel-sheet-weight-height-x-width-x-density-of-sheet-x-thickness-of-sheet-x-no-of-sheet-front-back-side-steel-sheet-weight-08-x-05-x-7860-x-0002-x-3-front-back-side-steel-sheet-weight-1886-kg-top-side-top-bottom-top-side-steel-sheet-weight-height-x-depth-x-density-of-sheet-x-thickness-of-sheet-x-no-of-sheet-top-side-steel-sheet-weight-02-x-05-x-7860-x-0002-x-2-top-side-steel-sheet-weight-314-kg-side-left-right-side-steel-sheet-weight-height-x-depth-x-density-of-sheet-x-thickness-of-sheet-x-no-of-sheet-side-steel-sheet-weight-08-x-02-x-7860-x-0002-x-2-side-steel-sheet-weight-503-kg-panel-ms-stand-weight-total-peripheral-length-of-panel-5005002002001400-14-meter-height-of-stand-is-500mm-length-of-ms-angle-500420002-meter-total-length-of-25x25x45-mm-ms-angle-14234-meter-weight-of-25x25x45-mm-ms-angle-is-16-kgmeter-total-75mm-ms-base-channel-weight-34-x-16-544-kg-total-panel-weight-total-electrical-panel-weight-front-sheet-weight-top-sheet-weight-side-sheet-weight-ms-stand-total-electrical-panel-weight-1886-314-503-544-3247-kg-considering-extra-20-weight-for-hinges-lock-etc-total-electrical-panel-weight-3247-x-12-3897-kg-total-electrical-panel-weight-3897-kg-example-2-multi-compartment-panel-calculate-electrical-panel-weight-having-height-of-2300mm-width-of-3700mm-and-depth-of-500mm-the-panel-material-is-crca-steel-having-2mm-thickness-crca-steel-density-is-7860-kgm3-the-panel-mounting-base-channel-is-75mm-3-calculation-we-need-to-calculate-weight-of-crca-steel-sheet-for-front-top-and-side-of-panel-for-each-compartment-of-panel-here-main-size-of-compartment-is-600mm300mm-and-400mm-1-for-600mm-compartment-4-front-side-front-back-from-front-side-we-can-see-3-nos-of-plate-front-back-and-switchgear-mounting-plate-total-height3001800200230023meter-front-back-side-steel-sheet-weight-height-x-width-x-density-of-sheet-x-thickness-of-sheet-x-no-of-sheet-front-back-side-steel-sheet-weight-23-x-06-x-7860-x-0002-x-3-front-back-side-steel-sheet-weight-6508-kg1-top-side-top-bottom-top-side-steel-sheet-weight-height-x-depth-x-density-of-sheet-x-thickness-of-sheet-x-no-of-sheet-top-side-steel-sheet-weight-06-x-05-x-7860-x-0002-x-4-top-side-steel-sheet-weight-1886-kg2-side-left-right-side-steel-sheet-weight-height-x-depth-x-density-of-sheet-x-thickness-of-sheet-x-no-of-sheet-side-steel-sheet-weight-23-x-05-x-7860-x-0002-x-2-side-steel-sheet-weight-3615-kg3-total-600mm-compartment-weight-600mm-compartment-weight-1-2-3-6508188636151201kg-no-of-600mm-compartment-in-panel1-no-total-600mm-compartment-weight-120111201-kga-2-for-300mm-compartment-5-front-side-front-back-from-front-side-we-can-see-2-nos-of-plate-front-and-back-in-busbar-chamber-base-plate-is-not-required-total-height3001800200230023meter-front-back-side-steel-sheet-weight-height-x-width-x-density-of-sheet-x-thickness-of-sheet-x-no-of-sheet-front-back-side-steel-sheet-weight-23-x-03-x-7860-x-0002-x-2-front-back-side-steel-sheet-weight-2169-kg1-top-side-top-bottom-top-side-steel-sheet-weight-height-x-depth-x-density-of-sheet-x-thickness-of-sheet-x-no-of-sheet-top-side-steel-sheet-weight-03-x-05-x-7860-x-0002-x-4-top-side-steel-sheet-weight-943-kg2-side-left-right-side-steel-sheet-weight-height-x-depth-x-density-of-sheet-x-thickness-of-sheet-x-no-of-sheet-side-steel-sheet-weight-23-x-05-x-7860-x-0002-x-1-we-can-see-2-nos-of-plate-but-1-no-of-plate-is-already-considered-in-adjoin-600mm-compartment-side-steel-sheet-weight-1807-kg3-total-300mm-compartment-weight-300mm-compartment-weight-1-2-3-216994318074920kg-no-of-300mm-compartment-in-panel5-no-total-300mm-compartment-weight-4920524601-kgb-4-for-400mm-compartment-6-front-side-front-back-fro 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 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https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-circuit-breaker-fuse-for-transformer-as-per-nec-calculate-size-of-circuit-breaker-or-fuse-on-primary-and-secondary-side-of-transformer-having-following-detail-transformer-detailsp-1000kva-primary-voltage-vp-11000-volt-secondary-voltage-vs-430-volt-transformer-impedance-5-transformer-connection-delta-star-transformer-is-in-unsupervised-condition-calculations-transformer-primary-current-ip-p1732xvp-transformer-primary-current-ip100000017321100049amp-transformer-secondary-current-is-p1732xvs-transformer-secondary-current-is1000000173243071amp-as-per-nec-4503-maxrating-of-cb-or-fuse-is-following-of-its-current-according-to-its-primary-voltage-impedance-and-supervisedunsupervised-condition-max-rating-of-over-current-protection-for-unsupervised-transformer-more-than-600-volts-as-per-nec-imp-primary-secondary-600volt-600volt-600volt-cb-fuse-cb-fuse-cbfuse-up-to-6-600-300-300-250-125-more-than-6-400-300-250-225-125-max-rating-of-over-current-protection-for-supervised-transformer-more-than-600-volts-as-per-nec-imp-primary-secondary-600volt-600volt-600volt-cb-fuse-cb-fuse-cbfuse-up-to-6-600-300-300-250-250-more-than-6-400-300-250-225-250-max-rating-of-over-current-protection-for-transformers-primary-voltage-less-than-600-volts-as-per-nec-protection-primary-protection-secondary-protection-method-more-than-9a-2a-to-9a-less-than-2a-more-than-9a-less-than-9a-primary-only-protection-125-167-300-not-required-not-required-primary-and-secondary-protection-250-250-250-125-167-size-of-fuse-inverse-time-cb-as-per-nec-amp-1-25-60-125-250-600-2000-3-30-70-150-300-700-2500-6-35-80-160-350-800-3000-10-40-90-175-400-1000-4000-15-45-100-200-450-1200-5000-20-50-110-225-500-1600-6000-for-primary-side-transformer-primary-current-ip-5249amp-and-impedance-is-5-as-per-above-table-in-not-supervised-condition-size-of-circuit-breaker-600-of-primary-current-size-of-circuit-breaker-5249-x-600-315amp-if-transformer-is-in-supervised-condition-then-select-circuit-breaker-near-that-size-but-if-transformer-is-in-unsupervised-condition-then-select-circuit-breaker-next-higher-size-rating-of-circuit-breaker-350amp-next-higher-size-of-300amp-size-of-fuse-5249-x300-157amp-rating-of-fuse-160amp-next-higher-size-of-150amp-for-secondary-side-transformer-secondary-current-is-134270amp-and-impedance-is-5-as-per-above-table-in-not-supervised-condition-size-of-circuit-breaker-125-of-secondary-current-size-of-circuit-breaker-134270-x-125-1678amp-if-transformer-is-in-supervised-condition-then-select-circuit-breaker-near-that-size-but-if-transformer-is-in-unsupervised-condition-then-select-circuit-breaker-next-higher-size-rating-of-circuit-breaker-2000amp-next-higher-size-of-1600amp-size-of-fuse-134270-x125-1678amp-rating-of-fuse-2000amp-next-higher-size-of-1600amp-results-size-of-circuit-breaker-on-primary-side350amp-size-of-fuse-on-primary-side160amp-size-of-circuit-breaker-on-secondary-side2000amp-size-of-fuse-on-secondary-side2000amp 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https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-neutral-earthing-transformer-net-calculate-size-of-neutral-earthing-transformer-net-having-following-details-main-transformer-detail-primary-voltagepvl-33kv-secondary-voltage-svl-11-kv-frequencyf50hz-transformer-capacitance-phasec10006-farad-transformer-cable-capacitance-phasec2-0003-farad-surge-arrestor-capacitance-phasec3025-farad-other-capacitance-phasec40-farad-required-for-neutral-earthing-transformer-primary-voltage-of-the-grounding-transformer-vp-11kv-secondary-voltage-of-the-grounding-transformer-vs-240v-neutral-earthing-transformer-reactance-x40-of-force-field-condition-for-neutral-earthing-transformer-ff-30-neutral-earthing-transformer-overloading-factorof26-neutral-earthing-transformer-base-kv-bv-240v0240kv-calculation-phase-to-neutral-voltage-vp1-svl-1732-phase-to-neutral-voltage-vp1-11-1732-635-kv-phase-to-neutral-voltage-under-force-field-condition-vf-vp-vpxff-phase-to-neutral-voltage-under-force-field-condition-vf635-63530-826kv-total-zero-sequence-capacitance-cc1c2c3c4-total-zero-sequence-capacitance-c0006000030250047730-farad-total-zero-sequence-capacitance-reactance-to-ground-xc106-2314xfxc-total-zero-sequence-capacitance-reactance-to-ground-xc106-2314x50x047730667235-phase-capacitive-charging-currentphase-icvf-xc-capacitive-charging-currentphase-ic8261000-667235-124amp-total-capacitive-charging-current-it-3xic-total-capacitive-charging-current-it-3xic-3124-371amp-rating-of-neutral-earthing-transformer-prvpxit-rating-of-neutral-earthing-transformer-pr113714083kva-size-of-neutral-earthing-transformer-ppr-of-size-of-neutral-earthing-transformer-p4083-26-16kva-residual-capacitive-reactance-xct-xc3-l-capacitive-reactance-xct-667235-3-222412-turns-ratio-of-the-grounding-transformer-n-vpvs-11000240-4583-required-grounding-resistor-value-at-secondary-side-rsecxctnxn-required-grounding-resistor-value-at-secondary-side-rsec222412-45834583-1059-required-grounding-resistor-value-at-primary-side-rpxct-grounding-resistor-value-at-primary-side-rp-222412-neutral-earthing-transformer-secondary-currentpvs-neutral-earthing-transformer-secondary-current16000230-6544amp-neutral-earthing-transformer-secondary-resistor-current-for-30-sec13xitxn-neutral-earthing-transformer-secondary-resistor-current-for-30-sec13371458322118amp-neutral-earthing-transformer-reactance-basebase-xbvxbvp1000-neutral-earthing-transformer-reactance-basebase-x024024111000367-neutral-earthing-transformer-reactance-in-pu-xpux-40004pu-neutral-earthing-transformer-reactance-xxpu-x-basex-neutral-earthing-transformer-reactance-x004367-015-neutral-earthing-transformer-xr-ratioxrsec-neutral-earthing-transformer-xr-ratio0151059-014-fault-current-through-neutral-single-line-to-ground-fault-ifvp1rp-fault-current-through-neutral-single-line-to-ground-fault-if6351000222412-286amp-short-time-rating-of-neutral-earthing-transformerpxof-1626-41kva-result-rating-of-neutral-earthing-transformer-p4083-26-16kva-short-time-rating-of-neutral-earthing-transformer41kva-ratio-of-neutral-earthing-transformer-11000240-volt-neutral-earthing-transformer-secondary-current6544a-required-grounding-resistor-value-at-primary-side-rp222412-required-resistance-at-secondary-side-rsec-1059-neutral-earthing-transformer-secondary-resistor-current-for-30-sec-2212a 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-circuit-breaker-fuse-for-transformer-as-per-nec-calculate-size-of-circuit-breaker-or-fuse-on-primary-and-secondary-side-of-transformer-having-following-detail-transformer-detailsp-1000kva-primary-voltage-vp-11000-volt-secondary-voltage-vs-430-volt-transformer-impedance-5-transformer-connection-delta-star-transformer-is-in-unsupervised-condition-calculations-transformer-primary-current-ip-p1732xvp-transformer-primary-current-ip100000017321100049amp-transformer-secondary-current-is-p1732xvs-transformer-secondary-current-is1000000173243071amp-as-per-nec-4503-maxrating-of-cb-or-fuse-is-following-of-its-current-according-to-its-primary-voltage-impedance-and-supervisedunsupervised-condition-max-rating-of-over-current-protection-for-unsupervised-transformer-more-than-600-volts-as-per-nec-imp-primary-secondary-600volt-600volt-600volt-cb-fuse-cb-fuse-cbfuse-up-to-6-600-300-300-250-125-more-than-6-400-300-250-225-125-max-rating-of-over-current-protection-for-supervised-transformer-more-than-600-volts-as-per-nec-imp-primary-secondary-600volt-600volt-600volt-cb-fuse-cb-fuse-cbfuse-up-to-6-600-300-300-250-250-more-than-6-400-300-250-225-250-max-rating-of-over-current-protection-for-transformers-primary-voltage-less-than-600-volts-as-per-nec-protection-primary-protection-secondary-protection-method-more-than-9a-2a-to-9a-less-than-2a-more-than-9a-less-than-9a-primary-only-protection-125-167-300-not-required-not-required-primary-and-secondary-protection-250-250-250-125-167-size-of-fuse-inverse-time-cb-as-per-nec-amp-1-25-60-125-250-600-2000-3-30-70-150-300-700-2500-6-35-80-160-350-800-3000-10-40-90-175-400-1000-4000-15-45-100-200-450-1200-5000-20-50-110-225-500-1600-6000-for-primary-side-transformer-primary-current-ip-5249amp-and-impedance-is-5-as-per-above-table-in-not-supervised-condition-size-of-circuit-breaker-600-of-primary-current-size-of-circuit-breaker-5249-x-600-315amp-if-transformer-is-in-supervised-condition-then-select-circuit-breaker-near-that-size-but-if-transformer-is-in-unsupervised-condition-then-select-circuit-breaker-next-higher-size-rating-of-circuit-breaker-350amp-next-higher-size-of-300amp-size-of-fuse-5249-x300-157amp-rating-of-fuse-160amp-next-higher-size-of-150amp-for-secondary-side-transformer-secondary-current-is-134270amp-and-impedance-is-5-as-per-above-table-in-not-supervised-condition-size-of-circuit-breaker-125-of-secondary-current-size-of-circuit-breaker-134270-x-125-1678amp-if-transformer-is-in-supervised-condition-then-select-circuit-breaker-near-that-size-but-if-transformer-is-in-unsupervised-condition-then-select-circuit-breaker-next-higher-size-rating-of-circuit-breaker-2000amp-next-higher-size-of-1600amp-size-of-fuse-134270-x125-1678amp-rating-of-fuse-2000amp-next-higher-size-of-1600amp-results-size-of-circuit-breaker-on-primary-side350amp-size-of-fuse-on-primary-side160amp-size-of-circuit-breaker-on-secondary-side2000amp-size-of-fuse-on-secondary-side2000amp 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 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2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 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https://eedemy.com/calculate-no-of-street-light-poles-typical-calculation-of-road-lighting-luminaries-are-properly-selected-and-mounted-on-a-location-most-feasible-and-effective-with-minimum-cost-for-a-230-volts-system-a-voltage-drop-of-5-is-allowed-although-in-extreme-cases-15-voltage-drop-is-sometimes-tolerated-3-street-illumination-level-in-lux-eal-x-cu-x-mf-w-x-d-e-the-illumination-in-lux-w-width-of-the-roadway-d-distance-between-luminaries-cu-coefficient-of-utilization-which-is-dependent-on-the-type-of-fixture-mounting-height-width-of-roadway-and-the-length-of-mast-arm-of-outreach-al-average-lumens-al-e-x-w-x-d-cu-x-mf-the-typical-value-of-al-is-20500-lumens-for-400-watts-11500-lumens-for-250-watts-5400-lumens-for-125-watts-the-value-of-al-varies-depending-upon-the-type-of-lamp-specified-mf-it-is-the-maintenance-factor-normally-08-to-09-1-calculate-lamp-watt-for-street-light-pole-calculate-lamp-lumen-for-street-light-pole-having-road-width-of-7-meter-distance-between-two-pole-is-50-meter-maintenance-factor-is-09-coefficient-of-utilization-factor-is-029-light-pedestrian-traffic-is-medium-and-vehicular-traffic-is-very-light-and-road-is-concrete-road-solution-from-above-table-recommended-of-illumination-e-in-lux-is-646-per-sq-meter-w-700-meters-d-50-meters-mf-09-cu-029-to-decide-lamp-watt-it-is-necessary-to-calculate-average-lumens-of-lamp-al-average-lumen-of-lamp-ale-x-w-x-d-cu-x-mf-al646x7x5002909-866283-average-lumen-lamp-lumen-of-a-250-watts-lamp-is-11500-lm-which-is-the-nearest-value-to-866283-lumen-therefore-a-250-watts-lamp-is-acceptable-lets-computing-for-the-actual-illumination-e-for-250-watt-lamp-illumination-eal-x-cu-x-mf-w-x-d-e-1150002909-750-857-lumen-per-sq-meter-conclusion-actual-illumination-e-for-250-watt-is-857-lumen-per-sq-meter-which-is-higher-than-recommended-illumination-e-646-hence-250-watt-gives-adequately-lighting-2-calculate-spacing-between-two-light-poles-calculate-space-between-two-pole-of-street-light-having-fixture-watt-is-250w-lamp-output-of-the-lamp-ll-is-33200-lumens-required-lux-level-e-is-5-lux-width-of-the-road-w-1148-feet-35-mheight-of-the-pole-h-2624-feet-8-m-coefficient-of-utilization-cu-018-lamp-lumen-depreciation-factor-lld-08-luminaries-dirt-depreciation-factor-ldd-09-solution-luminaries-spacing-s-llxcuxlldxldd-exw-luminaries-spacing-s-332000180908-51148-luminaries-spacing-s-75-feet-23-meters-3-calculation-of-the-allowed-illumination-time-the-allowed-illumination-time-in-hours-t-kt1000e-where-k-extension-factor-t-permissible-time-in-hours-at-1000-lux-unfiltered-daylight-e-luminance-lx-extension-factor-lamp-extension-factor-incandescent-lamps-27-to-32-halogen-reflector-lamps-25-to-35-halogen-capsules-25-to-35-high-pressure-metal-halide-11-to-21-high-pressure-sodium-lamps-4-fluorescent-lamps-19-to-27-example-in-sunlight-100000-lux-and-extension-factor-1-the-permissible-illumination-time-t-1-x-70-x-1000100-000-07-hour-in-halogen-light-200-lux-and-extension-factor-23-the-permissible-illumination-time-t-23-x-70-x-1000200-805-hours-in-uv-filtered-halogen-light-200-lux-and-extension-factor-35-the-permissible-illumination-time-t-35-x-70-x-1000200-1225-hours-4-calculate-uniformity-ratio-once-luminaries-spacing-has-been-decided-it-is-necessary-to-check-the-uniformity-of-light-distribution-and-compare-this-value-to-the-selected-lighting-uniformity-ratio-ur-eav-emin-eav-average-maintained-horizontal-luminance-emin-maintained-horizontal-luminance-at-the-point-of-minimum-illumination-on-the-pavement-5-energy-saving-calculations-at-a-simplistic-level-the-cost-of-running-a-light-is-directly-related-to-the-wattage-of-the-globe-plus-any-associated-ballast-or-transformer-the-higher-the-wattage-the-higher-the-running-cost-and-it-is-a-straightforward-calculation-to-work-out-the-running-cost-of-lamp-over-its-lifetime-running-cost-cost-of-electricity-in-kwh-x-wattage-of-lamp-x-lifetime-in-hours-calculate-lux-level-for-street-lighting-the-average-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-street-light-poles-on-the-lane-of-light-poles-one-side-pole-to-road-we-have-3-points-p1p2-and-p3-under-the-light-pole-then-p4-p7-are-points-opposite-pole-1-or-point-p3-same-is-applicable-for-p6-and-p9-for-pole-2-the-average-lux-p1p3p7p916p2p6p8p48p54-2 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https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-1-introduction-working-plane-illuminance-lux-level-need-to-be-measured-in-the-field-for-cross-check-of-whether-the-existing-installation-meets-a-design-requirement-or-not-field-surveys-may-also-be-useful-to-identifying-the-causes-of-complaints-about-lighting-hence-the-results-of-field-surveys-may-be-useful-for-the-designer-installers-and-end-users-there-are-various-methods-are-developed-for-field-measurement-of-interior-lighting-and-external-lighting-the-measurement-methods-recommended-by-the-various-national-lighting-bodies-are-generally-similar-or-slightly-derivatives-to-each-other-the-most-common-method-standard-is-bee-cibse-ies-and-din-code-the-most-of-methods-require-to-measurement-of-illuminance-at-points-on-a-grid-at-working-plane-height-or-at-floor-but-the-grid-size-and-position-of-the-measuring-points-may-be-differed-from-various-standard-to-standard-the-ies-method-and-its-derivatives-use-the-position-of-the-grid-according-to-the-luminaire-locations-the-cibse-and-din-methods-use-a-position-of-grid-according-to-the-room-size-the-techniques-of-analysis-of-the-field-measurement-results-also-differ-basic-requirements-for-exterior-interior-light-level-measurement-the-following-points-should-be-considered-for-accurate-measurement-of-interior-and-exterior-lighting-lux-level-where-possible-use-the-same-calibrated-illuminance-measurement-meter-lux-meter-if-the-same-meter-is-not-available-use-the-same-make-and-model-of-calibrated-meter-to-minimize-error-when-taking-measurements-verify-that-any-objectsmaterials-are-not-blocking-any-light-to-the-meter-head-the-use-of-a-remote-meter-head-cabled-to-the-meter-body-is-recommended-to-prevent-the-operator-from-blocking-the-meters-view-of-the-lighting-system-being-measured-in-outdoor-lighting-it-is-essential-to-measure-of-illuminance-should-be-done-in-night-proper-dark-for-indoor-lighting-measurements-with-lights-on-and-lights-off-technique-can-be-followed-and-the-daylight-variation-is-not-too-much-and-the-survey-time-is-not-too-long-in-an-installation-of-fluorescent-discharge-lamps-the-lamps-must-be-switched-on-at-least-30-minutes-before-the-measurement-to-allow-for-the-lamps-to-be-completely-warmed-up-in-many-situations-the-measuring-plane-may-not-be-specified-or-even-non-existent-hence-it-is-necessary-to-define-measurement-height-typically-08-to-1-meter-from-the-ground-or-floor-level-the-lux-measurement-procedure-simply-requires-positioning-a-meters-sensor-on-the-surface-or-location-where-you-wish-to-measure-the-incident-light-the-sensor-should-face-the-light-source-at-a-right-angle-if-the-sensor-is-not-perpendicular-to-the-light-the-measurement-will-be-incorrect-though-some-lux-meters-have-a-cosine-correction-to-account-for-the-angle-meters-that-require-a-colour-correction-factor-may-have-a-means-of-inputting-the-ccf-to-adjust-the-result-for-leds-or-fluorescent-lights-otherwise-you-will-have-to-manually-multiply-the-measured-lux-by-the-ccf-indoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-as-per-room-index-method-as-per-bee-code-cibse-code-this-methos-is-more-suitable-where-measuring-plan-points-for-an-interior-is-more-rectangular-than-square-first-we-need-to-be-found-room-index-based-on-the-room-index-the-minimum-number-of-illuminance-measurement-points-is-decided-by-room-index-number-room-index-ri-l-x-w-h-x-l-w-where-l-length-of-room-w-width-of-room-h-height-of-the-luminaires-above-the-plane-of-measurement-table-4-2-number-of-points-for-measuring-illuminance-room-index-minimum-number-of-measurement-points-for-5-accuracy-for-10-accuracy-ri-1-8-4-1-ri-2-18-9-2-ri-3-32-16-ri-3-50-25-sample-calculation-measure-illumination-level-of-an-office-room-have-length-l-75-m-and-width-w-5-m-solution-suppose-height-of-illumination-from-floor-is-2-meter-room-index-ri-l-x-w-h-x-l-w-room-index-ri-75-x-5-2-x-75-5-room-index-ri-15-from-table-42-minimum-illumination-measure-points-should-be-18-nos-the-illuminance-measurements-points-with-measured-value-in-lux-are-marked-on-the-grid-1-measurement-reading-details-107-lux-99-lux-85-lux-65-lux-65-lux-45-lux-73-lux-130-lux-105-lux-110-lux-86-lux-87-lux-59-lux-50-lux-58-lux-99-lux-75-lux-106-lux-115-lux-76-lux-min-45-lux-max-130-lux-average-85-lux-u1minavg-05-lux-u2minmax-03-lux-2-as-per-point-layout-method-for-office-and-other-task-areas-identify-a-set-of-measurements-points-on-desktops-and-other-work-surfaces-that-best-represents-lighting-conditions-in-the-space-it-may-not-be-possible-to-develop-a-uniform-spacing-grid-but-points-should-be-chosen-that-represent-the-various-lighting-c 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https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-2-3-as-per-deutsch-norm-din-5035-in-this-method-the-working-plane-divide-into-a-number-of-sections-which-are-at-least-rectangular-of-ratio-of-length-to-side-not-less-than-1-2-but-which-are-preferably-of-square-shape-a-square-grid-of-minimum-size-1-meter-is-established-within-each-section-with-a-measurement-point-at-the-centre-of-each-square-the-grid-module-defining-the-measurement-points-is-selected-so-as-not-to-coincide-with-the-luminaire-grid-in-either-principal-direction-in-exceptionally-large-interiors-the-grid-size-may-be-up-to-5-meters-there-is-not-any-mention-of-accuracy-limits-of-the-method-but-this-is-not-surprising-given-the-flexibility-which-the-user-of-the-method-is-allowed-in-choice-of-grid-size-the-din-system-is-the-only-one-of-the-three-methods-studied-to-give-any-advice-concerning-illuminance-measurements-in-obstructed-interiors-areas-of-the-working-plane-located-between-large-obstructions-are-treated-for-measurement-purposes-as-separate-spaces-1-outdoor-illumination-lux-level-measurement-1-nine-point-method-for-determining-lux-levels-in-street-lighting-the-lux-level-of-street-light-is-measured-by-9-point-method-we-need-to-make-two-equal-quadrants-between-two-light-poles-and-between-pole-and-rode-edge-two-measuring-points-below-light-pole-a1a2-and-two-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-a3a4-two-point-between-pole-and-road-edge-b1b3-one-point-between-pole-b2-and-on-one-point-between-opposite-side-of-pole-at-road-edge-b4-one-point-is-at-centre-c1-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-2-solution-26-lux-27-lux-13-lux-12-lux-15-lux-14-lux-26-lux-32-lux-22-lux-average-lux-a1a2a3a416-b1b2b3b48-c14-average-lux-2626132216-122714328-154-average-lux-20lux-min-12-lux-max-32-lux-avg-20-lux-u1minavg-058-u2minmax-038-2-as-per-grid-point-set-up-measurement-identify-a-horizontal-grid-of-measurement-points-on-the-illumination-measurement-site-surface-locate-measurement-points-on-gridlines-covering-the-test-measurement-area-ensure-that-the-spacing-between-measurement-points-is-uniform-in-both-directions-and-is-less-than-one-half-the-pole-height-or-less-than-45-meter-whichever-is-smaller-for-installations-with-lights-spaced-less-than-45-meter-apart-locate-measurement-points-no-farther-apart-that-one-half-the-pole-height-with-at-least-three-points-between-poles-in-both-directions-record-the-location-of-all-measurement-grids-and-point-layouts-with-dimensions-from-surrounding-poles-or-other-structures-provide-this-information-including-a-sketch-or-rendering-of-the-grid-layouts-for-open-areas-such-as-main-parking-make-the-measurement-grid-large-enough-to-cover-at-least-four-poles-of-this-area-layout-and-at-least-two-pole-are-covered-for-site-perimeter-open-areas-or-areas-adjacent-to-a-building-edge-establish-the-test-area-measurement-grid-in-a-typical-perimeter-or-building-edge-area-the-depth-of-the-test-area-should-extend-from-the-paved-site-boundary-or-building-edge-inward-to-the-nearest-line-of-light-poles-that-are-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-the-width-of-the-test-area-must-cover-at-least-two-of-the-poles-in-the-line-that-is-at-least-45-meter-from-the-boundary-or-building-edge-a-in-open-area-3-b-in-the-area-of-site-perimeter-4-c-near-site-boundary-area-5 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https://eedemy.com/measurement-of-lux-level-and-uniformity-at-indoor-and-outdoor-lighting-part-3-3-grid-method-to-measure-illumination-on-the-road-the-arrangement-of-the-measuring-points-depends-on-the-distance-between-the-illumination-pole-and-the-width-of-the-road-the-measurement-of-illuminance-should-be-performed-on-the-area-in-longitudinal-direction-two-consecutive-luminaires-in-the-same-row-and-in-transverse-direction-the-width-of-the-area-with-the-same-illumination-class-ie-if-the-road-and-adjacent-pavement-or-bicycle-path-have-the-same-illumination-class-they-may-be-considered-as-one-area-during-the-measurements-the-measuring-points-should-be-distributed-evenly-within-the-measuring-field-the-distance-between-the-measuring-points-d-in-meter-in-the-longitudinal-direction-should-be-calculated-using-the-formula-the-distance-between-the-measuring-point-in-longitude-ds-n-where-s-the-distance-between-the-luminaires-in-m-n-the-number-of-measurement-points-in-the-longitudinal-direction-for-s-30-m-it-is-n-10-for-s-30-m-the-smallest-integer-giving-d-3-m-the-distance-between-measurement-points-d-in-meter-in-the-transverse-direction-should-be-calculated-with-the-formula-the-distance-between-the-measuring-point-in-transverse-d-wr-n-where-wr-the-width-of-the-road-or-the-area-under-consideration-in-meter-n-the-number-of-measurement-points-in-the-transverse-direction-equal-to-3-or-more-and-being-an-integer-giving-d-15-m-the-distance-between-the-points-and-the-edges-of-the-surface-under-consideration-should-be-d2-in-the-longitudinal-direction-and-d2-in-the-transverse-direction-the-location-of-the-measurement-points-in-the-measuring-field-is-shown-in-figure-1-4-equal-space-method-in-this-method-at-least10-equal-measuring-points-are-taken-between-two-lighting-pole-on-one-side-of-the-roadway-these-measurement-points-cannot-be-spaced-more-than-5-meters-apart-two-lines-of-measurement-points-are-needed-per-driving-lane-one-half-lane-width-apart-once-you-have-taken-all-of-your-illuminance-measurements-you-can-calculate-an-average-illuminance-for-the-section-of-roadway-you-have-measured-2-what-is-lighting-uniformity-light-uniformity-refers-to-the-uniformity-of-lighting-in-an-environment-it-is-necessary-to-maintain-the-uniformity-of-light-in-order-to-make-sure-that-everything-is-perfectly-visible-in-the-room-uniformity-is-the-ratio-of-the-minimum-lighting-level-to-the-average-lighting-level-in-a-specified-area-u1-e-min-e-average-u2-e-min-e-maximum-u-e-stands-for-uniformity-illuminance-respectively-uniformity-is-a-quality-parameter-for-the-overall-illuminance-distribution-it-is-quite-useful-to-use-this-uniformity-ratio-to-describe-how-the-lights-are-evenly-distributed-on-the-ground-if-the-difference-between-minimum-and-average-lux-is-small-then-the-ratio-is-high-which-gives-better-light-uniformity-the-maximum-lighting-uniformity-is-1-which-means-the-lux-levels-in-all-the-sampling-points-are-the-same-however-it-is-very-unlikely-to-achieve-this-maximum-value-for-artificial-lighting-if-the-uniformity-is-very-low-for-the-outdoor-or-indoor-lighting-the-citizens-workers-or-athletes-might-feel-uncomfortable-and-thus-their-vision-is-affected-the-more-uniform-the-light-distribution-the-better-the-illuminance-and-the-more-comfortable-the-visual-experience-the-closer-the-illuminance-uniformity-is-to-1-the-better-otherwise-the-smaller-the-more-visual-fatigue-how-to-improve-lighting-uniformity-adjust-the-aiming-angle-of-the-floodlight-the-lights-irradiated-by-the-floodlights-should-overlap-each-other-use-pole-lights-high-power-floodlights-street-lights-etc-to-supplement-lighting-light-uniformity-standard-there-are-different-light-uniformity-standards-that-need-to-be-followed-depending-on-the-nature-of-the-environment-most-focus-intensive-tasks-require-a-uniformity-index-of-around-06-whereas-technical-drawing-and-other-demanding-tasks-require-a-ratio-of-at-least-07-uniformity-value-greater-than-060-is-recommended-in-working-areas-because-above-this-level-the-change-in-light-levels-cannot-be-sensed-by-people-and-that-makes-them-comfortable-proper-lighting-of-the-environment-also-helps-employees-work-more-comfortably-when-looking-at-the-computer-screen-due-to-low-uniformity-in-road-lighting-the-homogeneity-of-lighting-will-be-distorted-so-very-bright-and-very-dark-spots-will-occur-on-the-road-if-brightness-changed-very-often-this-will-cause-eye-strain-and-stresses-the-drivers-in-order-to-avoid-these-situations-average-uniformity-value-greater-than-035-or-04-is-required-according-to-road-lighting-class-standard-area-ratio-of-minimumaverage-illumination-uk-cibse-and-german-din-guidelines-the-general-lighting-scheme-06-and-08-nbc-2005-page-no-759-working-a 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-cable-for-motor-as-nec-nec-code-43022-size-of-cable-for-single-motor-size-of-cable-for-branch-circuit-which-has-single-motor-connection-is-125-of-motor-full-load-current-capacity-example-what-is-the-minimum-rating-in-amperes-for-cables-supplying-1-no-of-5-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-full-load-currents-for-5-hp-7amp-min-capacity-of-cable-7x125-875-amp-nec-code-4306a-size-of-cable-for-group-of-motors-or-elect-load-cables-or-feeder-which-is-supplying-more-than-one-motors-other-loads-shall-have-an-ampacity-not-less-than-125-of-the-full-load-current-rating-of-the-highest-rated-motor-plus-the-sum-of-the-full-load-current-ratings-of-all-the-other-motors-in-the-group-as-determined-by-4306a-for-calculating-minimum-ampere-capacity-of-main-feeder-and-cable-is-125-of-highest-full-load-current-sum-of-full-load-current-of-remaining-motors-examplewhat-is-the-minimum-rating-in-amperes-for-cables-supplying-1-no-of-5-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-1-no-of-10-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-1-no-of-15-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-and-1-no-of-5hp-230-volt-single-phase-motor-at-08-power-factor-full-load-currents-for-5-hp-7amp-full-load-currents-for-10-hp-13amp-full-load-currents-for-15-hp-19amp-full-load-currents-for-10-hp-1-ph-21amp-here-capacity-wise-large-motor-is-15-hp-but-highest-full-load-current-is-21amp-of-5hp-single-phase-motor-so-125-of-highest-full-load-current-is-21x1252625amp-min-capacity-of-cable-262571319-6525-amp-nec-code-43024-size-of-cable-for-group-of-motors-or-electrical-load-as-specified-in-43024-conductors-supplying-two-or-more-motors-must-have-an-ampacity-not-less-than-125-of-the-full-load-current-rating-of-the-highest-rated-motor-the-sum-of-the-full-load-current-ratings-of-all-the-other-motors-in-the-group-or-on-the-same-phase-it-may-not-be-necessary-to-include-all-the-motors-into-the-calculation-it-is-permissible-to-balance-the-motors-as-evenly-as-possible-between-phases-before-performing-motor-load-calculations-examplewhat-is-the-minimum-rating-in-amperes-for-conductors-supplying-1no-of-10-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-at-08-pf-and-3-no-of-3-hp-230-volt-single-phase-motors-at-08-pf-the-full-load-current-for-a-10-hp-415-volt-3-phase-motor-is-13-amperes-the-full-load-current-for-single-phase-3-hp-motors-is-12-amperes-here-for-load-balancing-one-single-phase-motor-is-connected-on-r-phase-second-in-b-phase-and-third-is-in-y-phasebecause-the-motors-are-balanced-between-phases-the-full-load-current-on-each-phase-is-25-amperes-13-12-25-here-multiply-13-amperes-by-125-13-125-1625-amp-add-to-this-value-the-full-load-currents-of-the-other-motor-on-the-same-phase-1625-12-2825-amp-the-minimum-rating-in-amperes-for-conductors-supplying-these-motors-is-28-amperes-nec-43032-size-of-overload-protection-for-motor-overload-protection-heater-or-thermal-cut-out-protection-would-be-a-device-that-thermally-protects-a-given-motor-from-damage-due-to-heat-when-loaded-too-heavy-with-work-all-continuous-duty-motors-rated-more-than-1hp-must-have-some-type-of-an-approved-overload-device-an-overload-shall-be-installed-on-each-conductor-that-controls-the-running-of-the-motor-rated-more-than-one-horsepower-nec-43037-plus-the-grounded-leg-of-a-three-phase-grounded-system-must-contain-an-overload-also-this-grounded-leg-of-a-three-phase-system-is-the-only-time-you-may-install-an-overload-or-over-current-device-on-a-grounded-conductor-that-is-supplying-a-motor-to-find-the-motor-running-overload-protection-size-that-is-required-you-must-multiply-the-flc-full-load-current-with-the-minimum-or-the-maximum-percentage-ratings-as-follows-maximum-overload-maximum-overload-flc-full-load-current-of-a-motor-x-allowable-of-the-maximum-setting-of-an-overload-130-for-motors-found-in-nec-article-43034-increase-of-5-allowed-if-the-marked-temperature-rise-is-not-over-40-degrees-or-the-marked-service-factor-is-not-less-than-115-minimum-overload-minimum-overload-flc-full-load-current-of-a-motor-x-allowable-of-the-minimum-setting-of-an-overload-115-for-motors-found-in-nec-article-43032b1-increase-of-10-allowed-to-125-if-the-marked-temperature-rise-is-not-over-40-degrees-or-the-marked-service-factor-is-not-less-than-115 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-contactor-fuse-cb-over-load-relay-of-dol-starter-calculate-size-of-contactor-fuse-cb-ol-of-dol-starter-calculate-size-of-each-part-of-dol-starter-for-the-system-voltage-415v-5hp-three-phase-house-hold-application-induction-motor-code-a-motor-efficiency-80motor-rpm-750-power-factor-08-overload-relay-of-starter-is-put-before-motor-basic-calculation-of-motor-torque-current-motor-rated-torque-full-load-torque-5252xhprpm-motor-rated-torque-full-load-torque-5252575035-lb-ft-motor-rated-torque-full-load-torque-9500xkwrpm-motor-rated-torque-full-load-torque-9500x50746750-47-nm-if-motor-capacity-is-less-than-30-kw-than-motor-starting-torque-is-3xmotor-full-load-current-or-2x-motor-full-load-current-motor-starting-torque3xmotor-full-load-current-motor-starting-torque347142nm-motor-lock-rotor-current-1000xhpx-figure-from-below-chart1732415-locked-rotor-current-code-min-max-a-1-314-b-315-354-c-355-399-d-4-449-e-45-499-f-5-259-g-26-629-h-63-709-i-71-799-k-8-899-l-9-999-m-10-1119-n-112-1249-p-125-1399-r-14-1599-s-16-1799-t-18-1999-u-20-2239-v-224-as-per-above-chart-minimum-locked-rotor-current-1000x5x117324157-amp-maximum-locked-rotor-current-1000x5x314173241522-amp-motor-full-load-current-line-kwx10001732415-motor-full-load-current-line-50746x100017324156-amp-motor-full-load-current-phasemotor-full-load-current-line1732-motor-full-load-current-phase617324amp-motor-starting-current-6-to-7xfull-load-current-motor-starting-current-line7645-amp-1-size-of-fuse-fuse-as-per-nec-430-52-type-of-motor-time-delay-fuse-non-time-delay-fuse-single-phase-300-175-3-phase-300-175-synchronous-300-175-wound-rotor-150-150-direct-current-150-150-maximum-size-of-time-delay-fuse-300-x-full-load-line-current-maximum-size-of-time-delay-fuse-300x6-19-amp-maximum-size-of-non-time-delay-fuse-175-x-full-load-line-current-maximum-size-of-non-time-delay-fuse175611-amp-2-size-of-circuit-breaker-circuit-breaker-as-per-nec-430-52-type-of-motor-instantaneous-trip-inverse-time-single-phase-800-250-3-phase-800-250-synchronous-800-250-wound-rotor-800-150-direct-current-200-150-maximum-size-of-instantaneous-trip-circuit-breaker-800-x-full-load-line-current-maximum-size-of-instantaneous-trip-circuit-breaker-800x6-52-amp-maximum-size-of-inverse-trip-circuit-breaker-250-x-full-load-line-current-maximum-size-of-inverse-trip-circuit-breaker-250x6-16-amp-3-thermal-over-load-relay-thermal-over-load-relay-phase-min-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-70xfull-load-currentphase-min-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-70x4-3-amp-max-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-120xfull-load-currentphase-max-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-120x4-4-amp-thermal-over-load-relay-phase-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-100xfull-load-current-line-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-100x6-6-amp-4-size-and-type-of-contactor-application-contactor-making-cap-non-inductive-or-slightly-inductive-resistive-load-ac1-15-slip-ring-motor-ac2-4-squirrel-cage-motor-ac3-10-rapid-start-stop-ac4-12-switching-of-electrical-discharge-lamp-ac5a-3-switching-of-electrical-incandescent-lamp-ac5b-15-switching-of-transformer-ac6a-12-switching-of-capacitor-bank-ac6b-12-slightly-inductive-load-in-household-or-same-type-load-ac7a-15-motor-load-in-household-application-ac7b-8-hermetic-refrigerant-compressor-motor-with-manual-ol-reset-ac8a-6-hermetic-refrigerant-compressor-motor-with-auto-ol-reset-ac8b-6-control-of-restive-solid-state-load-with-opto-coupler-isolation-ac12-6-control-of-restive-load-and-solid-state-with-tc-isolation-ac13-10-control-of-small-electro-magnetic-load-72va-ac14-6-control-of-small-electro-magnetic-load-72va-ac15-10-as-per-above-chart-type-of-contactor-ac7b-size-of-main-contactor-100x-full-load-current-line-size-of-main-contactor-100x6-6-amp-makingbreaking-capacity-of-contactor-value-above-chart-x-full-load-current-line-makingbreaking-capacity-of-contactor86-52-amp 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-contactor-fuse-cb-ol-relay-of-star-delta-starter-calculate-size-of-each-part-of-star-delta-starter-for-10hp-415-volt-three-phase-induction-motor-having-non-inductive-type-load-code-a-motor-efficiency-80-motor-rpm-600-power-factor-08-also-calculate-size-of-overload-relay-if-ol-relay-put-in-the-wingdings-overload-is-placed-after-the-winding-split-into-main-and-delta-contactor-or-in-the-line-putting-the-overload-before-the-motor-same-as-in-dol-basic-calculation-of-motor-torque-current-motor-rated-torque-full-load-torque-5252xhpxrpm-motor-rated-torque-full-load-torque5252x10x60088-lb-ft-motor-rated-torque-full-load-torque-9500xkwxrpm-motor-rated-torque-full-load-torque9500x100746x600-119-nm-if-motor-capacity-is-less-than-30-kw-than-motor-starting-torque-is-3xmotor-full-load-current-or-2x-motor-full-load-current-motor-starting-torque3x-motor-rated-torque-full-load-torque-motor-starting-torque3119356-nm-motor-lock-rotor-current-1000xhpx-figure-from-below-chart1732415-locked-rotor-current-code-min-max-a-1-314-b-315-354-c-355-399-d-4-449-e-45-499-f-5-259-g-26-629-h-63-709-i-71-799-k-8-899-l-9-999-m-10-1119-n-112-1249-p-125-1399-r-14-1599-s-16-1799-t-18-1999-u-20-2239-v-224-as-per-above-chart-minimum-locked-rotor-current-1000x10x1173241514-amp-maximum-locked-rotor-current-1000x10x314173241544-amp-motor-full-load-current-line-kwx10001732415-motor-full-load-current-line-100746x1000173241513-amp-motor-full-load-current-phase-motor-full-load-current-line1732-motor-full-load-current-phase-1317327-amp-motor-starting-current-star-delta-starter-3xfull-load-current-motor-starting-current-line31339-amp-1-size-of-fuse-fuse-as-per-nec-430-52-type-of-motor-time-delay-fuse-non-time-delay-fuse-single-phase-300-175-3-phase-300-175-synchronous-300-175-wound-rotor-150-150-direct-current-150-150-maximum-size-of-time-delay-fuse-300-x-full-load-line-current-maximum-size-of-time-delay-fuse-300x13-39-amp-maximum-size-of-non-time-delay-fuse-175-x-full-load-line-current-maximum-size-of-non-time-delay-fuse1751323-amp-2-size-of-circuit-breaker-circuit-breaker-as-per-nec-430-52-type-of-motor-instantaneous-trip-inverse-time-single-phase-800-250-3-phase-800-250-synchronous-800-250-wound-rotor-800-150-direct-current-200-150-maximum-size-of-instantaneous-trip-circuit-breaker-800-x-full-load-line-current-maximum-size-of-instantaneous-trip-circuit-breaker-800x13-104-amp-maximum-size-of-inverse-trip-circuit-breaker-250-x-full-load-line-current-maximum-size-of-inverse-trip-circuit-breaker-250x13-32-amp-3-thermal-over-load-relay-thermal-over-load-relay-phase-min-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-70xfull-load-currentphase-min-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-70x7-5-amp-max-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-120xfull-load-currentphase-max-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-120x7-9-amp-thermal-over-load-relay-line-for-a-star-delta-starter-we-have-the-possibility-to-place-the-overload-protection-in-two-positions-in-the-line-or-in-the-windings-if-ol-relay-placed-in-line-putting-the-ol-before-the-motor-same-as-in-dolsupplyover-load-relaymain-contactor-if-over-load-relay-supply-the-entire-motor-circuit-and-are-located-ahead-of-where-the-power-splits-to-the-delta-and-star-contactors-so-ol-relay-size-must-be-based-upon-the-entire-motor-full-load-current-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-100xfull-load-current-line-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-100x13-13-amp-disadvantage-ol-relay-will-not-give-protection-while-motor-runs-in-delta-relay-setting-is-too-high-for-delta-winding-if-ol-relay-placed-in-the-windings-overload-is-placed-after-the-winding-split-into-main-and-delta-contactorsupplymain-contactor-delta-contactorol-relay-if-overload-is-placed-after-the-point-where-the-wiring-split-into-main-and-delta-contactor-size-of-over-load-relay-at-58-11732-of-the-motor-full-load-current-because-we-use-6-leads-going-to-the-motor-and-only-58-of-the-current-goes-through-the-main-set-of-conductors-connected-to-the-main-contactor-the-overload-then-always-measures-the-current-inside-the-windings-and-is-thus-always-correct-the-setting-must-be-x058-flc-line-current-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-58xfull-load-current-line-thermal-over-load-relay-setting-58x13-8-amp-disadvantage-we-must-use-separate-short-circuit-and-overload-protections-4-size-and-type-of-contactor-main-and-delta-contactor-the-main-and-delta-contactors-are-smaller-compared-to-single-contactor-used-in-a-direct-on-line-starter-because-they-main-and-delta-contactors-in-star-delta-starter-are-controlling-winding-currents 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-motor-pump-size-calculate-size-of-pump-having-following-details-static-suction-headh20-meter-static-discharge-head-h150-meter-required-amount-of-water-q1300-litermin-density-of-liquid-d-1000-kgm3-pump-efficiency-pe80-motor-efficiencyme-90-friction-losses-in-pipes-f30-calculations-flow-rate-q-q1x166100000-300166100000-0005-m3sec-actual-total-head-after-friction-losses-h-h1h2h1h2xf-actual-total-head-after-friction-losses-h505030-65-meter-pump-hydraulic-power-ph-d-x-q-x-h-x9871000-pump-hydraulic-power-ph-1000-x-0005-x-65-x9871000-3kw-motor-pump-shaft-power-ps-ph-pe-3-80-4kw-required-motor-size-ps-me-4-90-45-kw-required-size-of-motor-pump-45-hp-or-6-hp 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 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https://eedemy.com/calculate-required-air-ventilation-and-heat-generation-of-dg-set-heat-generated-by-generator-for-generator-set-installations-the-heat-radiated-by-the-generator-can-be-estimated-by-h-kw-p-x-1eff-1-h-btumin-p-x-1eff-1-x569-where-h-heat-radiated-by-the-generator-kw-btumin-p-generator-output-at-maximum-engine-rating-kw-eff-generator-efficiency-100-example-975-kw-standby-generator-set-has-a-generator-efficiency-of-92-the-generator-radiant-heat-for-this-genset-can-be-calculated-as-follows-p-975-kw-efficiency-92-092-h-975-x-192-1-h-8478-kw-h-975-x-192-1-x-569-h-4824-btumin-types-of-ventilation-system-type1-preferred-design-routing-factor-of-1-outside-air-is-brought-into-the-engine-room-through-a-system-of-ducts-these-ducts-should-be-routed-between-engines-at-floor-level-and-discharge-air-near-the-bottom-of-the-engine-and-generator-ventilation-air-exhaust-fans-should-be-mounted-or-ducted-at-the-highest-point-in-the-engine-room-they-should-be-directly-over-heat-sources-this-system-provides-the-best-ventilation-with-the-least-amount-of-air-required-type-2-skid-design-routing-factor-of-1-outside-air-into-the-engine-room-through-a-system-of-ducts-and-routes-it-between-engines-type-2-however-directs-airflow-under-the-engine-and-generator-so-the-air-is-discharged-upward-at-the-engines-the-most-economical-method-to-achieve-this-design-is-to-use-a-service-platform-the-platform-is-built-up-around-the-engines-and-serves-as-the-top-of-the-duct-ventilation-air-exhaust-fans-should-be-mounted-or-ducted-at-the-highest-point-in-the-engine-room-they-should-be-directly-over-heat-sources-this-system-provides-the-best-ventilation-with-the-least-amount-of-air-required-type-3-alternate-design-routing-factor-of-15-if-ventilation-type-1or-type-2-is-not-feasible-an-alternative-is-type-3-however-this-routing-configuration-will-require-approximately-50-more-airflow-than-type-1-outside-air-is-brought-into-the-engine-room-utilizing-fans-or-large-intake-ducts-the-inlet-is-placed-as-far-away-as-practical-from-heat-sources-and-discharged-into-the-engine-room-as-low-as-possible-the-air-them-flows-across-the-engine-room-ventilation-air-exhaust-fans-should-be-mounted-or-ducted-at-the-highest-point-in-the-engine-room-preferably-they-should-be-directly-over-heat-sources-type-4-less-effective-design-routing-factor-of-25-if-ventilation-type-1-type-2-and-type-3-are-not-feasible-then-type-4-method-can-be-used-however-it-provides-the-least-efficient-ventilation-and-requires-approximately-two-and-a-half-times-the-airflow-of-ventilation-type-1-outside-air-is-brought-into-the-engine-room-using-supply-fans-and-discharged-toward-the-turbocharger-air-inlets-on-the-engines-ventilation-exhaust-fans-should-be-mounted-or-duct-from-the-corners-of-the-engine-room-this-system-mixes-the-hottest-air-in-the-engine-room-with-the-incoming-cool-air-raising-the-temperature-of-all-air-in-the-engine-room-it-also-interferes-with-the-natural-convection-flow-of-hot-air-rising-to-exhaust-fans-engine-rooms-can-be-ventilated-this-way-but-it-requires-extra-large-capacity-ventilating-fans-ventilation-for-generator-when-generator-set-installations-in-room-proper-ventilation-is-required-for-generator-set-a-properly-designed-engine-room-ventilation-system-will-maintain-engine-room-air-temperatures-within-85-to-125c-15-to-225f-above-the-ambient-air-temperature-for-example-if-the-engine-room-temperature-is-24c-75f-without-the-engine-running-the-ventilation-system-should-maintain-the-room-temperature-between-325c-90f-and-365c-975f-while-the-engine-is-in-operation-ensures-engine-room-temperature-does-not-exceed-49c-120f-required-ventilating-air-is-calculated-as-vh-d-x-cp-x-t-combustion-air-x-f-where-v-ventilating-air-m3min-cfm-h-heat-radiation-ie-engine-generator-aux-kwbtumin-d-density-of-air-at-air-temperature-38c-100f-the-density-is-1099-kgm3-0071-lbft3-cp-specific-heat-of-air-0017-kw-x-minkg-x-c024-btulbsf-t-permissible-temperature-rise-in-engine-room-c-f-f-routing-factor-based-on-the-ventilation-type-example-the-engine-room-for-generator-set-has-a-type-1-ventilation-routing-configuration-and-a-dedicated-duct-for-combustion-air-it-has-a-heat-rejection-value-of-659-kw-37478-btumin-and-a-permissible-rise-in-engine-room-temperature-of-11c-20f-v659-10099x0017x11-0x1-v-320661-m3min-v659-0071-x-0024-x-20-0x1-v-1099707-cfm 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2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 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2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 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2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 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https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-water-curtain-pump-head-of-fire-pumps-pipe-size-of-suction-delivery-header-april-3-2025-1-comment-calculate-size-of-water-curtain-pump-head-of-fire-pumps-along-with-pipe-size-of-suction-delivery-header-calculate-size-of-water-curtain-pump-as-per-water-curtain-requirement-required-minimum-pressure-of-16-kgsqcm-at-the-last-nozzle-of-water-curtain-total-length-of-pipe-network-for-water-curtain-in-one-zone-84-meter-spacing-between-open-nozzle-25-meter-nozzle-to-nozzle-calculation-no-of-nozzle-total-length-of-pipe-spacing-between-nozzle-no-of-nozzle-84-25-34-nos-the-flow-through-each-nozzle-q-k-x-p-as-per-is-9972-nfpa-13-where-q-flow-in-lpm-flowing-through-nozzle-k-nozzle-factor-40-as-per-manufacturer-p-total-pressure-in-bar-at-flow-q-16-bar-the-flow-through-each-nozzle-q-k-x-p-40-x-16-the-flow-through-each-nozzle-q-64-lpm-total-flow-rate-required-no-nozzle-x-flow-on-each-nozzle-total-flow-rate-required-34-x-64-total-flow-rate-required-2176-lpm-or-13056-m3-hour-maximum-water-curtain-pump-capacity-required-2280-lpm-or-137-m3hour-calculate-pump-head-for-water-curtain-pump-head-requirement-for-fire-pump-has-been-decided-as-below-as-per-water-curtain-requirement-required-minimum-pressure-of-16-kgsqcm-at-the-last-nozzle-of-water-curtain-calculate-total-length-of-pipe-note-considering-that-basement-shall-be-provided-the-water-curtain-system-total-vertical-length-of-pipe-from-plant-room-to-remotest-water-curtain-10-meter-total-horizontal-length-of-pipe-from-plant-room-to-remotest-water-curtain-50-meter-total-length-of-pipe-from-plant-room-to-remotest-water-curtain-501060-meter-equivalent-length-of-pipe-due-to-fittings-10-6-meter-total-length-of-pipe-65-meters-calculate-residual-head-required-residual-head-required-minimum-pressure-at-last-point-required-residual-head-16kgsqcm-16100016-meters-calculate-head-loss-in-pipe-head-loss-in-bar-as-per-hazen-williams-formula-h-605-x-105-x-q85-x-l-c185-x-d487-where-l-length-of-pipe-in-meters-q-discharge-in-lpm-c-hazen-williams-roughness-coefficients-d-dia-of-pipe-in-mm-h-head-loss-in-bar-pipe-material-hazen-williams-roughness-coefficients-c-cast-iron-unlined-100-to-120-cast-iron-lined-130-ductile-iron-cement-lined-140-steel-new-140-steel-galvanized-120-copper-140-to-150-pvc-and-plastic-140-to-150-asbestos-cement-140-to-150-concrete-100-to-140-corrugated-metal-60-to-150-riveted-steel-90-to-110-vitrified-clay-110-to-140-here-l-65-m-q-1280-lpm-c-120-as-per-table-d-150-mm-head-loss-in-bar-h-605-x-105-x-228085-x-65-120185-x-150487-head-loss-in-bar-h-023-bar-or-2-meters-calculate-total-head-of-water-curtain-pump-total-head-of-pump-static-head-vertical-residual-head-head-loss-in-pipe-total-head-of-pump-1016-2-28-meter-total-head-of-pump-30-meter-calculate-pump-head-for-hydrant-pump-head-requirement-for-fire-pump-has-been-decided-as-below-as-per-nbc-rule-there-shall-be-minimum-pressure-of-35kgsqcm-at-the-highest-fire-hydrant-calculate-total-length-of-pipe-total-vertical-length-of-pipe-from-plant-room-to-remotest-fire-hydrant-64-meter-total-horizontal-length-of-pipe-from-plant-room-to-remotest-fire-hydrant-80-meter-total-length-of-pipe-from-plant-room-to-remotest-fire-hydrant-6480144meter-equivalent-length-of-pipe-due-to-fittings-10-1584-meter-total-length-of-pipe-159-meters-calculate-residual-head-required-residual-head-required-minimum-pressure-at-last-point-required-residual-head-35kgsqcm-35-meters-calculate-head-loss-in-pipe-head-loss-in-bar-as-per-hazen-williams-formula-h-605-x-105-x-q85-x-l-c185-x-d487-where-l-length-of-pipe-in-meters-q-discharge-in-lpm-c-hazen-williams-roughness-coefficients-d-dia-of-pipe-in-mm-h-head-loss-in-bar-pipe-material-hazen-williams-roughness-coefficients-c-cast-iron-unlined-100-to-120-cast-iron-lined-130-ductile-iron-cement-lined-140-steel-new-140-steel-galvanized-120-copper-140-to-150-pvc-and-plastic-140-to-150-asbestos-cement-140-to-150-concrete-100-to-140-corrugated-metal-60-to-150-riveted-steel-90-to-110-vitrified-clay-110-to-140-here-l-159-m-q-2850-lpm-c-120-as-per-table-d-150-mm-head-loss-in-bar-h-605-x-105-x-285085-x-159-120185-x-150487-head-loss-in-bar-h-085-bar-or-9-meter-calculate-total-head-of-fire-pump-total-head-of-pump-static-head-vertical-residual-head-head-loss-in-pipe-total-head-of-pump-6435-9-108-meter-total-head-of-pump-110-meter-calculate-size-of-common-suction-header-there-are-4-nos 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-diesel-generator-protection-setting-march-6-2025-leave-a-comment-recommended-generator-protection-are-recommended-generator-protection-ansi-code-protection-function-27-under-voltage-32-reverse-power-37-under-power-40-loss-of-excitation-46-negative-phase-sequence-un-balance-load-49t-thermal-overload-50-instantaneous-over-current-51-time-grade-over-current-51g-earth-fault-time-overcurrent-5051v-voltage-restrained-overcurrent-59-over-voltage-60g-fuse-failure-monitor-64s-stator-earth-fault-protection-81-under-over-frequency-87-three-phase-current-differential-87n-neutral-current-differential-87g-generator-differential-protection-24g-over-excitation-volthertz-protection-21g-impedance-protection-59n-or-64g1-stator-ef-protection-0-95-27tn-or-64g2-stator-ef-protection-100-50bf-breaker-failure-protection-24g-over-excitation-volthertz-protection-78g-pole-slip-protection-protection-setting-calculation-1-under-voltage-relay-27-the-under-voltage-relay-measure-either-phase-to-phase-ph-ph-or-phase-to-neutral-ph-n-fundamental-rms-voltage-depending-on-the-input-voltage-setting-if-the-value-of-measured-voltages-deviates-from-the-setting-values-then-these-relays-will-give-a-trip-indication-reason-an-under-voltage-condition-in-a-diesel-generator-can-occur-due-to-several-reasons-overloading-the-generator-beyond-its-capacity-faulty-automatic-voltage-regulator-avr-issues-with-the-stator-windings-problems-with-the-voltage-sampling-line-loose-connections-low-engine-speed-fuel-problems-and-issues-with-the-excitation-system-setting-the-typical-under-voltage-setting-is-usually-80-of-the-normal-rated-voltage-if-the-voltage-falls-below-this-level-for-the-set-amount-of-time-then-the-tripping-command-is-issued-by-the-relay-and-hence-the-system-is-isolated-the-time-setting-is-used-to-avoid-tripping-due-to-any-transient-disturbances-the-exact-setting-can-vary-depending-on-the-specific-generator-and-system-requirements-usually-motors-stall-at-below-80-of-their-rated-voltage-an-under-voltage-element-can-be-set-to-trip-motor-circuits-once-fall-below-80-so-that-on-the-restoration-of-supply-an-overload-is-not-caused-by-the-simultaneous-starting-of-all-the-motors-normally-generators-are-designed-to-operate-continuously-at-minimum-voltage-of-95-of-its-rated-voltage-two-levels-of-tripping-are-provided-depending-on-the-severity-of-the-condition-these-under-voltage-elements-are-blocked-from-tripping-when-the-generator-breaker-is-open-to-allow-for-startup-conditions-calculation-for-415v-diesel-generator-level-1-slow-80-of-rated-voltage-level-1-slow-80-x-415v-332-v-time-delay-5-sec-level-2-fast-70-of-rated-voltage-level-2-fast-70-x-415v-290-v-time-delay-0-sec-2-over-voltage-protection-59-the-over-voltage-relay-measure-either-phase-to-phase-ph-ph-or-phase-to-neutral-ph-n-fundamental-rms-voltage-depending-on-the-input-voltage-setting-if-the-value-of-measured-voltages-deviates-from-the-setting-values-then-these-relays-will-give-a-trip-indication-reason-system-over-voltages-can-damage-the-insulation-of-components-over-voltages-occur-due-to-sudden-loss-of-load-improper-working-of-tap-changer-generator-avr-malfunction-reactive-component-malfunctions-etc-setting-the-overvoltage-setting-is-usually-110-to-130-of-the-normal-operating-voltage-depending-on-the-system-requirement-if-the-voltage-rises-above-this-level-for-the-set-amount-of-time-then-the-tripping-command-issued-by-the-relay-and-hence-the-system-is-isolated-the-time-setting-is-used-to-avoid-tripping-due-to-any-transient-disturbances-calculation-for-415v-diesel-generator-level-1-slow-110-of-rated-voltage-level-1-slow-110-x-415v-456-v-time-delay-5-sec-level-2-fast-130-of-rated-voltage-level-2-fast-130-x-415v-539-v-time-delay-0-sec-3-reverse-power-protection-32r-reverse-power-relay-is-an-electronic-microprocessors-based-protection-device-which-is-used-for-monitoring-and-stopping-the-power-supply-flowing-grid-side-to-the-dg-side-or-generator-running-in-parallel-with-another-generator-if-accidentally-leakage-current-is-received-by-generator-then-it-can-start-to-running-as-motor-this-situation-may-be-very-dangerous-for-generator-set-the-function-of-the-reverse-power-relay-is-to-prevent-a-reverse-power-condition-in-which-power-flows-from-the-bus-bar-into-the-generator-this-condition-can-occur-when-there-is-a-failure-in-the-prime-mover-such-as-an-engine-or-a-turbine-which-drives-the-generator-relay-detects-the-reverse-flow-of-power-from-the-load-back-to-the-generator-which-can-occur-during-system-faults-or-abnormal-operating-conditions-by-sensing-this-reverse-power-flow-the-relay-triggers-a-protective-action-typically-disconnecting 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-main-fire-pump-capacity-with-head-and-other-characteristic-as-per-nbc-2016-is-12469-is-15301-january-31-2025-1-comment-example-calculate-main-fire-pump-capacity-with-head-and-other-characteristic-as-per-nbc-2016-is-12469-is-15301-for-following-details-type-of-hazard-fire-type-is-light-hazard-fire-protection-area-building-detail-there-are-4-nos-of-residency-building-having-12-nos-floor-and-each-floor-have-of-32-meter-height-building-height-3840-meter-fire-fighting-pipe-network-detail-the-maximum-horizontal-length-of-fire-system-header-is-50-meter-up-to-furthest-location-in-fire-network-system-the-maximum-bend-in-horizontal-line-are-6-nos-and-vertical-line-header-are-2-no-the-losses-on-each-bend-is-15-to-2-meter-the-water-friction-losses-are-approximately-3-calculation-we-will-derive-calculation-as-per-following-sequence-1-calculate-size-of-main-fire-pump-2-calculate-head-of-fire-pump-3-calculate-rpm-of-pump-4-calculate-pump-pressure-5-check-pump-characteristic-as-per-clauses-1-calculate-size-of-main-fire-pump-type-of-building-occupancy-is-residency-and-type-of-hazard-is-light-the-building-height-is-3840-meter-as-per-nbc-2016-as-per-nbc-2016-table-7-note-no-10-the-main-fire-pump-capacity-will-be-2850-litermin-as-per-is-12469-total-no-of-hydrant-for-building-1-no-for-each-floor-hence-approximate-112-floor-x4-tower-48-nos-as-per-is-12469-fire-pump-capacity-shall-be-137-m3hour-2282-liter-min-from-above-consideration-capacity-main-fire-pump-shall-be-2850-liter-min-2-calculate-head-of-main-fire-pump-vertical-head-vertical-head-no-floor-x-floor-height-vertical-head-12-x-32-3840-meter-head-losses-due-to-bend-2-x-head-losses-of-each-bend-head-losses-due-to-bend-2-x-15-206-meter-equivalent-vertical-headvertical-head-head-loss-due-to-bend-equivalent-vertical-head3840206-4046-meter-total-vertical-head-equivalent-vertical-head-x-friction-losses-total-vertical-head-4046-x-103-4167-meter-a-horizontal-head-horizontal-headmaximum-horizontal-length-horizontal-head50-meter-head-losses-due-to-bend-6x-head-losses-of-each-bend-head-losses-due-to-bend-6-x-15-9-meter-equivalent-horizontal-head-horizontal-head-head-loss-due-to-bend-equivalent-horizontal-head509-59-meter-total-horizontal-head-equivalent-horizontal-head-x-friction-losses-total-horizontal-head-59-x-103-6077-meter-b-total-head-total-head-horizontal-head-vertical-head-total-head-41676077-102-meter-as-per-above-calculation-head-for-fire-pump-shall-be-110-meter-3-calculate-speed-of-main-fire-pump-as-per-is-15301-as-per-is-15301-clause-62-electric-motors-required-to-feed-the-pump-up-to-2280-litermin-are-usually-running-at-2900-rpm-and-the-pumps-required-to-match-the-motors-must-also-run-at-the-same-revolutions-per-minute-as-per-above-consideration-fire-pump-speed-shall-be-2900-rpm-4-calculate-main-fire-pump-pressure-as-per-is-12469-as-per-is-15301-clause-62-fire-pump-delivery-pressure-shall-be-70-kgcm2-as-per-above-consideration-fire-pump-speed-shall-be-70-kgcm2-5-check-pump-characteristic-as-per-clauses-for-calculation-consider-pump-flow-rate-171-m3hour-and-head-is-110-meter-as-per-is-12469-as-per-is-12469-following-two-condition-shall-be-satisfied-for-fire-main-pump-pump-shall-be-capable-of-not-less-than-150-of-rated-capacity-at-head-of-not-less-than-65-of-rated-head-the-shut-off-head-shall-not-exceed-140-of-rated-head-pump-graph-for-171-m3hour-is-as-per-following-condition-1-pump-shall-be-capable-of-not-less-than-150-of-rated-capacity-at-head-of-not-less-than-65-of-rated-head-pump-shall-be-capable-to-supply-150-of-rated-capacity-pump-shall-be-capable-to-supply-150-x-171-2565-m3hour-pump-shall-capable-of-head-not-less-than65-of-rated-head-pump-shall-capable-of-head-not-less-than65-x-110-72-meter-as-per-graph-for-flow-rate-of-2565-m3hour-pump-head-is-95-meter-which-is-less-than-72-meter-condition-1-is-satisfied-condition-2-the-shut-off-head-shall-not-exceed-140-of-rated-head-the-shut-off-head-shall-not-higher-110140-154-meter-as-per-graph-for-flow-rate-of-2565-m3hour-shut-off-pump-head-is-120-meter-which-is-less-than-154-meter-condition-2-is-satisfied-conclusion-size-of-main-fire-pump-2850-litermin-head-of-fire-pump-110-meter-rpm-of-pump-motor-2900-rpm-calculate-pump-pressure-70-kgcm2-check-pump-characteristic-as-per-clauses 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7 https://eedemy.com/calculate-size-of-anchor-fastener-for-cable-tray-support-april-28-2024-1-comment-calculate-size-of-anchor-fastener-for-cable-tray-support-having-following-details-cable-tray-detail-size-of-cable-tray600mm-ladder-type-cable-tray-weight-of-cable-tray120-kgmeter-cable-details-laid-in-cable-tray-size-of-cable-35cx300-sqmm-alu-xlpe-armored-cable-no-of-cable-cable-tray-6-nos-weight-of-cable-59-kgmeter-size-of-cable-35cx150-sqmm-alu-xlpe-armored-cable-no-of-cable-cable-tray-2-nos-weight-of-cable-45-kgmeter-cable-tray-support-details-cable-tray-support-installed-at-1-meter-of-cable-tray-weight-of-cable-tray-support-58-kgmeter-safety-factor5-calculations-weight-of-cable-tray-support-no-of-support-x-weight-of-support-weight-of-cable-tray-support-158-kgmeter-weight-of-cable-tray-support-58-kgmetera-weight-of-cable-tray-no-of-cable-tray-x-weight-of-tray-weight-of-cable-tray-1120-weight-of-cable-tray-120-kgmeterb-weight-of-35cx300-sqmm-cable-no-of-cable-x-weight-of-cable-weight-of-35cx300-sqmm-cable-659-weight-of-35cx300-sqmm-cable-354-kgmeterc1-weight-of-35cx150-sqmm-cable-no-of-cable-x-weight-of-cable-weight-of-35cx150-sqmm-cable-245-weight-of-35cx150-sqmm-cable-9-kgmeterc2-total-weight-safety-factor-x-weight-of-cable-tray-support-weight-of-cable-tray-weight-of-cables-total-weight-5x-581203549-kgmeter-total-weight851-kgmeter1-consider-4-no-of-10mm-size-of-anchor-fastener-having-basic-tensile-load-capacity-of-5kn-at-each-support-total-tensile-load-no-of-anchor-fastener-x-10197xanchor-tensile-load-capacity-kn-total-tensile-load4101975-total-tensile-load1876-kgmeter2-here-total-tensile-load-capacity-of-anchor-fastener-1876-kgmeter-total-weight-851-kgmeter-hence-size-of-anchor-fastener-is-ok 2026-06-03T00:49:26.261Z weekly 0.7